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植物寄生线虫现已成为危害农业生产的第二大类病害,其防治迫在眉睫。线虫的生物防治是一种新型的线虫防治策略,主要是利用动植物和微生物及其次级代谢产物对线虫进行防治。植物源次级代谢产物即植物源化合物,源于自然,是植物源农药的核心。相比于化学杀线虫剂,植物源杀线虫剂对环境影响较小、靶向性强且不易使线虫产生抗药性。因此,从植物中获得结构新颖且杀线虫活性好的小分子化合物并将其开发成绿色农药,对于线虫病的防治具有重要意义。本文对杀线虫植物、具有杀线虫活性的植物源化合物及其杀虫机理、植物源杀线虫农药的应用情况展开综述,并对该研究领域进行了展望,希望能为植物寄生线虫病的防治与植物源杀线虫农药的开发利用提供参考和帮助。 相似文献
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三种杀线虫剂对盆景上线虫防治效果比较 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
本研究系统地比较了克线丹、阿维菌素和克线磷等3种杀线虫剂对盆景上线虫的防治效果.施用10%克线丹乳油和1.8%阿维菌素乳油2000倍、1000倍和500倍液7天,30天和60天后,罗汉松、黄杨、紫竹等盆景中线虫均有不同程度的减退率,综合评价以500倍处理的减退率最大.由于该两种杀线虫剂为乳油采用浸盆景处理,可保证整个盆景内的所有根系及土壤均接触到杀线虫剂,从而有效地杀灭其中的植物外寄生线虫和腐生线虫,这方面要优于对照药剂10%克线磷颗粒剂在盆景根围的使用. 相似文献
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杀线虫剂的生物活性测定,对于杀线虫剂的研制、生产和施用具有指导意义。作为杀线虫剂的靶标——植物线虫,它体形微小,种类繁多,生活习性不一,主要寄生于植物组织和细胞内,体躯可携带真菌、细菌和病毒,所以杀线虫剂生物活性测定,虽有借鉴于其它生测经验,但又较之繁难得多。本文就杀线虫剂生物测定的原则、内容和测定中的技术作一简要评议,并介绍几种简便易行的测定方法。 相似文献
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农药 :指防治为害农、林、牧业及其产品和环境卫生等方面的昆虫、螨、病菌、杂草、鼠和鸟兽等有害生物的药剂及能调节植物生长的药剂。1 农药的分类1.1 按防治对象分类1.1.1 杀虫剂 杀卵剂、杀幼虫剂、杀蚜剂、杀蚊剂、杀蠹剂。1.1.2 杀螨剂1.1.3 特异性昆虫控制剂 (1)忌避剂 ;(2 )引诱剂、外激素 ;(3)拒食剂 ;(4 )不育剂 ;(5 )昆虫生长调节剂 :蜕皮激素、抗蜕皮激素、保幼激素、抗保幼激素。1.1.4 杀菌剂 杀细菌剂、抗菌素。1.1.5 杀线虫剂1.1.6 除草剂1 .1.7 植物生长调节剂或植物激素1.1.8 杀鼠剂1.1.9 杀软体动物剂1.2 … 相似文献
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食线虫微生物防控病原线虫的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
植物寄生线虫是世界范围内普遍发生的植物病害,其中尤以根结线虫、胞囊线虫最为严重。利用食线虫微生物资源开发生物杀线虫剂来防治植物病原线虫日益受到各国科研人员的重视。本文对近年来国内外食线虫微生物资源挖掘、食线虫微生物侵染线虫的机制和具杀线虫活性的次生代谢产物分离、纯化等的研究结果进行了综述,并总结分析了食线虫微生物防控植物病原线虫的成功实例。期盼为研发高效环保的植物线虫生防菌剂提供文献参考。 相似文献
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以苗期山药土壤为研究对象, 以土壤线虫群落和土壤理化性质为分析指标, 探究6种杀线剂对山药土壤环境的影响, 旨在为山药线虫病的科学防治提供参考。结果表明, 6种杀线剂对山药土壤含水量、pH、有机质、铵态氮及速效钾含量无显著影响, 但均可显著降低土壤速效磷含量。与清水处理（CK）相比, 6种杀线剂不仅可大幅提高土壤中有益的食细菌类线虫的相对丰度, 也使有害的植物寄生类线虫的相对丰度显著降低, 且对拟丽突属Acrobeloides的促生作用以及对根结属Meloidogyne和短体属Pratylenchus的灭杀作用最为明显, 尤其是10.5%阿维·噻唑膦颗粒剂和41.7%氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂, 但其也均使有益的食细菌类线虫真头叶属Eucephalobus和丽突属Acrobeles相对丰度显著降低70%以上。对土壤线虫生态指数分析表明, 10.5%阿维·噻唑膦颗粒剂和41.7%氟吡菌酰胺悬浮剂处理的土壤线虫丰富度指数(SR)和瓦斯乐斯卡指数(WI)均显著升高, 植物寄生线虫指数(PPI)和成熟度指数(MI)无显著变化, 但多样性指数(H′)、均匀度指数(J′)和营养类群指数(TD)均显著降低; 2.5亿孢子/g厚孢轮枝菌颗粒剂、50亿孢子/g淡紫拟青霉颗粒剂、20%辣根素水剂和10亿孢子/g茶枯抑线生物菌肥(解淀粉芽胞杆菌)不仅可显著降低土壤线虫PPI和PPI/MI、大幅提高SR, 对土壤线虫H′、J′和WI和MI影响不大, 但50亿孢子/g淡紫拟青霉颗粒剂和10亿孢子/g茶枯抑线生物菌肥(解淀粉芽胞杆菌)处理的TD显著降低。相关性分析结果表明, 速效磷含量与土壤线虫数量、属数及植物寄生类线虫相对丰度均呈极显著正相关。综上, 6种杀线剂可有效控制植物寄生类线虫种群数量, 但2种化学杀线剂还会对土壤有益线虫、土壤养分及线虫群落的多样性和均匀度等产生明显负作用, 对土壤环境干扰较大。 相似文献
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比较不同杀线虫剂对植物寄生线虫的杀灭效果及其对土壤线虫群落的影响,对于杀线虫剂的选择具有指导意义。本研究比较了5亿活孢子/g淡紫拟青霉粉剂、1.8%阿维菌素乳油和10%噻唑膦颗粒剂3种杀线剂对植食性线虫的防治效果及其对土壤线虫群落结构的影响。结果表明:植物寄生线虫是连作蕉园优势营养类群。苗期时只有阿维菌素表现出对植食性线虫的杀灭效果;蕾期3种杀线虫剂均表现出显著的杀灭效果,植食性线虫的数量较CK分别减少49.3%、17.4%和84.2%;苗期时1.8%阿维菌素乳油表现出对螺旋线虫属和肾形线虫属的杀灭效果,10%噻唑膦颗粒剂处理中肾形属丰度较CK减少了20.3%;蕾期相比于CK,5亿活孢子/g淡紫拟青霉粉剂、1.8%阿维菌素乳油和10%噻唑膦颗粒剂处理中植物寄生线虫类群数均有所降低,各处理对优势属螺旋线虫属和肾形线虫属均有杀灭作用,减少的比例分别为48.2%、40.6%、95.7%和50.1%、7.1%、84.5%,差异显著。3种杀线剂处理均降低了土壤中的自由生活线虫种类和丰度。苗期1.8%阿维菌素乳油处理能显著增加食细菌线虫的数量,5亿活孢子/g淡紫拟青霉粉剂和10%噻唑膦颗粒剂处理的自由生活线虫成熟指数MI和多样性指数H′较CK显著降低;香蕉蕾期处理间MI没有显著差异,10%噻唑膦颗粒剂处理的植物寄生线虫成熟指数PPI较CK显著减少,均匀度指数J′显著高于其他处理。综上所述,10%噻唑膦颗粒剂的效果最好,持效期长,对植食性线虫有明显的杀灭效果,对土壤线虫类群多样性和线虫成熟指数无显著影响,适宜在香蕉种植园推广使用。 相似文献
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Joseph Esnard Nahum Marban-Mendoza Bert M. Zuckerman 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1998,104(5):457-463
The effect of 24 treatment combinations of cultures of Streptomyces costaricanus sp. nov. (ATCC55274), Bacillus thuringiensis (ATCC55273) and a strain of Paecilomyces marquandii, nematicide (cadusaphos), and/or wheat mash on growth and response of potted banana plants (Musa AAA) and populations of Radopholus similis, Helicotylenchus multicinctus and free living nematodes were studied in Río Frío, Costa Rica. The best plant responses (height, leaf numbers, healthy root weight), lowest numbers of plant parasitic nematodes and highest numbers of free living nematodes were observed for treatments containing wheat as a component. Two treatments, viz. wheat + Streptomyces costaricanus (200-ml culture) and wheat + P. marquandii (200-ml culture), gave the overall best results. Numbers of free living nematodes increased up to 1500-fold only for treatments containing wheat. Significant positive correlations existed between numbers of free living nematodes and shoot weight, healthy root biomass, plant height, and leaf numbers. Non-wheat treatments, including nematicide only, gave the poorest responses in general. Observations of nematodes sampled 50 days following planting in wheat-containing treatments showed most of the free-living nematodes ( 90%) to be infected by nematophagous fungi (species not recorded). The results show that an organic amendment to soil, with or without a microbial component, can be an effective inducer of processes that regulate plant-parasitic nematode populations in soil. 相似文献
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不同类型杀线剂对甘薯茎线虫趋化性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
实验室条件下研究了涕灭威、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和丙溴磷在低剂量胁迫下对甘薯茎线虫趋化性的影响。结果表明:在无药剂胁迫情况下甘薯茎线虫对灰霉菌、半裸镰刀菌的趋化性最强,其次为马铃薯,对甘薯无趋性。在含有5～5×10-2μg/mL涕灭威、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和丙溴磷的水琼脂平板,线虫的趋化性均受到抑制,且甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐的抑制活性高于其他2种药剂;线虫经10-1～10-3μg/mL的涕灭威、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和丙溴磷浸渍24h后采用灭菌去离子水清洗3次并恢复24h后,线虫的趋性仍受到抑制。值得注意的是,在含5×10-3μg/mL丙溴磷水琼脂或经丙溴磷10-3～10-4μg/mL处理后,线虫的趋性发生了改变,表现出对甘薯块具有一定的趋性。 相似文献
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杀线虫剂主要类型、特性及其作用机制 总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22
本文论述了杀线虫剂从熏蒸型向非熏蒸型的发展概况，比较了这两大类杀线虫剂的特点和不足，讨论了生物源杀线虫剂的重要性及其前景，概述了各类杀线虫剂的作用机理。 相似文献
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Dimitrios G Karpouzas Ioannis O Giannakou Allan Walker Simon R Gowen 《Pest management science》1999,55(11):1089-1094
Soils were collected from a potato-growing area in Serres, Northern Greece, where the nematicide ethoprophos was reported to have lost its effectiveness against cyst nematodes following 30 years of regular use. Incubation studies with ethoprophos and two bioassays using root-knot nematodes demonstrated that, in this heavily treated soil, the nematicide was degraded rapidly and nematicidal activity persisted only up to 14 days. In soil from an adjacent field with no known history of nematicide use during the preceding 14 years, ethoprophos was degraded more slowly and retained its nematicidal activity for more than 35 days. Ethoprophos efficacy was extended when the soil that had been treated in the field was autoclaved, although the effect was only transitory. The addition of ‘pre-conditioned’ soil from the previously treated field to samples of soil from the previously untreated field resulted in a significant acceleration of ethoprophos degradation compared with that observed in unamended soil from the previously untreated field. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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BACKGROUND: Fluensulfone, a new nematicide of the fluoroalkenyl group, has proved to be very effective in controlling root‐knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., by soil application. The systemic activity of this compound against M. incognita on peppers via soil drenching and foliar spray was evaluated. RESULTS: Root application of fluensulfone via soil drenching showed slight and no nematode control activity when applied 4 and 10 days, respectively, after inoculation. A single foliar spray of peppers with a fluensulfone solution at 3.0 g L?1 prior to inoculation reduced the galling index by 80% and the number of nematode eggs by 73–82% of controls. The reduction in these parameters by fluensulfone was much higher than that obtained with oxamyl or fenamiphos at the same concentration. This activity was also observed when the plants were sprayed 21 days before inoculation. A series of experiments suggested that foliar spray with fluensulfone prior to inoculation reduces nematode invasion. However, foliar spray after inoculation did not inhibit nematode development inside roots. CONCLUSION: Fluensulfone showed relatively high nematode control activity when sprayed on the foliage before inoculation. Fluensulfone may be used as a foliar application, in addition to soil application, for root‐knot nematode control. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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小麦孢囊线虫病目前已在中国13个省(市区)的小麦种植区有发生与分布,其扩散与蔓延将直接威胁我国的粮食生产和经济安全,系统开展小麦孢囊线虫病的防治研究迫在眉睫.本文在大田条件下研究了5％涕灭威颗粒剂(aldicarb)、3％克百威颗粒剂(carbofuran)、5％硫线磷颗粒剂(cadusafos)、10％苯线磷颗粒剂(fenamiphos)和0.5％阿维菌素颗粒剂(abamectin)等5种杀线剂各3个不同剂量在小麦返青期使用对小麦孢囊线虫病的控制效果.结果表明,各药剂处理均对土壤中孢囊线虫的繁殖有明显的抑制作用,但各处理间的校正孢囊减退率差异并不显著;不同药剂处理后的小麦株高、单株根重和单株鲜重均优于对照,且小麦产量与对照相比均有增加.其中0.5％阿维菌素颗粒剂 30 kg/hm2处理后的校正孢囊减退率最大值为55.13％,且增产效果最好,增产率为18.54％;而0.5％阿维菌素颗粒剂60 kg/hm2处理后小麦株高平均值最大,为59.32 cm,促进植物生长的效果明显.由于0.5％阿维菌素颗粒剂能够明显抑制土壤中孢囊线虫的繁殖,同时促进植株生长并减少产量损失,因此,在小麦孢囊线虫重病田于小麦返青期施用0.5％阿维菌素颗粒剂30 kg/hm2进行土壤处理,可在一定程度上减轻小麦孢囊线虫造成的损失. 相似文献
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BACKGROUND: The small number of available nematicides and restrictions on the use of non‐fumigant nematicides owing to high toxicity to human and non‐target organisms hinder effective nematode control. The nematicidal efficacy of MCW‐2, a new nematicide of the fluoroalkenyl group, was evaluated against the root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica (Treub.) Chitwood. RESULTS: MCW‐2 showed irreversible nematicidal activity against second‐stage juveniles of M. javanica in vitro, following exposure for 48 h at concentrations as low as 0.5 mg L?1, in contrast to fenamiphos or cadusafos. When exposed to MCW‐2 for shorter periods, motile juveniles became immobile with time after rinsing in water. MCW‐2 at 8 mg L?1 inhibited nematode hatching, which, however, recovered after rinsing in water. In pot and plot experiments, 0.5 mg MCW‐2 L?1 soil and 2 kg MCW‐2 ha?1, respectively, controlled M. javanica similarly to or better than fenamiphos or cadusafos at the same concentrations or at their recommended doses. In the soil, the nematicidal activity of MCW‐2 was less persistent than that of fenamiphos. CONCLUSION: MCW‐2 has potential to be used as a new non‐fumigant nematicide that probably has a novel mode of action. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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Root rot of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) caused by Ditylenchus destructor is a novel disease found recently in Beijing area. The effects of three soil treatments (fumigating with chloropicrin, chloropicrin + lvfeng organic manure and nematicide fosthiazate) on the number of rhizospheric nematodes, survived plants, root yield and root rot of 3-year ginseng plant were compared. The effects were also investigated at the second year after treatment. The results indicated that the number of parasitic nematodes in rhizosphere of treated soil reached the peak value in late June to early July as the soil temperature raised in the growing season. Compared with the regular treatment, the number of plant parasitic nematodes was reduced while non-plant parasitic nematodes increased. The number of non-plant parasitic nematodes in the soil treated with chloropicrin + lvfeng organic manure was 2 times than that treated with chloropicrin only. The ratio of non-parasitic to parasitic nematodes of three treatments was higher than the control. Percent of survived plants was 94.8%-96.4% and diseased root was decreased obviously. The control efficacy was more than 89% at the first year after treatment. The survived plants and plot yield of ginseng increased significantly and the control efficacy was around 40% at the second year. The best of the three treatments was by chloropicrin + organic manure. 相似文献
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在实验室条件下应用沙柱法及水琼脂平板法,测定了低剂量水平的涕灭威、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和丙溴磷对甘薯茎线虫Ditylenchus destructor扩散行为的影响。结果表明:在含5 μ g/mL 药剂的沙柱中,以及甘薯茎线虫经0.1 μ g/mL的药剂浸渍24 h后在不含药剂的沙柱中,其运动扩散能力均受到抑制;在含较低质量浓度(5×10－3 μ g/mL)药剂的沙柱中,以及线虫经较低质量浓度(10－2,10－3 μ g/mL)的涕灭威和(10－4,10－5 μ g/mL)甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐浸渍24 h后在不含药剂的沙柱中,其通过率均比空白对照高10%以上,差异显著,表现出Hormesis效应(兴奋效应);经较低质量浓度(10-1 μ g/mL)的丙溴磷浸渍后在不含药剂的沙柱中未表现出该效应。在水琼脂平板试验中,虽然在低剂量水平下药剂对线虫的扩散具有促进作用,但产生的Hormesis效应不如沙柱法的结果明显。 相似文献
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Evaluation of chemical and integrated strategies as alternatives to methyl bromide for the control of root-knot nematodes in Greece 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Current environmental awareness has led to a greater demand for alternative nematode control strategies. Three field experiments were established to compare management tactics on cucumber in commercial greenhouses naturally infested with root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp). Cucumber rootstocks which have shown resistance to soil-borne diseases were tested to reveal any resistance/tolerance to root-knot nematodes, and integration of these rootstocks with nematicides was investigated. Metham-sodium and 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) provided good control of nematode populations when their application was followed by the application of a non-fumigant nematicide such as cadusafos or oxamyl. Neither fumigant could provide season-long control of nematode populations, and a further application of cadusafos was required for satisfactory control. The efficacy of metham-sodium was significantly increased when injected into soil in comparison with its application through the drip irrigation system. The use of rootstocks resistant to soil-borne fungal pathogens used together with chemical means of nematode control provided promising results for their further use in integrated strategies as alternatives to methyl bromide. However, the latter was the superior treatment for the control of root-knot nematodes in soil infested with residues of galled roots. Dazomet, metham-sodium nor the non-fumigant nematicides oxamyl and fenamiphos could reduce nematode population as efficiently as methyl bromide. None of the chemicals tested except methyl bromide could enter galled roots and kill surviving nematodes. 相似文献