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生物结皮普遍存在于干旱和半干旱地区土壤表层,对土壤水分有重要影响。为了进一步探究生物结皮对表层土壤水力学特性和水分运动过程的影响,该研究以黄土高原风沙土和黄绵土上发育的藓结皮为研究对象,通过野外采样与室内试验相结合,测定了藓结皮覆盖土壤和无结皮土壤的Boltzmann变换参数、土壤水分扩散率、入渗过程、比水容量和非饱和导水率,对比分析了有无藓结皮覆盖对表层土壤水分运动参数的影响。结果表明:藓结皮覆盖抑制了表层土壤水分的扩散,藓结皮覆盖土壤的Boltzmann变换参数和水分扩散率分别比无结皮土壤降低7.9%～27.3%和99.2%～99.6%;藓结皮覆盖后表层土壤渗透性显著降低,其水分入渗参数(初始入渗率、稳定入渗率、平均入渗率、累积入渗量)和非饱和导水率分别降低了17.1%～55.4%和84.8%～92.3%;藓结皮显著提升了表层土壤的持水和供水能力,藓结皮层的水分常数(田间持水量、萎蔫系数、重力水含量、有效水含量和易利用水含量)比无结皮土壤高40.9%～1 233.3%,土壤水吸力在100k Pa时的比水容量比无结皮土壤高7.4%～1 540.5%;相比黄绵土,藓结皮覆盖对风沙土的渗透性影响较小,而对土壤持水和供水性的影响较大。综上,黄土高原藓结皮覆盖降低了土壤渗透性,同时显著提高了表层土壤的水分有效性,这可能导致土壤表层在雨后截留较多水分,进而使土壤水分分布趋于浅层化,并改变该地区的土壤水分有效性和植物水分利用策略。 相似文献
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黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区藓结皮覆盖土壤的蒸发特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
土壤蒸发是地表水分平衡及能量交换的组成部分,是干旱和半干旱区水文循环的关键环节。为探究黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区生物结皮对土壤蒸发的影响,以风沙土和黄绵土上发育的藓结皮为研究对象,通过模拟蒸发试验和自然蒸发试验,测定了不同蒸发条件下藓结皮覆盖土壤和无结皮土壤的蒸发强度,分析了藓结皮覆盖土壤的蒸发特征及其与无结皮土壤的差异。结果表明:(1)模拟蒸发试验中,藓结皮对土壤蒸发过程的影响表现出明显的阶段性,与无结皮土壤相比,藓结皮使土壤蒸发强度在大气蒸发力控制阶段降低了3.04%～15.46%(0.21～1.05 mm/d),在土壤导水率控制阶段增加了32.26%～187.07%(0.58～2.54 mm/d),在水汽扩散控制阶段增加了12.91%～87.73%(0.05～0.34 mm/d);土壤累积蒸发量大小表现为藓结皮覆盖土壤无结皮土壤。(2)自然蒸发试验中,6月16日至9月3日,无降雨时藓结皮覆盖土壤和无结皮土壤的蒸发速率均较低,藓结皮覆盖土壤的日平均蒸发量是无结皮土壤的1.12～1.42倍,自然降雨后二者的蒸发速率快速增加,降雨后土壤蒸发量是降雨前的2.20～8.55倍;在8月10—22日观测期内,藓结皮在雨后增加了土壤含水量,并对土壤蒸发起到促进作用,藓结皮覆盖土壤的累积蒸发量显著提高了19.22%～64.09%(F=21.85,P0.01)。研究表明,藓结皮覆盖增加了风沙土和黄绵土的水分蒸发强度,可能会对黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区土壤水分保持产生不利影响。 相似文献
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黄土高原生物结皮对土壤养分的表层聚集与吸附固持效应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
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黄土高原沟壑区藻类结皮的水土保持效应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
从降雨径流、水分蒸发两方面探讨黄土高原沟壑区藻类结皮的水土保持效应。结果表明:①藻类结皮可显著增加0-10cm土层内土壤孔隙度,最大增加幅度总孔隙度为7.4%,毛管孔隙度为14.2%;对更深土层的土壤孔隙度无显著影响。②荒草坡、樟子松林和油松林3种植被类型下,有藻类结皮试验区径流量与无结皮对照区有显著差异,径流量分别减少了28.1%～32.5%、34.4%～43.1%和30.8%～31.6%。③3种植被类型下,藻类结皮的土壤侵蚀量与无结皮对照土壤侵蚀量有显著差异,分别比无结皮区土壤侵蚀量减少了58.8%～70.6%,48.9%～62.6%和38.3%～57.1%。④通过逐步回归分析,建立了不同植被类型下藻类结皮的径流量、土壤侵蚀量与降雨因子的回归方程。⑤藻类结皮对土壤水分变化的影响土层为20-60cm,在该范围内藻类结皮的土壤含水量显著高于无结皮区。 相似文献
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黄土高原丘陵沟壑区经济作物欧李的水土保持功能 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
[目的]研究经济作物欧李在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的水土保持功能,为当地推广欧李种植提供理论支撑。[方法]以山西省吕梁市柳林县4类试样样地为对象,对欧李种植区土壤持水性、团聚体水稳定性及抗蚀性进行研究。[结果](1)欧李种植区土壤容重明显低于其他样地土壤,其中阳坡欧李Ⅲ号区土壤容重最低,表层和亚表层分别为0.954,1.163g/cm3,容重与总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度呈极显著负相关。(2)欧李在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区适应性极强,通过种植可以显著改善土壤肥力。(3)欧李样地土壤0.25mm风干及水稳性团聚体、土壤团聚体平均重量直径及团聚体水稳性指数均远高于该地区传统水土保持植物样地和撂荒地样地的土壤,并且团聚体破坏率最低。(4)欧李样地土壤0—40cm土层平均可蚀性因子K值最低,对表层及亚表层土壤保护效果更好。(5)K值与黏粒和有机质含量呈极显著负相关,与粉粒含量呈极显著正相关,土壤质地决定土壤抗蚀性能。[结论]欧李在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区具有很好的适应性,不仅可以增加农民收入,更对提高当地水土保持能力,改善生态环境具有重要意义。 相似文献
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为探明黄土高原生物结皮的纳尘与固土效应及其影响因素,以进一步明确其对土壤母质的风积作用,以典型风沙土和黄绵土上发育的生物结皮为对象,通过野外采样、室内分析以及模拟纳尘试验,比较了不同发育阶段生物结皮(藻结皮、藻—藓混生结皮、藓结皮)的纳尘量和固土量,探究了不同风速、降尘粒径和降尘量下生物结皮纳尘量的变化规律,并分析了影响生物结皮纳尘量和固土量的关键因素。结果表明,相同条件下生物结皮的纳尘量为无结皮的1.1倍～4.8倍,且随生物结皮由藻到藓的正向演替而增加。风速为1～8 m·s-1时,生物结皮的平均减蚀量可达19.5～4 893.0 t·km-2·a-1。同时,生物结皮的纳尘量随含水率升高而增加,且增幅与风速呈正相关;相对含水率由0增至80%后,风速5～8 m·s-1下生物结皮的纳尘量分别平均提升了4.9%、53.1%、59.6%和72.3%。此外,生物结皮的纳尘量还随地表粗糙度增加而显著升高。与纳尘量的变化规律相似,生物结皮的固土量也随结皮发育阶段的正向演替而增大,其中藓结皮的固土量为藻结皮的1.4... 相似文献
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为了明确农业生产过程中耕作方式对田间土壤孔隙结构及土壤水分运动特性的影响,以广西农地蔗田为研究对象,基于土壤切片技术分析研究免耕和垄耕2种典型耕作方式蔗田的田间土壤孔隙结构特征,并结合土柱模拟入渗试验,探究土壤孔隙结构对土壤水分运动的影响,进一步揭示孔隙结构与土壤水分运动特性之间的相互作用关系。结果表明：随着土层深度的增加,免耕蔗田孔隙形态以聚集的团块状分布为主,垄耕蔗田孔隙形态以条状分布为主。与免耕蔗田相比,垄耕蔗田的土壤总孔隙度和>2.5 mm孔径的孔隙度分别增加32.5%和21.9%。垄耕蔗田在局部土层深度范围内显著增加上下土层孔隙的变异度(p<0.05),显著降低土壤孔隙的连通性(平均邻近指数为0.448)(p<0.05),土壤孔隙形态相对规则(平均成圆率为0.335)。对于土壤水分运动特性,免耕蔗田总体的土壤饱和导水率和质量流率显著高于垄耕蔗田(p<0.05),初始含水率显著低于垄耕蔗田(p<0.05),质量流率随时间变化强度相对较大,提高水流入渗能力。垄耕降低土壤孔隙结构连通性,使水分蓄存在表层土壤中,一定程度上可降低土壤水分的入渗现象,改变蔗... 相似文献
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不同土壤和植被生境下生物结皮对土壤性质的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
生物结皮作为干旱和半干旱地区重要的生物组分,对该区域生态过程中的生物地球化学循环产生重要的影响。以陕北水蚀风蚀交错区的生物结皮为研究对象,调查该区域2种土壤(黄绵土和风沙土)和3种植被(长芒草、油蒿和小叶杨群落,以农田为对照)生境下生物结皮对土壤性质的影响。结果表明:(1)结皮层与结皮下层0-10 cm各土壤性质指标的变化存在显著差异(p0.05);(2)3种植物群落生境下结皮层各土壤性质指标的变化差异不显著,表明结皮层内生物结皮生态功能作用是结皮层土壤性质的主导影响因素;(3)3种植物群落生境0-10 cm土层的土壤性质如C、N、C/N、Mg、Mn、δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N等指标变化存在显著差异(p0.05),但风沙土油蒿和小叶杨群落生境下所有调查的土壤性质指标间均无显著差异,这表明样地间0-10 cm土层土壤性质差异的主要是受到土壤类型自身特性的影响;(4)不同植被和土壤生境下的结皮层和0-10 cm样品间的空间排序分异明显,表明土壤性质间的差异依赖于生境下多因素的综合作用,生物结皮、土壤类型和植被是预测该区域表层土壤空间异质性的重要因素。 相似文献
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【目的】以吕梁离石区结皮覆盖（藻结皮、藓结皮、藓草混生结皮，裸地为对照）下土壤为研究对象，研究结皮种类对其下层土壤有机碳及土壤团聚体稳定性的影响。【方法】通过干筛和湿筛法对土壤团聚体分级，探究土壤容重、土壤有机碳含量和土壤静水崩解速率与团聚体稳定的相关性。【结果】在0～5 cm和5～10 cm深度，3种结皮下土壤容重与裸地间均达到显著差异；土壤有机碳含量表现为藓草混生结皮和藓结皮分别比裸地显著增加。不同深度土层，团聚体破坏率、分形维数表现为裸地>藻结皮>苔藓结皮>藓草混生结皮；平均重量直径和几何平均直径变化规律正好相反。相关性分析表明，> 0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量与土壤容重呈显著负相关关系；团聚体破坏率、分形维数与土壤容重、土壤静水崩解速率呈极显著正相关关系，与土壤有机碳含量呈极显著负相关关系；平均重量直径、几何平均直径与土壤容重呈极显著负相关关系，与土壤静水崩解速率呈显著负相关关系，与土壤有机碳含量呈极显著正相关关系。【结论】黄土丘陵吕梁随结皮层次提高，土壤团聚体形成能力和土壤团聚体水稳定性逐渐增高，对土壤水稳定性起主导作用的是土壤有机碳含量。 相似文献
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Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made. 相似文献
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Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland. 相似文献
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The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management. 相似文献
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土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。 相似文献
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基于30年长期定位试验,通过测定黑土光谱反射率和不同腐殖质组分含量,探究了不同施肥对黑土土壤腐殖质含量、土壤颜色及二者之间的关系。试验设置5个处理:(1)休耕(Fallow);(2)不施肥处理(CK);(3)单施化肥(NPK);(4)有机肥部分替代化肥(NPKM);(5)秸秆部分替代化肥处理(NPKS)。结果表明:与NPK处理相比,Fallow、NPKS、NPKM分别显著提高49.7%,74.3%,27.0%的土壤有机碳含量(p<0.05)。NPKM处理中胡敏酸(HA)含量最高为3.9 g/kg,随后依次为CK、NPKS、NPK、Fallow。NPKM、NPKS和Fallow处理中土壤富里酸(FA)含量为2.2~2.3 g/kg,显著高于NPK和CK。NPKM处理中胡敏素(HM)含量为18.6 g/kg,显著高于其他处理(p<0.05)。不同处理间土壤光谱反射率由高到低依次为NPK>Fallow、CK>NPKS>NPKM,与CK处理相比,NPK土壤光谱反射率在平均提高6.5%,NPKS和NPKM则分别降低11.1%和15.1%。根据线性相关分析结果,黑土土壤光谱反射率与土壤HAHM均呈显著负相关关系(p<0.01),相关系数(r)分别为-0.858,-0.681。综合上述结果,长期有机物料投入可以显著提高黑土腐殖物质含量,降低黑土光谱反射率,使黑土颜色加深,而长期化肥施入则使黑土光谱反射率提高,出现"褪色"现象,有机粪肥在黑土中对土壤有机质和腐殖质含量的提升效果优于秸秆。 相似文献
18.
金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant. 相似文献
19.
Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered. 相似文献
20.
设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。 相似文献