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1.
于20022～005年,在湖南长沙采用连续定位试验,研究了早稻施氮对连作晚稻产量、氮肥利用率、土壤有效氮含量的影响。试验设早稻施氮/晚稻不施氮、早稻施氮/晚稻施氮、早稻不施氮/晚稻不施氮、早稻不施氮/晚稻施氮4个处理。结果表明,在连续4年早季施氮的条件下,连作晚稻施氮处理的平均产量为6.45.t/hm2,地上部干物质重12.13.t/hm2,氮素吸收量183.6.kg/hm2,分别比连作晚稻不施氮处理增加28.4%、35.1%和103.5%,均达到显著水平;在连续4年早季不施氮的条件下,连作晚稻施氮处理的平均产量为6.61.t/hm2,地上部干物质重12.14.t/hm2,氮素吸收量165.6.kg/hm2,分别比不施氮处理增加33.4%、37.6%和95.6%,均亦达到显著水平。连作晚稻在早季不施氮和早季施氮两种情况下氮肥利用率不同,前者的氮肥生理利用率显著高于后者,增幅为37.8%,两者的氮肥农学利用效率、吸收利用率差异不显著,但前者4年氮肥农学利用效率平均值比后者高18.1%,吸收利用率低6.8个百分点。早晚两季均不施氮小区土壤碱解氮含量均明显低于其他施氮小区,但没有出现随试验年度加长而连续下降的趋势;当早稻或晚稻其中有一季施用了氮肥,或者两季均施用了氮肥的小区,土壤碱解氮含量差异不显著。说明连作晚稻产量主要受当季施氮量的影响,而受早季施氮量的影响较小;早季不施氮小区的连作晚稻氮肥的农学利用效率、生理利用率比早季施氮小区高;在一定程度上降低稻田氮肥用量不会导致土壤背景氮含量的下降。  相似文献   

2.
碳铵粒肥深施是提高氮素回收率,增加水稻等多种作物产量的合理施肥方法之一[1-4,11].国际稻田肥力和肥料评价纲(INSFFER)在南亚、东南亚等十余个稻产国家的试验表明尿素粒肥深施是增产增收的经济施肥法[12].  相似文献   

3.
An accurate estimation of nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from 110 million ha of upland in China is essential for the adoption of effective mitigation strategies. In this study, the effects of different tillage practices combined with nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications on N2O emission in soils were considered for a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) – summer maize (Zea mays L.) double cropping system. Treatments included conventional tillage plus urea in split application (CTF1), conventional tillage with urea in a single application (CTF2), no‐tillage with straw retained plus reduced urea in a split application (NTSF1) and no‐tillage with manure plus reduced urea in a split application (NTMF1). The amounts of N input in each treatment were 285 and 225 kg N/ha for wheat and maize, respectively. Both NTSF1 and NTMF1 were found to reduce chemical N fertilizer rates by 33.3% (wheat) and 20% (maize), respectively, compared to CTF1 and CTF2. N2O emissions varied between 3.2 (NTSF1) and 9.9 (CTF2) kg N2O‐N/ha during the wheat season and between 7.6 (NTFS1) and 14.0 (NTMF1) kg N2O‐N/ha during the maize season. The yield‐based emission factors ranged from 21.9 (NTSF1) to 60.9 (CTF2) g N2O‐N/kg N for wheat and 92.5 (NTSF1) to 157.4 (NTMF1) g N2O‐N/kg N for maize. No significant effect of the treatments on crop yield was found. In addition to reducing production costs involved in land preparation, NTSF1 was shown to decrease chemical fertilizer input and mitigate N2O emissions while sustaining crop yield.  相似文献   

4.
 Processes that govern the soil nitrogen (N) supply in irrigated lowland rice systems are poorly understood. The objectives of this paper were to investigate the effects of crop rotation and management on soil N dynamics, microbial biomass C (CBIO) and microbial biomass N (NBIO) in relation to rice N uptake and yield. A maize-rice (M-R) rotation was compared with a rice-rice (R-R) double-cropping system over a 2-year period with four cropping seasons. In the M-R system, maize (Zea mays L.) was grown in aerated soil during the dry season (DS) followed by rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in flooded soil during the wet season (WS). In the R-R system, rice was grown in flooded soil in both the DS and WS. Three fertilizer N rates (0, 50 or 100 kg urea-N ha–1 in WS) were assigned to subplots within the cropping system main plots. Early versus late crop residue incorporation following DS maize or rice were established as additional treatments in sub-subplots in the second year. In the R-R system, the time of residue incorporation had a large effect on NO3 –-N accumulation during the fallow period and also on extractable NH4 +-N, rice N uptake and yield in the subsequent cropping period. In contrast, time of residue incorporation had little influence on extractable N in both the fallow and rice-cropping periods of the M-R system, and no detectable effects on rice N uptake or yield. In both cropping systems, CBIO and NBIO were not sensitive to residue incorporation despite differences of 2- to 3-fold increase in the amount of incorporated residue C and N, and were relatively insensitive to N fertilizer application. Extractable organic N was consistently greater after mid-tillering in M-R compared to the R-R system across N rate and residue incorporation treatments, and much of this organic N was α-amino N. We conclude that N mineralization-immobilization dynamics in lowland rice systems are sensitive to soil aeration as influenced by residue management in the fallow period and crop rotation, and that these factors have agronomically significant effects on rice N uptake and yield. Microbial biomass measurements, however, were a poor indicator of these dynamics. Received: 31 October 1997  相似文献   

5.
Acid sulfate soils (ASS) are characterized by low pH, aluminum (Al), and iron (Fe) toxicity and are typically deficient in phosphate (PO4). The application of phosphorus (P) fertilizer could help reduce the level of exchangeable Al and Fe, thereby improving the rice growth and yield. Five levels of P (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5)/ha) were tested with rice varieties MTL560 in the wet season and MTL480 in the dry season. The optimum rate of P was 60 kg P2O5/ha for rice in the dry season and 80 kg P2O5/ha in the wet season. Soil testing showed at the start of the season that there was sufficient P in the soil. At the end of the season there was a reduction in soil Al and Fe in plots that had P rates above 40 kg P2O5/ha. It is therefore likely that P application reduced Al and Fe toxicity through precipitation and formation of Al-P and Fe-P compounds, which boasted yield, rather amending a soil P deficiency.  相似文献   

6.
The nitrogen balance of native and applied nitrogen is discussed for three regions in northern Australia. The problems of estimating the nitrogen addition of legumes to the soil-plant system at Katherine (14°28'S) are discussed in terms of changes in nitrate concentration in the subsoil, and the contribution of nitrogen in rainwater to the system. Legumes like Townsville stylo and guar can contribute up to 90 kg/ha of nitrogen per season. Only under grazing conditions is the soil organic nitrogen increased with Townsville stylo.On the sub-coastal plains near Darwin (12°33'S) labelled fertilizer nitrogen losses under flooded rice conditions vary from 37 to 94 per cent depending on fertilizer type and mode of application. Considerable amounts of fertilizer nitrogen were found in the flood-water up to 2 weeks after application. Surface broadcasting increased immobilization of fertilizer as compared with deep placement.At the Ord River valley (15°39'S) with cotton crops, high apparent recoveries of urea and other nitrogen fertilizers are obtained (up to 64 per cent) with high nitrogen applications (225 kg/ha) by banding the fertilizer at sowing at 1 m spacing at 15 cm depth.  相似文献   

7.
松嫩平原黑土区玉米生产氮磷配合肥效优化模型的研究   总被引：18，自引：1，他引：17  
韩秉进 《土壤学报》1998,35(3):392-397
通过对黑土区玉米生产氮磷肥配合多年多眯次的试验研究,建立产量与肥效地优化模型,优化解析出黑土区玉米生产氮磷含最佳用量的Ｎ１７２．９ｋｇ／ｈａ,Ｐ２Ｏ５５７．４ｋｇ／ｈａ,氮磷比为３．０：１,可获得最佳产量７７９１．０ｋｇ／ｈａ;最佳用量范围内,氮,磷用量相同时,平均每公斤氮可增产玉米１４．４ｋｇ,每公斤磷可增产玉米１６．９ｋｇ,磷的肥效比氮好,但氮的增产潜力远比磷大,单施磷可增产玉米７３４．９ｋｇ  相似文献   

8.
Summary The use of N and P by mixed and by sole cropping (crop rotation) of maize and cowpeas were compared in a field experiment on an Alfisol at the Nyankpala Agricultural Experiment Station in the northern Guinea Savanna of Ghana, using two levels of N (0 and 80 kg N ha-1 year-1 as urea) and P application (0 and 60 kg P ha-1 year-1 as Volta phosphate rock). Maize grain yields were significantly reduced in the mixed cropping system. This yield difference became smaller with the application of N and P fertilizer. The N and P concentrations in maize ear leaves at silking indicated that a deficiency in N and P contributed to the maize yield depression in mixed cropping. Competition for soil and fertilizer N between maize and cowpeas was suggested by: (1) A similarity in total N uptake between the two cropping systems; (2) efficient use of soil nitrate by the cowpeas; and (3) low N2 fixation by the cowpeas, calculated with the aid of an extended-difference method. In general, N2 fixation was low, with the highest values in the sole cropping (53 kg ha-1) and a substantial reduction in the mixed cropping system. The application of N fertilizer further reduced N2 fixation. This was substantiated by nodule counts. The lower N2 fixation in the mixed cropping system was only partly explained by the lower density of cowpeas in this system. In addition, dry spells during the cropping season and shading by the maize component could have reduced the nodulation efficiency. No N transfer from the legume/rhizobium to the non-legume crop was observed. Impaired P nutrition in the mixed compared with the sole-cropped maize might have been due to less P mobility in the soil. This was indicated by lower soil moisture contents in the topsoil under mixed cropping, especially during the dry year of 1986. The results show that mixed cropping of maize and cowpeas did not lead to improved use of soil and fertilizer N and P or to an enhanced N2 fixation. On the contrary, an annual rotation of maize and cowpeas was clearly superior.  相似文献   

9.
Investigations on the adjustment of nitrogen supply from different N sources to the N uptake of maize A two years field experiment was conducted to study the effects of the nitrogen fertilizers: wheat swill, BASAMMON (NH4 + nitrification inhibitor DCD) and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) applied at N rates of 0.60.120 or 180 kg N/ha on yield, N uptake and soil mineral N residues of maize for silage or grain production. CAN was either broadcast or placed in the maize rows, with or without the addition of an Azospirillum-biopreparation (AZOGREEN). Due to initially high soil mineral N contents (50–70 kg N/ha) and a high mineralization from the soil (unfertilized: 100–170 kg N/ha), neither effects of fertilizer type, nor interactions between fertilizer type and N rate on biomass production and N uptake of maize were observed. The economically optimum total dry matter production and grain yield were obtained with a fertilization of 60–120 kg N/ha. In contrast to the biomass production the soil mineral N was considerably influenced by fertilizer type and N rate. The nitrate content of the soil increased during the early developmental stages of maize after an early application of swill or BASAMMON, and also during the ripening period after a late high dose of CAN. Though the placement of CAN was reflected in the soil, the soil nitrogen content per unit area could not be much reduced by row fertilization. The effects of AZOGREEN were only small. The results were greatly influenced by the high mineralization potential at the experimental site.  相似文献   

10.
为了探究双季稻田典型自然降雨径流过程中氮(N)的输出特点,采用田间径流池法,通过长期田间定位试验,比较普通尿素(U)和控释尿素(CRU)减施稻田径流水中总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)和硝态氮(NO_3~--N)的动态变化及N素径流流失量和流失率。结果表明:稻田施肥初期出现N素径流峰值,是防控N素径流损失的关键时期。早、晚稻季生育期间施N处理径流水中以NH_4~+-N为主要形态,分别占TN径流损失量的64.5%~66.3%,61.0%~68.6%。早、晚稻季U处理径流水TN流失量(率)分别为5.6(2.2%),5.0(1.7%)kg/hm~2;CRU处理较U处理径流水TN流失量分别降低17.4%~34.1%,17.3%~37.7%;且随着N肥用量的减少,TN流失量(率)逐渐降低。受降雨强度的影响,早稻季N素径流损失较晚稻季高,且晚稻季CRU处理N素径流损失减排效果优于早稻季。早、晚稻季及连作周期CRU处理TN径流累计损失量和籽粒产量与施N量呈显著线性关系,随着N用量的增加而增加。总之,U处理显著提高径流水中N素浓度以及NH_4~+-N占TN的比例。CRU处理有效减缓N素释放速度,降低施肥初期N素径流损失量,实现增产;而CRU减施有利于进一步防控稻田N素流失风险,促进农业面源污染减排,且以减N 10%效果较好。  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to study the effects of water regime on growth of rice. The greenhouse experiment investigated the effects of two water regimes‐continuous flooding and flooding with soil drying between crops for 2 to 3 weeks on the growth of rice during six cropping (for six week each) on seven soils varying widely in total N contents (0.07 to 0.35%). The results averaged for the 7 soils indicated that the drymatter production or N uptake of rice was not affected by the water regimes during the six croppings.

The field experiment conducted during the dry season for two consecutive years (1976 and 1977) on a near neutral clay soil studied the effects of three water regimes (continuous flooding alternate flooding and soil drying every 2 weeks, and continuous flooding with 2 weeks mid season soil drying after 6 weeks of transplanting) and three levels of fertilizer N (0, 100 and 200 kg N/ha as urea) on grain yield and N uptake of rice. The results confirmed the absence of any significant reduction in grain yield or N uptake as a result of any of the soil drying treatments during the growing season on the unfertilized plots carrying a rice crop. On the plots fertilized with 100 or 200 kg N/na, alternate flooding and drying resulted in a significant depression in both grain yield and N uptake. Soil analysis supported heavy losses of N in the fertilized plots that underwent alternate flooding and soil drying apparently by nitrification and denitrification reactions.

The results of this study suggest that alternate flooding and drying of soils in the presence of established rice plants itiay not cause a significant loss of nitrogen in unfertilized plots although in plots fertilized with high rates of N the losses may be large as indicated by the performance of rice crop.  相似文献   

12.
长期水稻-大麦轮作体系土壤供氮能力与作物需氮量研究   总被引：8，自引：3，他引：8  
通过18年稻麦轮作,7个施肥处理,研究了水稻-大麦轮作系统中土壤生产力、氮素自然供应能力、作物氮素内部利用率及氮肥表观利用率。结果表明,在水旱轮作下,土壤对大麦产量的地力贡献率平均为69%,水稻为75%～81%; 肥料的增产贡献率分别为31%和19%～25%,可维持每年生产大麦2.3 t/hm2、稻谷6～7 t/hm2。土壤氮素自然供给力在大麦上平均为75.9%,比水稻的低3.3%～7.2%。在一年三熟水旱轮作制中,土壤和环境年供氮118～299 kg/hm2; 在一年二熟轮作制中为86～199 kg/hm2。施氮肥条件下,大麦的氮素内部利用率为31.0～56.3 kg/kg; 水稻在23.6～50.2 kg/kg之间变动; 大麦的氮肥利用率变幅在27.5%～41.2%,水稻为14.6%～41.2%。在稻麦轮作系统中,如果想获得作物产量12 t/hm2（4 t大麦和8 t 单季稻）,需要每年施氮肥 N 226～337 kg/hm2。为获得更高的作物产量,在氮肥推荐时不但要考虑作物的目标产量,作物对氮素的需要量,还要充分考虑土壤和环境氮素供应能力。  相似文献   

13.
通过5年定位试验（2008~2012年）, 研究不同钾肥施用量对水稻产量、植株钾素含量、钾素积累量、钾肥利用率、土壤钾素含量、钾素平衡和钾肥经济效益的影响。试验施钾量（K2O）从低到高设K0（不施钾）、K1（早稻84 kg/hm2、晚稻105 kg/hm2）、K2（早稻120kg/hm2、晚稻 150 kg/hm2）、K3（早稻156kg/hm2、晚稻195 kg/hm2）和K4（早稻192kg/hm2、晚稻 240kg/hm2）5个处理。5年的试验结果表明, 施钾能显著提高早、晚稻产量,在一定施钾量范围内,水稻产量随施钾量的增加而增加;施钾能促进水稻植株对钾素的吸收和积累,尤其是稻草对钾素的吸收和积累;早、晚稻的钾肥农学效应均以K2处理最高（早稻3.12 kg/kg、晚稻3.70 kg/kg）;钾肥利用率以K1处理最高（早稻41.2%、晚稻76.4%）,并随施钾量提高而降低;不同施钾量对土壤钾素含量有明显影响,土壤速效钾、缓效钾和土壤全钾均随施钾量的增加而增加,且不同处理间土壤速效钾含量差异达极显著水平（P＜0.01）;连续种植5年10季水稻后,K0、K1和K2处理的土壤钾素亏缺（K 127.1kg/hm2、 58.3kg/hm2和10.8kg/hm2）,亏缺量随施钾量的增加而降低; K3和K4处理的土壤钾素盈余（48.0 kg/hm2 和109.2kg/hm2）,盈余量随施钾量的增加而增加。在经济效益上,早、晚稻产投比均以K2处理最高（早稻1.04、晚稻1.27）。综合考虑施钾的增产效应、经济效益和土壤钾素养分平衡等因素,建议该双季稻区早稻施钾量在K2O 120~156 kg/hm2、晚稻施钾量在K2O 150~195kg/hm2范围内较为适宜。  相似文献   

14.
华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系对氮素环境承受力分析   总被引：35，自引：13，他引：35  
通过田间试验研究了华北地区冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系对氮素的环境承受力。结果表明,冬小麦和夏玉米达到最高产量时的施氮量分别是112和180.kg/hm2。氮肥利用率和农学利用率随施氮量的增加而降低,生理利用率表现出抛物线的趋势。在农户习惯施氮条件下,冬小麦和夏玉米的氮肥利用率分别是10%和6%,每千克氮肥分别增产2和3千克。灌水和集中降雨是引起土壤硝态氮明显下移的主要因素。氮素平衡计算的结果表明,低施氮量时,氮素盈余以残留Nmin为主,高量施氮则以表观损失为主。将收获后090.cm土壤中的硝态氮的量控制到150kg/hm2,可以在兼顾环境的前提下获得较高的产量;此时冬小麦季的施氮量是122.kg/hm2,产量(干物重)达到最高产量4331.kg/hm2;夏玉米季的施氮量是145.kg/hm2,产量(干物重)是7965.kg/hm2,达到最高产量的97%。  相似文献   

15.
近30年中国稻区氮素平衡及氮肥偏生产力的时空变化   总被引：7，自引：5，他引：2  
  【目的】  中国的稻作模式和区域条件复杂多样,研究和推荐各稻区氮肥合理施用量,为提高氮肥利用效率和维持土壤氮素平衡提供参考。  【方法】  基于1988―2017年开展的全国水稻土长期监测平台,分析主要稻区（包括东北、西南、长江中游、华南、长三角稻区,322个土壤监测点）氮肥施用水平、氮肥偏生产力、土壤氮素平衡的时空演变特征,并进一步探究各稻区氮肥的合理用量。  【结果】  近30年来,我国东北、西南、长江中游 (早稻)、华南 (双季) 和长三角稻区水稻氮肥平均施用量分别为N 159、173、179、284和279 kg/hm2,全国稻区氮肥平均施用量为N 215 kg/hm2。西南和长三角稻区氮肥施用量随施肥年限的增加而显著增加 (P < 0.05),增加速率分别为N 0.4和2.5 kg/ (hm2·a)。整体而言,全国稻区氮肥施用量随施肥年限的增加无显著变化。30年间,各稻区之间氮素表观平衡量差异显著 (P < 0.05)。东北、西南、长江中游 (早稻)、华南 (双季) 和长三角稻区氮素年均盈余量分别为N 35、5、20、69和109 kg/hm2,氮素盈余量分别占氮肥平均施用量的22%、3%、11%、24%和39%。各稻区氮素盈余量均随着氮肥施用量的增加而显著增加 (P < 0.0001)。东北、西南、长江中游 (早稻)、华南 (双季) 和长三角各稻区水稻氮肥偏生产力分别为54、51、42、44和35 kg/kg,全国平均为45 kg/kg,仅东北和长江中游 (早稻) 稻区水稻氮肥偏生产力随施肥年限增加而显著提高 (P < 0.05)。各稻区氮肥偏生产力均随着氮素盈余量的增加而呈指数下降趋势 (P < 0.0001)。  【结论】  除西南稻区,其他稻区氮素施用量偏高。综合考虑维持土壤氮平衡和提高氮肥偏生产力,建议东北、西南、长江中游 (早稻)、华南 (双季) 和长三角稻区的适宜施氮量分别为N 131、167、156、244和151 kg/hm2。  相似文献   

16.
采用田间小区试验,设置不同N肥用量N0(对照,不施N肥)、N1(早晚稻均为90 kg/hm~2)、N2(早稻120 kg/hm~2,晚稻135 kg/hm~2)、N3(早稻150 kg/hm~2,晚稻180 kg/hm~2)处理,于2017—2018连续2年定量研究双季稻田N吸收以及N肥各损失途径的情况,计算周年N收支差,初步揭示双季稻田N收支平衡特征。结果表明:在N吸收方面,水稻产量随施N量的增加显著提高,N2、N3显著高于N1,N3高于N2,但无显著差异;各处理双季稻籽粒产量为8 869.6～11 002.1 kg/hm~2,秸秆产量为8 666.2～10 744.2 kg/hm~2;水稻N积累量也随施N量增加显著增加,单季水稻平均吸N量为70.6～112.5 kg/hm~2,双季稻吸N量为140.8～226.5 kg/hm~2;各处理N肥平均吸收利用率为25.6%～28.7%,农学利用率为6.5～8.3 kg/kg,生理利用率为23.8～27.0 kg/kg,偏生产力为33.5～56.1 kg/kg, N2处理N肥吸收利用率最高;在N损失方面,N3处理各途径损失量均为最高,N2略高于N1但差异不显著,各处理单周年氨挥发损失量为20.04～111.97 kg/hm~2,损失率为22.33%～26.68%,N_2O损失量为1.38～3.15 kg/hm~2,损失率为0.49%～0.86%,淋溶淋失量为5.10～40.97 kg/hm~2,淋失率为8.63%～10.87%,径流流失量为3.78～12.98 kg/hm~2,流失率为1.67%～3.38%,单周年土壤无机N残留量为-5.70～41.53 kg/hm~2,全N残留量为-15.18～53.02 kg/hm~2;在N收支方面,各处理N盈余量随施N量的增加而增加,N3处理盈余量最高,N2略高于N1,2017年各施N处理N盈余量为13.05～32.20 kg/hm~2,2018年盈余量为29.18～39.90 kg/hm~2,周年N盈余量呈上升趋势。双季稻田N收支途径中,肥料是N素的最主要来源,N输出以作物吸收为主,且氨挥发和N淋溶损失也是N输出的重要途径;N2处理是较为合适的施N量水平,即在农民习惯施肥量(N3)的基础上减N 20%～25%,既能保证双季稻N素吸收量和利用率,也能降低N素损失量和盈余量。  相似文献   

17.
菜-稻轮作对菜田氮、磷利用特性和富集状况的影响   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
菜田氮、磷污染治理的最佳途径是提高化肥利用率.本研究开展了四季豆(Phaseolus vulgaris)-瓢瓜(Lagenaria sicerariae)-早稻轮作中不同氮、磷肥用量的3年定位田间试验.结果表明,经济施肥量为四季豆N 155kg/hm2和P2O579 kg/hm2、瓢瓜N 247 kg/hm2和P2O5 130 kg,/hm2,早稻不施肥.取得最佳经济效益的施肥处理,净增收比其他氮、磷水平提高1.6％～46.8％,氮肥利用率从四季豆和瓢瓜连作的45.1％提高到四季豆-瓢瓜-早稻轮作的65.6％,磷肥利用率则从17.9％提高到26.5％.四季豆-瓢瓜-早稻轮作的土壤硝态氮和有效磷含量分别为四季豆和瓢瓜连作的27.5％和87.0％,为基础土壤硝态氮和有效磷含量的63.7％和93.9％.养分吸收特性分析表明,四季豆的氮、磷最大吸收速率分别是早稻的25.1倍和2.5倍,瓢瓜则分别是早稻的18.4倍和1.2倍;四季豆的氮、磷最大吸收量分别是早稻的1.7倍和2.2倍,瓢瓜则分别是早稻的2.5倍和1.9倍.因此,菜-稻轮作体系利用了蔬菜和水稻在氮、磷吸收强度上的差异,较蔬菜连作促进了氮、磷高效利用,从而削减菜田过高的氮、磷富集,降低了土壤氮、磷流失潜力.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

A 7‐year‐long field trial was conducted on integrated nutrient management for a dry season rice (Boro)–green manure (GM)–wet season rice (T. Aman) cropping system at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute Farm, Gazipur during 1993–1999. Five packages of inorganic fertilizers, cow dung (CD), and GM dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) were evaluated for immediate and residual effect on crop productivity, nutrient uptake, soil‐nutrient balance sheet, and soil‐fertility status. Plant height, active tiller production, and grain and straw yields were significantly increased as a result of the application of inorganic fertilizer and organic manure. Usually, the soil‐test‐based (STB) fertilizer doses for a high‐yield goal produced the highest grain yield of 6.39 t ha?1 (average of 7 years) in Boro rice. Application of CD at the rate of 5 t ha?1 (oven‐dry basis) once a year at the time of Boro transplanting supplemented 50% of the fertilizer nutrients other than nitrogen (N) in the subsequent crop of the cropping pattern. A positive effect of GM on the yield of T. Aman rice was observed. Following GM, the application of reduced doses of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), and zinc (Zn) to the second crop (T. Aman) did not reduce yield, indicating the beneficial residual effect of fertilizer applied to the first crop (Boro rice) of the cropping pattern. The comparable yield of T. Aman was also observed with reduced fertilizer dose in CD‐treated plots. The total P, K, and S uptake (kg/ha/yr) in the unfertilized plot under an irrigated rice system gradually decreased over the years. The partial nutrient balance in the unfertilized plot (T1) was negative for all the nutrients. In the fertilized plots, there was an apparent positive balance of P, S, and Zn but a negative balance of N and K. This study showed that the addition of organic manure (CD, dhaincha) gave more positive balances. In the T4c treatment at 0–15 cm, the application of chemical fertilizers along with the organic manures increased soil organic carbon by (C) 0.71%. The highest concentration of total N was observed with T4c followed by T4d and T4b, where CD was applied in Boro season and dhaincha GM was incorporated in T. Aman season. The sixfold increase in soil‐available P in T4b‐, T4c‐, T4a‐treated plots was due to the addition of CD. Dhaincha GM with the combination of chemical fertilizer helps to mobilize soil‐available P by 3 to 6 ppm. The highest amount of soil‐available S was found in T4c‐ and T4a‐treated plots. It was 2.5 times higher than that of the initial soil. The application of CD and dhaincha GM along with chemical fertilizers not only increased organic C, total N, available P, and available S but also increased exchangeable K, available Zn, available iron (Fe), and available manganese (Mn) in soil.  相似文献   

19.
新疆石河子地区玉米产量及氮素平衡的施氮量阈值研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
【目的】合理施用氮肥不仅会提高肥料利用率,还会降低氮素面源污染的风险。通过2年田间肥料定位试验,研究北疆灰漠土区不同氮肥用量下,土壤无机氮积累量、 氮素平衡和玉米产量间的相互关系,为氮肥合理施用提供依据。【方法】研究采用肥料田间定位试验,小区试验于2011-2012年开展,设计6个氮肥（N）用量水平: 0、 225、 300、 375、 450、 600 kg/hm2,分别以N0、 N225、 N300、 N375、 N450、 N600表示,其中300 kg/hm2为当地玉米农田氮肥推荐用量,磷肥（P2O5）施用量为75 kg/hm2,钾肥（K2O）施用量为37.5 kg/hm2。【结果】 1）施用氮肥增加了土壤硝态氮和铵态氮残留量,硝态氮主要残留于060 cm土层,铵态氮主要分布在020 cm土层深度。2011年试验中,土壤无机氮残留量随氮肥用量增加而显著增加,与对照相比,施氮处理无机氮残留量增幅为12%~102%,与施氮量呈指数增长关系。2012年氮肥用量对土壤无机氮残留量的影响与2011年相似。2）施氮量 225 kg/hm2时,0100 cm土层深度土壤无机氮积累量降低,表现为负积累效应,N0和N225处理下2012年土壤无机氮积累量分别较2011年降低165%和170%; 施氮量高于 300 kg/hm2时,土壤无机氮积累量显著增加,表现为富集现象,其中,N375、 N450和N600处理下2012年土壤无机氮积累量分别较2011年增加17%、 388%、 170%。土壤无机氮积累量与施氮量显著呈二次抛物线关系,2011年回归方程为y=0.0001x2 + 0.1013x－22.537（R2 = 0.9288）,无机氮无积累时施氮量为187 kg/hm2; 2012年为 y = 0.0003x2 + 0.1417x - 52.78（R2 = 0.9583）,无机氮无积累时施氮量为245 kg/hm2。土壤氮素表观损失量和氮素盈余量的增加幅度随氮肥用量增加而显著加大。3）氮肥投入可提高玉米产量,产量与施氮量呈显著的二次抛物线或线性加平台的关系,施氮量高于300 kg/hm2时,玉米产量与最高产量差异不显著; 产量与无机氮积累量呈二次抛物线形关系,当土壤无机氮达到平衡时,玉米产量显著低于最高产量,当玉米产量达到最大时,土壤无机氮有一定积累。氮肥利用率则随氮肥用量增加呈指数关系显著降低。施氮量270 kg/hm2为产量与氮肥利用率的交点,施氮量340 kg/hm2 是土壤无机氮残留量与氮肥利用率的交点。【结论】利用产量效应、 环境效应与肥料效应函数的交点确定氮肥投入阈值,是较为优化的方法。合理的氮肥投入不仅能获得玉米高产,降低氮素面源污染风险,还能获得较高的氮肥利用率。因此,施氮量260340 kg/hm2为本研究区玉米高产与环境友好的氮肥投入阈值。  相似文献   

20.
控释氮肥对双季水稻生长及氮肥利用率的影响   总被引：19，自引：3，他引：16  
为阐明控释氮肥的产量和生态效应,选用N 75和150 kg/hm2两种不同用量的控释氮肥（日本Meister系列）和尿素对比,在南方典型双季稻区第四纪红壤发育的水稻土上进行早稻和晚稻田间试验,观测控释肥氮素田间释放规律及其水稻的生长、产量和氮肥利用率。结果表明,控释氮肥S9和LP70(40%)+LPS100(60%)的氮释放规律分别与早稻、晚稻氮吸收的规律基本一致,且氮累积吸收量与控释肥氮释放率均成显著正相关（相关方程的决定系数R2=0.9764和0.9968）。与N 75kg/hm2用量的尿素相比,早、晚稻施用相同量的控释氮肥分别增产3.6%和9.3%;有效分蘖数和有效穗数明显增加,氮肥利用率分别提高了29.9个百分点和10.4个百分点。施用高氮（N150 kg/hm2）尿素的水稻产量与低氮（N 75 kg/hm2）控释肥相比,差异不显著。控释氮肥N 75kg/hm2用量可以达到尿素N 150kg/hm2的产量水平,氮肥利用率则显著提高,为高产高环境效益的施肥方式。  相似文献   

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