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1.
Tomoaki ONODA Ryuta YAMAMOTO Kyohei SAWAMURA Yoshinobu INOUE Akira MATSUI Takeshi MIYAKE Nobuhiro HIRAI 《Journal of Equine Science》2011,22(2):37-42
Thoroughbred horses are seasonal mating animals, raised in northern regions or countries.
Foals born yearly in spring generally show a typical seasonal compensatory growth pattern,
in which their growth rate declines in the first winter and increases in the next spring.
In this study, a new empirical adjustment approach is proposed to adjust for this
compensatory growth when growth curve equations are estimated, by using 1,633 male body
weights of Thoroughbreds as an illustrating example. Based on general Richards growth
curve equation, a new growth curve equation was developed and fit to the weight-age data.
The new growth curve equation had a sigmoid sub-function that can adjust the compensatory
growth, combined with the Richards biological parameter responsible for the maturity of
animals. The unknown parameters included in the equations were estimated by SAS NLMIXED
procedure. The goodness of fit was examined by using Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC).
The AIC values decreased from 13,053 (general Richards equation) to 12,794 (the newly
developed equation), indicating the better fit of the new equation to the weight-age data.
The shape of the growth curve was improved during the period of compensatory growth. The
proposed method is one of the useful approaches for adjusting seasonal compensatory growth
in growth curve estimations for Thoroughbreds, and for their management during the
compensatory period. Based on this approach, the optimal growth curve equations can be
estimated also for female body weight of Thoroughbreds or other growth traits affected by
seasonal compensatory growth. 相似文献
2.
Body condition scoring and weight estimation of horses 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Three hundred and seventy two horses of varying breeds, height and fatness were weighed and measured for height at the withers. They were assessed for condition score by adaptation of a previously published method. The heart girth and length of 281 of the horses were also measured. Weight of horses was highly correlated (P less than 0.001) with height (r2 = 0.62), condition score (r2 = 0.22) and girth2 x length (r2 = 0.90). Nomograms were constructed to predict weight from height and condition score, and girth and length measurements. Weight can also be accurately estimated from the formula: (formula, see text) The average value of 'Y' in this experiment was 11900 and this estimated weight with more accuracy than some previously published values of 'Y'. Racing Thoroughbred horses were found to be significantly lighter than non-racing Thoroughbreds of the same height and condition score. The method of assessment of condition score was shown to be repeatable between different operators with varying degrees of experience. 相似文献
3.
Tozaki T Sato F Hill EW Miyake T Endo Y Kakoi H Gawahara H Hirota K Nakano Y Nambo Y Kurosawa M 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2011,73(12):1617-1624
Myostatin is a member of the transforming growth factor-β family with a key role in inhibition of muscle growth by negative regulation of both myoblast proliferation and differentiation. Recently, a genomic region on ECA18, which includes the MSTN gene, was identified as a candidate region influencing racing performance in Thoroughbreds. In this study, four SNPs on ECA18, g.65809482T>C, g.65868604G>T, g.66493737C>T, and g.66539967A>G, were genotyped in 91 Thoroughbred horses-in-training to evaluate the association between genotype and body composition traits, including body weight, withers height, chest circumference, cannon circumference, and body weight/withers height. Of these, statistically differences in body weight and body weight/withers height were associated with specific genotypes in males. Specifically, body weight/withers height showed statistically significant differences depending on genotype at g.658604G>T, g.66493737C>T, and g.66539967A>G (P<0.01) in males during the training period. Animals with a genotype associated with suitability for short-distance racing, C/C at g.66493737C>T, had the highest value (3.17 ± 0.05 kg·cm(-1)) for body weight/withers height in March, while those with a genotype associated with suitability for long-distance racing, T/T, had the lowest (2.99 ± 0.03 kg·cm(-1)). In females, the trends in the association of body weight/withers height with genotypes were similar to those observed in males. As the SNPs are not believed to be linked to coding variants in MSTN, these results suggest that regulation of MSTN gene expression influences skeletal muscle mass and hence racing performance, particularly optimum race distance, in Thoroughbred horses. 相似文献
4.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING THE STUDY: Assessment of conformation is commonly used in the selection of horses for performance purposes. Little information is available on the normal range of conformational traits within the Thoroughbred population. OBJECTIVES: To describe variations in conformation in a cohort of racing Thoroughbreds in order to provide a set of baseline standards within which conformational traits can be considered normal. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-eight conformational parameters were measured in a cohort of 108 National Hunt racehorses using a digital motion analysis system. The measurements consisted of segment lengths, joint angles in 2D and 3D, inclinations, deviations and circumference measurements. The differences between left and right sides were determined to obtain a measure of asymmetry. Conformational parameters were related to each horse's country of origin, preferred race distance and race type. RESULTS: The majority of parameters followed a normal distribution with the biggest relative variation in hoof related measurements and in stifle and coxal angle. All circumference measurements and the majority of the length measurements were significantly correlated with the height of the horse at the withers. No underlying pattern of combinations of conformational parameters was identified. Twenty-five per cent of the parameters showed a significant difference between left and right-sided measurements. A significant difference in girth and intermandibular width was observed between Irish and French horses. CONCLUSIONS: Thoroughbreds differ from other breeds, not only with regard to segment lengths but also with regard to joint angles and deviations. Variation in conformational parameters was relatively small and no distinct pattern of combinations of conformational traits identified. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The variation in conformational measurements in Thoroughbred racehorses establishes a set of baseline measurements of conformational range against which individual horses can be assessed. 相似文献
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Equine obesity is increasing in prevalence, and weight loss diets are frequently recommended for these horses. However, there are also management situations in which horses are deemed to be too thin. To monitor the efficacy of weight change programs, estimates of body fat are often made. There are several systems available to estimate body fat, and there are benefits and challenges to using each method. The objective of this study was to compare four different methods of estimating body fat in Thoroughbred horses. In 14 mature Thoroughbred horses, relationships among body condition score (BCS), morphometric measurements, ultrasonic measures of subcutaneous fat depots, and estimation of total body fat (BFD) via measurement of total body water through deuterium oxide dilution were evaluated. Body condition scores ranged from 4.5 to 6.5 on a 9-point scale. Body condition score, heart girth-to-body weight ratio, and BFD were all positively correlated with each other (P < .05). Subcutaneous fat depth at the tailhead tended to be positively related to BFD when only horses with BCS ≥ 5 were included (P = .0680). These data suggest that BCS remains a simple means of monitoring adiposity in mature horses in moderate condition. Tailhead fat depots may become useful for monitoring changes in body fat in Thoroughbreds with a BCS above 5, although more work with animals of higher adiposity is required and at different times of year. 相似文献
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Galisteo A.M. Cano M.R. Morales J.L. Vivo J. Miró F. 《Veterinary research communications》1998,22(6):415-424
The influence of speed and height at the withers on some biokinematic stride parameters (linear, temporal and angular) was measured in 15 Spanish Thoroughbreds (Andalusian Purebred) trotted hand-led along a track; analysis was made of the correlation between speed and height at the withers and of some biokinematic parameters of equine locomotion. Both height at the withers and speed were positively and significantly correlated to the linear parameters examined. Temporal parameters did not reveal a significant correlation with the height at the withers. The correlations with the angular parameters were variable, often being significant for both height at withers and speed, although in most cases the coefficient was relatively low, probably owing to the narrow ranges of speed and height at the withers and their low variability. It was concluded that horses at the hand-led trot tend to have low variability in speed during successive trials, although the speed at which they move does have a significant influence on both linear and temporal stride parameters, and also on several angular parameters, while height at the withers has a major effect on linear parameters but less on angular parameters, and does not affect the temporal parameters. 相似文献
11.
The long-term effects of gestational immaturity in the premature (defined as < 320 days gestation) and dysmature (normal term but showing some signs of prematurity) foal have not been thoroughly investigated. Studies have reported that a high percentage of gestationally immature foals with related orthopedic issues such as incomplete ossification may fail to fulfill their intended athletic purpose, particularly in Thoroughbred racing. In humans, premature birth is associated with shorter stature at maturity and variations in anatomical ratios, linked to alterations in metabolism and timing of physeal closure in the long bones. We hypothesized that gestational immaturity in horses might similarly be associated with reduced height and different anatomical ratios at maturity. In this preliminary study, the skeletal ratios of horses with a history of gestational immaturity, identified through veterinary and breeder records, were compared with those of unaffected, closely related horses (i.e., sire, dam, sibling). External measurements were taken from conformation photographs of cases (n = 19) and related horses (n = 28), and these were then combined into indices to evaluate and compare metric properties of conformation. A principal component analysis showed that the first two principal components account for 43.8% of the total conformational variation of the horses’ external features, separating horses with a rectangular conformation (body length > height at the withers), from those that are more square (body length = height at the withers). Varimax rotation of PC1 and analysis of different gestational groups showed a significant effect of gestational immaturity (P = .001), with the premature group being more affected than the dysmature group (P = .009, P = .012). Mean values for the four dominant indices showed that these groups have significantly lower distal limb to body length relationships than controls. The observed differences suggest that gestational immaturity may affect anatomical ratios at maturity, which, in combination with orthopedic issues arising from incomplete ossification, may have a further impact on long-term athletic potential. 相似文献
12.
Estimation of genetic parameters of conformation traits in Iranian Thoroughbred horses 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters of conformation traits in Iranian Thoroughbred race horses. The data set included the conformation records of 607 Thoroughbred horses. In this study, 10 conformation traits were recorded. The effect of sex was significant for length of back line (P < 0.05), withers height (P < 0.05), circumference of front cannon (P < 0.001), and circumference of hind cannon (P < 0.001). The effect of age was significant for all traits (P < 0.01). The genetic parameters were estimated by the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method using DFREML program. The heritability estimates were for head length 0.39, length of back line 0.41, length of shoulder 0.24, heart girth 0.49, chest width 0.22, withers height 0.38, front cannon height 0.27, circumference of front cannon 0.30, hind cannon height 0.29 and circumference of hind cannon 0.34. The estimates of genetic correlation ranged from 0.18 to 0.96 and those of phenotypic correlation varied from 0.16 to 0.83. 相似文献
13.
Weight tapes and body weight estimation formulas are routinely used to determine the body weight of a horse when a scale is not available. The established formula to estimate body weight in mature horses is weight (kg) = (heartgirth2 × body length)/(11,880 cm3). Two variations of the body length measurement have been used, measuring distance from the point of the shoulder to the ischial tuberosity (Point) or to the midpoint of the distance between the widest part of the stifle and the tail when viewed from the rear (Stifle). The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a commercial weight tape and the body weight estimation formula using both body length measurements in estimating weight of adult horses. Horses (n = 145) were weighed on a portable livestock scale, and measured for height at the withers, heart girth circumference, and body length by using the Point and Stifle measurements. A commercial weight tape was used to estimate body weight on 110 horses. The two formula weight estimations and the weight tape estimation were significantly different from the actual weight and from each other. The mean difference between actual weight and tape weight (n = 110) was 65.81 kg, whereas the differences between actual weight and the formula estimations (n = 145) were 17.25 kg for the Point measurement and 45.26 kg for the Stifle measurement. The estimation formula using body length measurement with the ischial tuberosity endpoint most closely estimates the actual body weight of the horses. 相似文献
14.
ANN CARSTENS ROBERT M. KIRBERGER RICHARD J. GRIMBEEK CYNTHIA M. B. DONNELLAN MONTAGUE N. SAULEZ 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2009,50(5):492-501
Radiographic measurement of tracheal dimensions in the horse may be useful in evaluating upper and lower respiratory tract conditions due to the gradient of pressure changes between these areas. Lateral radiographs of the trachea of 15 normal sedated Thoroughbred horses were made at inspiration and expiration and magnification-corrected mean airway heights measured were, respectively: larynx: 5.89 and 5.86 cm; trachea at the third cervical vertebra (C3): 4.17 and 4.04 cm; at the fifth cervical vertebra (C5): 3.62 and 3.59 cm; at the first thoracic vertebra (T1): 3.4 and 3.23 cm; and carina: 3.85 and 4.12 cm. The ratio of airway height to nearby vertebral body lengths, at inspiration and expiration were, respectively: laryngeal height at C3: 0.56 and 0.56; tracheal height at C3: 0.4 and 0.39; at C5: 0.37 and 0.37; at T1: 0.59 and 0.59; and carina height: 0.91 and 0.94. The ratio of tracheal height to the thoracic inlet at inspiration and expiration was, respectively, 0.15 and 0.15. There was not a statistically significant association between airway diameter and phase of respiration. No association was found between tracheal height and body mass or height at the withers. Radiographic tracheal height can be measured independent of respiratory phase in sedated horses. It is suggested that the ratio of tracheal height to an adjacent bony landmark is more reliable for comparison between horses and tracheal height measurement should be made at C5, due to a lower standard deviation. If only thoracic radiographs are made, measurements of tracheal height at the thoracic inlet may be valuable. 相似文献
15.
Equine serum lipids: serum lipids and glucose in Morgan and Thoroughbred horses and Shetland ponies.
S M Robie C H Janson S C Smith J T O'Connor 《American journal of veterinary research》1975,36(12):1705-1708
Concentrations of serum phospholipids, triglycerides, total cholesterol, nonesterified fatty acids, and glucose were determined for 9 months (September, 1972, to May, 1973) in 19 fasting horses and ponies (8 Morgan horses, 7 Thoroughbred horses, and 4 Shetland Ponies). Morgan horses had higher concentrations of total lipid than did Thoroughbreds, although the relative proportions of each type of lipid were similar in the 2 breeds. Shetland Ponies had higher nonesterified fatty acid and lower glucose concentrations than did either breed of horse. In both breeds of horses, concentrations of serum triglycerides in the cold months (December to March) were lower than those in the warm months. In the Shetland Pony, there was no seasonal variation in triglycerides, but a significant increase was seen in concentration of nonesterified fatty acids in the cold months. The significance of these findings is discussed. 相似文献
16.
Population parameters in Brazilian Thoroughbred 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
R. Z. Taveira M. D. S. Mota H. N. Oliveira 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2004,121(6):384-391
The information in this study has been provided by the Brazilian Association of Racehorse Breeders [Associação Brasileira dos Criadores do Cavalo de Corrida (ABCCC)]. It can be found in the files on the CD‐ROM developed by the ABCCC in 1999. A total of 5008 finishing time records related to 2545 winning horses that ran in the classical calendar on Brazilian hippodromes during 25 years (1974–98) were analysed. There were a total of 9949 horses on the relationship matrix. The variance components were estimated using the multiple‐trait derivate‐free restricted maximum likelihood (MTDFREML) program, for an animal model. Generation intervals were higher in the maternal side (10.91 years) than in the paternal one (10.41 years). The estimates for genetic, permanent environmental and phenotypic variances and heritability were 0.291, 0.161, 3.486 and 0.08, respectively. The phenotypic standard deviation for time in races was 1.86729 s. Genetic time trend on Thoroughbred races in Brazil was small and could be accelerated if selection considered the trait time effectively. With respect to the animal's country of birth, the results show that there has been an intense participation of foreign animals in breeding Brazilian Thoroughbreds. 相似文献
17.
试验旨在研究青年伊犁马不同运动性能间步幅指数与步频指数的差异,并探究其与运动性能的关联性,以期提高伊犁马个体选择和性能测定的科学性和准确性。试验以参加伊犁马常态化赛事的72匹2岁伊犁马为研究对象,测量其体尺与步态特征,计算其各项步幅指数与步频指数,分析不同途程、不同运动性能间的差异,并对各指标与竞赛用时做偏相关分析,探究各指标与运动性能的关联性。结果表明,伊犁马1 600 m竞赛中,精英组体高步频指数、体长步频指数均极显著高于普通组（P<0.01）,且与竞赛用时呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,精英组体高双支撑相步幅指数、体长双支撑相步幅指数、体高步幅指数、体长步幅指数均极显著高于普通组（P<0.01）,并与竞赛用时呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）;3 600 m竞赛中,精英组体高步频指数、体长步频指数极显著高于普通组（P<0.01）,体长步频指数与竞赛用时呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）,精英组体高双支撑相步幅指数,体长双支撑相步幅指数均显著高于普通组（P<0.05）,且与竞赛用时呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。体高步频指数与体长步频指数可作为青年伊犁马的首选性能评估和选择指标,可广泛用于青年伊犁马育种和训练实践中,以提高性能评估效率。 相似文献
18.
Variance component estimation on the frequency of deforming arthropathies in limb joints of Hanoverian Warmblood horses 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
K. F. Stock H. Hamann O. Distl 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2004,121(4):269-288
Following the analysis of systematic effects, the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) approach was used to estimate genetic parameters on deforming arthropathies in distal (DIJ) and proximal interphalangeal (PIJ), fetlock (FJ) and hock joints (HJ) under both linear animal and linear sire models. The data comprised of the results of a standardized radiological examination of 3748 young Hanoverian Warmblood horses selected for sale at auction as riding horses. Of the horses 17.7% showed radiographic findings indicative of degenerative joint disease in at least one of the examined joints. HJ were found to be most often affected. The examiner as well as the date of the auction had a significant influence on the prevalence of documented radiological findings. Only deformations in DIJ appeared to be significantly dependent on the age of horse, with older horses being more often affected. With increasing height at withers the probability to show deformations of DIJ or PIJ tended to increase. Having genes of the Holstein Warmblood resulted in a higher probability to show deforming arthropathies in DIJ. The higher the proportion of Thoroughbred genes, the more likely was the horse to present slight HJ deformations (HJ I). Neither male and female founder animals nor sex, suitability or region of origin of the horse significantly influenced the prevalences of deforming arthropathies in the investigated joints. Sire effect had a significant influence on moderate alterations of HJ (HJ II). The estimation of genetic parameters was performed multivariately, including height at withers as a separate trait. When analysing deforming arthropathies in males and females together, the heritability estimates were in the range of h2 = 0.10–0.36. Separate analyses for HJ deformations in males and females revealed noticeable sex differences. Additive genetic correlations between radiological findings in HJ and in phalangeal joints (DIJ, PIJ, FJ) were estimated to be moderately positive. However, conflicting results were obtained for the additive genetic correlations between deforming arthropathies and height at withers. 相似文献
19.
青海高原型牦牛生长发育研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
[目的]为研发高原有机牦牛肉提供依据。[方法]对高原型牦牛和改良型牦牛进行了生长发育项目的测定。[结果]在正常年景下,高原型牦牛出生、1周岁、2周岁、3周岁和4周岁体重分别为：11.90±2.10 kg、98.27±24.33 kg、162.63±27.37 kg、194.52±45.05 kg和237.62±33.44 kg。高原型牦牛出生至4周岁日增重速度随年龄的增长,呈下降趋势;体高、体长、胸围和体重日增长曲线拐点出现在1周岁及稍后一段时间。出生时改良型牦牛的体高、体斜长极显著高于高原型牦牛（P〈0.01）,胸围、管围和体重比高原型牦牛高出1.15 cm、0.12 cm和0.39 kg。1周岁时改良型牦牛的胸围和体重极显著低于高原型牦牛（P〈0.01）,体高、体长和管围比高原型牦牛低1.4 cm4、.57 cm和0.18 cm。[结论]在品种改良现阶段,良种是提高改良效果的核心内容,但良好的饲养管理水平才是体现改良效果、发挥改良潜能的关键。 相似文献
20.
To determine associations between carpal and fetlock conformation and later performance, 292 two-year-old (2YO) Thoroughbred horses were examined at a public auction. Two observers graded carpal and fetlock conformation in the frontal view, and subject weights were estimated (weight tape), and height was measured. Subject age, gender, and workout distance and time were retrieved from sales data. Lifetime racing data was retrieved from the Jockey Club database. Mild to moderate deviations from straight forelimb conformation at the carpus or fetlock occurred in 85% of 2YO Thoroughbreds and had no substantive effect on lifetime racing performance. Carpal and fetlock conformation are associated. Greater age, female gender and faster workout were associated with better short and long-term racing outcomes. The ability to start a race at 2YO was associated with improvements in several measures of racing success. The lack of an association of forelimb conformation with most measures of racing performance will assist producers and consumers of young racing stock in the determination of the need for corrective procedures in young horses and the importance of deviations at purchase. Speed of workout and the ability to start at 2YO were associated with each other and with an improvement in several racing outcomes. 相似文献