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1.
Finishing of dairy steers having grazed semi-natural grasslands   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of initial live weight, level of grain feeding, and length of finishing period on weight gain and carcass traits of dairy steers that had grazed semi-natural grasslands. Steers were subdivided by initial live weight (low vs. high) and were fed two levels of grain (0.5% vs. 1.0% of live weight day− 1) during three different lengths of finishing period (3, 5 vs. 8 months). In total, 192 steers, initially 18 to 21 months of age, were fed grass–clover silage ad libitum. Steers fed high levels of grain had a higher dietary feed intake than steers fed low levels of grain (10.5 vs. 9.7 kg DM day− 1; P < 0.001). Carcass weight gain (630 g) was highest and feed conversion (169 MJ metabolizable energy per kg carcass gain) was best in steers with 5 months of finishing. Steers with low initial weights had a higher daily carcass weight gain than initially heavy steers (614 vs. 571 g, P = 0.013). A high initial weight and a long finishing period resulted in heavier and fatter carcasses with a higher conformation score and lower proportions of valuable retail cuts and bone. In conclusion, high-quality carcasses can be produced when finishing dairy steers that previously have grazed semi-natural grasslands. Performance and carcass traits were more effected by initial weight and length of finishing period than by level of grain feeding.  相似文献   

2.
The objective of this study was to compare the carcass quality and meat tenderness of Hawaii cattle finished on subtropical pasture with those of mainland US feedlot-finished cattle that were shipped from Hawaii after weaning. Rib-eye steak samples were collected from 30 feedlot-finished cattle harvested at a slaughter house in Washington State, USA and from 13 subtropical pasture-finished cattle harvested at a local slaughter house in Hawaii, then shipped to meat science laboratory at the University of Hawaii, Manoa. Samples were aged for 2?weeks at 4°C and frozen for later proximate analysis and meat tenderness measurement. Feedlot-finished cattle had significantly heavier carcass weight (353 vs 290?kg) and thicker backfat (13.5 vs 6.6?mm), but no significant difference was observed in rib-eye area between the two groups. Marbling score (Small) and United States Department of Agriculture quality grade (Choice) of the pasture-finished beef were not significantly (P?相似文献   

3.
The effects of grazing and supplemental protein concentrations, provided during the grazing period, on subsequent finishing performance and carcass quality were investigated. This experiment was carried out using 15 Japanese Black cattle (Wagyu) steers. The steers were fed as follows: (i) grazing supplemented with moderate protein concentrate (GMP) (18% crude protein (CP); dry matter (DM) basis) before finishing, followed by feeding in a barn until slaughter; (ii) grazing supplemented with low protein concentrate (GLP) (14% CP; DM basis) before finishing, followed by feeding in the barn until slaughter; and (iii) no grazing before finishing (NG). From the end of the grazing season to the end of the growing period, the GMP and GLP steers were managed in the same way as the NG steers. All of the animals were fed the same diet in the finishing period (9 months to 28 months). None of the three treatments affected the average daily gains. For all treatments, chilled carcass weights were more than 450 kg and did not differ significantly among the groups. The longissimus muscle areas in the grazed steers were numerically larger than in those receiving the NG treatment. Fat thickness was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the NG steers than in the grazed steers. The intramuscular fat and marbling scores were not affected in the grazed steers. In conclusion, the carcass quality of grazed steers was similar to that of the NG steers at a similar final age, and the quantity of meat in the NG steers would be less than that of the GMP and GLP steers. Therefore, spring‐born Wagyu steers should be grazed using the GLP supplement before fattening.  相似文献   

4.
To evaluate effects of previous forage systems on feedlot performance, yearling Hereford steers (average initial weight of 249 kg) were grazed on tall fescue (TF), smooth bromegrass-red clover (BG-RC) or orchardgrass-red clover (OG-RC) pastures before finishing. Serial slaughter was utilized during the first 2 yr of this study to determine changes in carcass characteristics throughout finishing, while steers were slaughtered at approximately 29% body fat during the third year. Steers grazing TF entered the feedlot at lighter weights and maintained lighter weights throughout finishing (P less than .05) even though dry matter intakes and feed conversions were similar (P greater than .05) among treatments. Steers that previously grazed TF had less (P less than .05) body fat, body protein, fat thickness and marbling, smaller (P less than .05) ribeye areas and lower (P less than .05) USDA yield and quality grades than than those that grazed BG-RC and OG-RC. However, linear contrasts indicated that steers grazing TF were compensating in ribeye area, marbling and quality grade as days in feedlot increased. This was confirmed in the third-year study, since carcass characteristics were similar among all steers. During the third year, linear and quadratic contrasts indicated that steers that grazed TF partially compensated in body protein. As days in feedlot increased, live and hot carcass weights, body fat, fat thickness, kidney, pelvic and heart fat, marbling, and USDA yield and quality grades increased (P less than .05), while ribeye area and body protein plateaued. Although carcass characteristics were similar among treatments, steers backgrounded on TF entered the feedlot at lighter weights, and partially compensated in weight after 134 d of finishing.  相似文献   

5.
The study evaluated the effect of gender status on carcass and meat quality of feedlot Angus × Nellore cattle. A total of 176 cattle, 20 months old, were confined for 190‐days and assigned to four treatments: bulls, immunocastrated, steers, and heifers. Bulls had greater rib eye area and HCW (p = 0.0001). Heifers had increased fat thickness (p = 0.0001). Steers and heifers had higher marbling scores (p = 0.0001). There was interaction between gender and aging time for Warner‐Bratzler Shear Force (p = 0.0002), L* (p = 0.0118), and b* (p = 0.0113) values of beef. The sensory panel results showed that beef from bulls had the lowest consumer overall acceptance (p = 0.0278). Especially, regardless tenderness, steers and immunocastrated beef were considered tender, independent of aging time. Beef produced by heifers, steers, and immunocastrated is considered to be of higher quality than bulls. Thus, it is may be an interesting alternative to produce high‐quality beef than bulls, to attend the consumer demand for high‐quality products. Additionally, the low fatty acids n6 levels and low n6:n3 ratio, high levels of CLA, MUFAs, and oleic acid suggests that the heifer meat is favorable for human health.  相似文献   

6.
A winter grazing/feedlot performance experiment repeated over 2 yr (Exp. 1) and a metabolism experiment (Exp. 2) were conducted to evaluate effects of grazing dormant native range or irrigated winter wheat pasture on subsequent intake, feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, total-tract digestion of nutrients, and ruminal digesta kinetics in beef cattle. In Exp. 1, 30 (yr 1) or 67 (yr 2) English crossbred steers that had previously grazed native range (n = 38) or winter wheat (n = 59) for approximately 180 d were allotted randomly within previous treatment to feedlot pens (yr 1 native range = three pens [seven steers/pen], winter wheat = two pens [eight steers/pen]; yr 2 native range = three pens [eight steers/pen], winter wheat = four pens [10 or 11 steers/pen]). As expected, winter wheat steers had greater (P < 0.01) ADG while grazing than did native range steers. In contrast, feedlot ADG and gain efficiency were greater (P < 0.02) for native range steers than for winter wheat steers. Hot carcass weight, longissimus muscle area, and marbling score were greater (P < 0.01) for winter wheat steers than for native range steers. In contrast, 12th-rib fat depth (P < 0.64) and yield grade (P < 0.77) did not differ among treatments. In Exp. 2, eight ruminally cannulated steers that had previously grazed winter wheat (n = 4; initial BW = 407 +/- 12 kg) or native range (n = 4; initial BW = 293 +/- 23 kg) were used to determine intake, digesta kinetics, and total-tract digestion while being adapted to a 90% concentrate diet. The adaptation and diets used in Exp. 2 were consistent with those used in Exp. 1 and consisted of 70, 75, 80, and 85% concentrate diets, each fed for 5 d. As was similar for intact steers, restricted growth of cannulated native range steers during the winter grazing phase resulted in greater (P < 0.001) DMI (% of BW) and ADG (P < 0.04) compared with winter wheat steers. In addition, ruminal fill (P < 0.01) and total-tract OM digestibility (P < 0.02) were greater for native range than for winter wheat steers across the adaptation period. Greater digestibility by native range steers early in the finishing period might account for some of the compensatory gain response. Although greater performance was achieved by native range steers in the feedlot, grazing winter wheat before finishing resulted in fewer days on feed, increased hot carcass weight, and improved carcass merit.  相似文献   

7.
The objectives of this study were to compare the progeny of 1) late-maturing beef with dairy breeds and 2) Charolais (CH), Limousin (LM), Simmental (SM) and Belgian Blue (BB) sires bred to beef suckler dams, for feed intake, blood hormones and metabolites, live animal measurements, carcass traits and carcass value in bull and steer production systems. The bull system included 50 late-maturing beef breeds and 22 Holsteins (HO) slaughtered at approximately 15 months of age, whereas the steer system consisted of 56 late-maturing beef breeds and 23 British Friesians (FR) slaughtered at approximately 24 months of age. Beef breeds were suckled until approximately 8 months of age, while dairy breeds were artificially reared until weaning at approximately 3 months of age. All animals were finished on an ad libitum concentrate diet. Mean live weight, live weight gain, carcass gain and feed efficiency were greater (P < 0.05) in beef than dairy breeds in both systems during the finishing period when offered concentrates. Although there was no difference in feed intake between beef and dairy breeds, intake expressed relative to live weight was lower (P < 0.001) in beef breeds in both systems. At 10 months of age and pre-slaughter, beef breeds had higher (P < 0.001) muscularity scores and greater scanned muscle depth (P < 0.001) than their dairy contemporaries. Carcass weight, kill-out proportion, carcass conformation score, meat proportion and value were greater (P < 0.001) and carcass fat and bone proportions were lower (P < 0.05) in beef than dairy breeds in both systems. Insulin concentrations were lower (P < 0.001) in beef than dairy breeds, whereas there was no difference in blood metabolites or IGF-1 concentrations. Feed intake expressed relative to live weight or feed efficiency did not differ between CH, LM, SM or BB sired progeny. Muscularity scores were greater (P < 0.05) in BB than SM, whereas skeletal scores were lower (P < 0.05) in LM than SM. Limousin had lower (P < 0.05) carcass gain per day of age than CH and SM, whereas SM had a lower (P < 0.05) carcass conformation score than BB and CH and a higher (P < 0.05) carcass fat score than CH. Simmental had a lower (P < 0.05) carcass meat proportion and a higher (P < 0.05) carcass fat proportion than CH, LM and BB, which were similar (P > 0.05). The improvement obtained for beef over dairy breeds in live weight gain was 12%, while the improvements in carcass gain and meat produced was 24% and 33%, respectively. This demonstrates that the importance of carcass data contributing to breed comparison studies cannot be over-emphasised.  相似文献   

8.
The aim was to evaluate the effect of different rates of weight gain during the backgrounding on animal performance and carcass and meat characteristics of steers finished in feedlots. Thirty-six Angus steers, 12 ± 2 months of age, were backgrounded during 91 days on Aruana grass pasture (Panicum maximum cv. Aruana) managed under different stocking rates to achieve three different weight gains: HIGH ADG (average daily gain)—no feed restriction (ADG = 0.846 kg); MEDIUM ADG—moderate feed restriction (ADG = 0.456 kg); and LOW ADG—high feed restriction (ADG = 0.154 kg). To ensure the difference in ADG, we offered 0.7% live weight of concentrate feed in the HIGH treatment and a better forage supply in the MEDIUM treatment. After the backgrounding, the animals were finished in feedlot. There was no effect of the previous performance on the animals' performance in the feedlot. The LOW presented higher weight (218.9 vs. 207.9 kg) and hot (54.0% vs. 51.3%) and cold (53.5% vs. 50.5%) carcass yield than the MEDIUM, besides presenting meat with less cooking losses (15.0% vs. 18.2%), marbling (7 vs. 4.0 points), palatability (7.1 vs. 6.3 points), juiciness (7.2 vs. 6.4 points), tenderness (7.1 vs. 6.3 points), and lower shear force (5.78 vs. 8.75 kg) than HIGH. LOW ADG steers stay longer in the finishing phase but presented in general better quality carcass and meat than those with MEDIUM or HIGH during the backgrounding.  相似文献   

9.
This study was conducted to determine the impact of dried distiller's grain with solubles (DDGS) from 192 days of gestation through 118 days of lactation on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, Longissimus muscle (LM) fatty acids and glucose tolerance of male progeny (n = 36). Angus‐Simmental heifer dams were fed diets that contained either DDGS (DG) or not (CON) formulated to provide similar daily net energy for gain but differing crude protein. In the feedlot, male progeny were fed a diet devoid of DDGS. An intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was performed on a subset of 20 steers prior to harvest. Steers were harvested at a common 12th rib fat depth. Data were analyzed with the GLIMMIX and MIXED procedures of SAS. Performance (P ≥ 0.11) and glucose and insulin concentrations during IVGTT (P ≥ 0.24) did not differ between treatments. Dressing percentage tended to be greater (P = 0.09) in DG than CON progeny, but all other carcass characteristics did not differ (P ≥ 0.18). Progeny from DG dams had greater LM 16:2, 18:0, and 20:1 n‐9 concentrations than progeny from CON dams (P ≤ 0.02). In conclusion, DDGS are a viable option for gestating and lactating beef cows.  相似文献   

10.
Organic additives are recently being used in animal diets owing to their ability to control metabolic issues and result in better animal performance. Specifically, the organic additive Fator P® presents an additional advantage that is to cause a lesser greenhouse gas emission. This study evaluated whether Fator P® intake changes ruminal parameters or animal performance of beef cattle. Evaluations were carried out in a feedlot experiment divided into growing (46 days; two diets [control mix—CM and standard mix—SM] and finishing (lasted 83 days; four diets: CM, SM, Fator P® + virginiamycin, and Fator P® alone [FP]) trials. Animal performance study involved 48 animals allocated to 12 collective pens in completely randomized experimental design. Ruminal parameters were evaluated in separate metabolism study developed carried out using individual pen with four steers. During growing trial, FP diet resulted in higher (p < 0.05) dry matter intake (DMI) and ruminating time. In the finishing trial, diets containing Fator P® resulted in higher DMI than obtained with CM. Most of the ruminal parameters did not differ (p > 0.05) among dietary treatments. Therefore, Fator P® represents a viable and safe strategy for supplementation to beef cattle finished using high‐concentrate diet in feedlot systems.  相似文献   

11.
Three experiments were conducted to determine the influence of both the concentration of endophytic fungus infestation in tall fescue pastures and calf genotype on the subsequent health and performance of steers in the feedlot. In Exp. 1 and 2, Angus steers grazed fescue pastures in Georgia containing low, moderate, or high endophyte infestations for 182 d (Exp. 1) or 78 d (Exp. 2) with 12 steers per treatment. Steers were transported 1,600 km to Texas in October (Exp. 1) and July (Exp. 2), were fed a 93% concentrate diet during the finishing period, and were harvested at an estimated backfat thickness of 12 mm. In both trials, DMI over the entire feeding period and carcass characteristics were not affected (P>0.05) by endophyte infestation. In both trials, pasture ADG decreased, and feedlot ADG and gain to feed ratio increased as the previous pasture endophyte infestation increased (P<0.05). Serum cholesterol concentrations tended (P<0.10) to decrease with increasing endophyte infestation during the first 14 d in the feedlot. In Exp. 3, Angus and Brahman × British crossbred steers grazed fescue pastures in Georgia containing low, moderate, or high endophyte in each of 2 yr. Six steers of each breed group were on each treatment each year. Steers were transported to Texas in late August of each year, were fed a 93% concentrate finishing diet, and were harvested at an estimated individual backfat thickness of 12 mm. As endophyte infestation increased, serum urea N concentrations and gain to feed ratios increased (P<0.05), whereas pasture ADG, initial BW, transit shrink, serum cholesterol concentrations, final BW, and carcass weights decreased (P<0.05) in Angus steers, but not in Brahman-cross steers. In these studies, the adverse effects of high endophyte infestations in fescue pastures appeared to carry over to the feedlot for ca. 14 d. However, steers from highly infested pastures can compensate for poor pasture performance with improved performance in the feedlot when no adverse health effects occur. Any impact of the endophyte seems to be similar in Brahman-cross and Angus steers.  相似文献   

12.
In each of 2 yr, 20 Holstein steers (185+/-7 kg initial BW) were allocated to each of three treatments: pastured for 4.5 mo on grass/legume pastures and then fed 80% corn diets (DM basis) until slaughter; pastured for 4.5 mo on grass/legume pastures with ad libitum access to molasses-based protein supplements and fed 80% corn diets until slaughter; and placed in a feedlot and fed only 80% corn diets until slaughter (FEEDLOT). Half of the steers in each treatment were initially implanted with Revalor-S and not reimplanted. Supplemented steers on pasture had greater (P < 0.05) ADG than unsupplemented steers, and FEEDLOT steers gained faster and were fatter (P < 0.05) after 4.5 mo. Implanted steers had greater (P < 0.05) ADG with no significant treatment x implant status effect. Supplement intake was variable and related to ambient temperature. During the feedlot phase, steers previously on pasture had greater DMI and ADG (P < 0.05) but were not more efficient than FEEDLOT steers. Percentage of USDA Choice carcasses, fat thickness, dressing percentage, yield grade, and final weight were greater (P < 0.05) for FEEDLOT steers than for steers on other treatments. Implanting increased ADG of all steers but did not affect carcass traits, carcass composition, or feedlot performance during the finishing phase. Holstein steers consuming supplemented and unsupplemented pasture before slaughter will be leaner, have lower carcass weights, and have generally lower quality grades than those fed exclusively in a feedlot when slaughtered at similar ages.  相似文献   

13.
The present study investigated the influence of feeding a large amount of grass hay to steers from the early to middle fattening period on growth, carcass characteristics, and meat characteristics. Steers were randomly divided into grass hay‐fed (GHF, n = 6) and concentrate‐fed (CF, n = 6) groups. The dressed weight of the GHF steers was lower than that of the CF steers, but the final body weight was not significantly different between the groups. The GHF steers had decreased subcutaneous fat and rib thickness compared with the CF steers. Lipid content, monounsaturated fatty acids, and drip loss in the muscles were lower in the GHF steers than in the CF steers. Furthermore, n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were higher in the GHF steers compared with the CF steers. The GHF steers had lower body weight during the middle fattening stage, which may have occurred as a result of muscle growth suppression caused by increased Myostatin expression; an increase in daily gain during the finishing period may have occurred as a result of muscle growth activation caused by decreased Myostatin expression. Feeding steers a grass hay‐based diet during the early fattening period possibly maintains the quantitative productivity of beef similarly to feeding a concentrate‐based diet.  相似文献   

14.
Vitamin A plays a critical role in many essential life processes. In herbivores, it is either derived from plant β-carotene or directly as a dietary supplement. In cattle, vitamin A has the potential to influence various carcass traits that are sought by specific beef markets. A group of 20 Angus steers was removed from pasture and fed a low β-carotene and vitamin A cereal-based ration on a feedlot for 308 days. Ten of the steers were supplemented with vitamin A (retinyl palmitate, 60 IU of vitamin A/100 kg body weight/day) and the other ten received no supplement. The results demonstrated that restriction of vitamin A intake changed intramuscular fat deposition without changing subcutaneous fat depots. Angus steers that had been depleted of vitamin A showed increased intramuscular fat in the longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) by 35% (P < 0.026) and seam fat area at the quartering site by 33% (P < 0.0273), when compared with cattle supplemented with vitamin A. There were no changes in intramuscular fat in the semitendinosus. Visually assessed marbling scores were also higher (19%; P < 0.094) in the non-supplemented, depleted group. There was no effect of vitamin A depletion on cattle growth and other meat traits (eye muscle area, meat colour, pH, meat cut weight), meat eating attributes (tenderness, cooking loss) or muscle fibre diameter. The only difference (P < 0.0177) among the meat traits was fat colour where depleted animals had whiter fat than the controls. Moreover, the fat from the vitamin A depleted group was softer with a lower melting point. We conclude that the reduced vitamin A consumption, leading to vitamin A depletion, increases intramuscular fat. On the other hand, the vitamin A depletion did not increase subcutaneous fat depth or change other meat quality traits, suggesting that marbling and these other traits are not invariably related.  相似文献   

15.
Effects of concentrate supplementation on carcass and meat quality of feedlot finished Small East African (SEA) goats were assessed using 23 animals (14.5 months old and 20.1 kg body weight). Goats were subjected to four levels of concentrate supplementation: ad libitum concentrate allowance (T100), 66% of ad libitum concentrate allowance (T66), 33% of ad libitum allowance (T33) and no concentrate (T0). All goats were slaughtered after 90 days of experimental period. The ad libitum concentrate intake attained by the goats was about 370 g DM/d. All concentrate-supplemented goats had similar (P > 0.05) total dry matter intake. T100 goats had 31 g and 14 g higher (P < 0.05) daily body weight gain than T33 and T66 goats, respectively. T100 and T66 goats were comparable in final live weight and empty body weight but both were heavier (P < 0.05) than that of T33 and T0 goats. Hot and cold carcass weights for both T100 and T66 goats were 3 kg heavier (P < 0.05) than that of T0 goats. Concentrate-supplemented goats had similar (P > 0.05) EUROP scores for carcass fatness. T100 and T66 goats had 6.5 and 3 units higher (P < 0.05) scores for conformation than T0 and T33 goats, respectively. Dressing percentage increased with levels of concentrate supplementation in a curvilinear fashion, with highest values in T66 goats. At 6 h post-mortem, muscle pH for concentrate-supplemented animals was significantly lower compared with T0 goats. Carcass fat content was 9% higher (P < 0.05) in concentrate-supplemented goats than in their contemporaries. No differences in cooking loss or shear force were observed among treatments, while these variables were affected by the type of muscle. It is concluded that feedlot finishing of SEA had limited effects on meat quality. Finishing SEA goats at 66% of their ad libitum concentrate intake, however, significantly improved weight gains and carcass fatness. Cost–benefit analyses are recommended before embarking on a large scale feedlot finishing of SEA goats.  相似文献   

16.
Corn distiller's grains plus solubles (DGS) have become a common replacement for shelled corn in diets of finishing steers. Numerous studies have evaluated DGS inclusion, both wet (WDGS) and dry (DDGS), into feedlot diets with conflicting reports on feedlot performance and subsequent meat quality. Many authors have failed to describe the nutrient composition of the DGS utilized in their studies making it difficult to determine why different studies have different results. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feedlot performance and subsequent meat quality characteristics of steers fed high fat (10.36±0.72%), modified wet corn distiller's grains plus solubles (HWDGS) at 0, 25, 40, and 70% of the diet dry matter (DM). Angus cross steers (n=240; 335±55 kg) were blocked by source and stratified within block (3 blocks) by body weight (BW) to 32 treatment pens containing either 6 or 10 steers/pen. Pens within block were randomly assigned to one of four diets containing 15% corn silage: (1) 76.9% shelled corn, 6.4% soybean meal 1.5% limestone, 0.2% premix (0 HWDGS); (2) 25.0% HWDGS, 58.20% shelled corn 1.6% limestone, 0.2% premix (25 HWDGS); (3) 40.0% HWDGS, 42.74% shelled corn 2.06% limestone, 0.2% premix (40 HWDGS); (4) 70.0% HWDGS, 12.30% shelled corn 2.5% limestone, 0.2% premix (70 HWDGS). Target BW at harvest was 591 kg±23 kg with 121 steers harvested on day (d) 161 and 117 steers on d 224. Hot carcass weight and liver abscess scores were recorded on d of harvest. Longissimus muscle area, rib fat thickness, marbling score, and kidney, pelvic and heart fat were measured after a 24 h chill. No significant differences were observed between treatments regarding average daily gain (ADG) or BW. Steers fed 0 HWDGS had significantly lower average daily feed intake (ADFI) than steers fed HWDGS and the response was quadratic at lower ADFI. Steers fed 70 HWDGS had lower (P<0.05) dry matter intake (DMI) compared to steers fed lower HWDGS concentrations. Steer gain to feed ratio (G:F) was significantly higher for steers fed 70 HWDGS compared to 0, 25, or 40 HWDGS with a quadratic response at higher % HWDGS diets. Mean United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) quality grade was average choice. Mean USDA yield grade was 3.0. Steers fed 70 HWDGS had significantly smaller rib eye areas and a linear trend (P=0.08) to have lower USDA quality grades compared to steers fed lower HWDGS inclusion rates. Increasing dietary HWDGS increased polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and PUFA/saturated fatty acid concentrations in intramuscular fat with both a linear and quadratic effect. High fat modified WDGS can be fed up to 70% of diet DM without compromising feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, or meat quality.  相似文献   

17.
Winter finishing of beef cattle is expensive so feed costs per kg carcass gain must be minimised. The objectives of this study with finishing beef steers were (1) to determine the production responses to varying levels of supplementary concentrates with grass silage, (2) to compare the effects of feeding silage and concentrates separately or as a total mixed ration (TMR), and (3) to compare short (S) and long (L) finishing periods. A total of 117 finishing steers were blocked on weight and assigned to 13 groups of 9 animals each comprising a pre-experimental slaughter group and 12 finishing groups arranged in a 6 (feeding treatments) × 2 (durations of finishing) factorial experiment. The 6 feeding treatments were: (1) silage only offered ad libitum (SO), (2) SO plus a low level of concentrates offered separately (LS), (3) SO plus a low level of concentrates offered as a TMR (LM), (4) SO plus a high level of concentrates offered separately (HS), (5) SO plus a high level of concentrates offered as a TMR (HM), and (6) concentrates ad libitum plus restricted silage (AL). Target low and high concentrate levels were proportionately 0.375 and 0.750 of daily dry matter (DM) intake, respectively. S and L finishing periods were 105 and 175 days, respectively. Silage DM intake decreased (P < 0.001) and total DM intake increased (P < 0.001) with increasing concentrate level. Maximum DM intake occurred at the high concentrate level but maximum net energy intake occurred on ad libitum concentrates. Live weight gains for SO, LS, LM, HS, HM and AL were 212, 900, 929, 1111, 1089 and 1207 (S.E. 46.2) g/day, respectively. Corresponding carcass weight gains were 119, 506, 540, 662, 633 and 746 (S.E. 25.4) g/day. Kill-out proportion, carcass conformation score and all measures of fatness increased significantly with increasing concentrate level. Feeding a TMR increased silage intake at the low concentrate level but otherwise had no effect on overall animal performance or carcass traits. Extending the finishing period reduced (P < 0.001) daily live weight gain, but the associated reduction in carcass weight gain was not statistically significant. It is concluded that the response to supplementary concentrates decreased with increasing level, there was no animal production advantage to a TMR over separate feeding of the dietary constituents, and extending the duration of the finishing period reduced mean daily live weight gain and increased fatness.  相似文献   

18.

Carcass characteristic and meat quality from bulls and Nellore steers (n?=?64 total) subjected to different grazing heights (15, 25, 35, and 45 cm) were evaluated isolatedly, under continuous grazing and variable load, in pastures of Convert grass. The experimental period was from May 2015 to June 2017, in an area of 16 ha, divided into 16 paddocks of 1 ha. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications. Each paddock was grazed by three animals and regulators, used to adjust grazing heights. The final slaughter weight, hot carcass, and crude protein in the meat of steers were higher when the pastures were managed at 42 cm. When the pasture was managed between 25 and 35 cm in height, greater fat thickness, marbling, muscle:bone and muscle+fat:bone ratio and lower color* of the meat and percentage of bone were found. For the steers, the height of 40 cm provided higher fat thickness and marbling in the meat. The loss during thawing in meat was greater at 28 cm in height. The heights of grazing alter the carcass characteristics and meat of bulls and steers.

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19.
Seventy-two Angus crossbred steers (average initial BW, 351 ± 5.5 kg) were used to ascertain the breakpoint in BW above which intramuscular fat deposition was accelerated. Steers were randomly assigned to one of three treatments in an unbalanced study; treatment groups represented a BW at which steers would enter the feedlot (363, 408, or 454 kg). Until entering the feedlot, steers were grazed on pasture and supplemented to achieve 0.8 kg gain/d. Intramuscular fat deposition, measured ultrasonically, and live BW were acquired on d 0 and at 28-d intervals thereafter on each animal until harvest. In the feedlot, steers were fed a 13.4% CP concentrate diet until they reached a final BW of approximately 567 kg. After slaughter, carcass data were collected. No differences (P < 0.05) in ADG on pasture (0.85 ± 0.14 kg) or in the feedlot (1.70 ± 0.07 kg) occurred among treatments. There was good agreement between predicted and measured carcass quality grade (QG) (5.5 and 5.2, respectively). Based on broken-line analysis, deposition of intramuscular fat began to increase at approximately 378 kg regardless of BW at entry into the feedlot. The breakpoint BW for increased intramuscular fat accretion rate was calculated as 64% of mature BW of these steers.  相似文献   

20.
A 2-yr study was conducted using a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate the effects of feeding dried distillers grains throughout a beef production system on performance, carcass characteristics, and fatty acid profile of beef. Factors were wheat pasture supplement [no supplement (CON), dry-rolled corn (DRC), and dried distillers grains (DDG)] fed at 0.5% BW daily and finishing diet [steam-flaked corn based diet containing 0 (SFC) or 35% (35DDG) DDG]. Each year, 60 preconditioned Hereford steers (initial BW = 198 kg ± 3) grazed winter wheat pasture with or without supplement. Body weight gain was 8% greater for steers consuming DDG supplement compared with CON and DRC steers (P < 0.01). After the grazing period, pastures within supplement treatment were randomly assigned to SFC or 35DDG. There was no supplement by finishing diet interaction for any performance or carcass variable of interest (P ≥ 0.41). Previous supplementation on winter wheat affected BW at feedlot entry and adjusted G:F (P ≤ 0.05) but had no effect on finishing ADG or carcass traits (P ≥ 0.12). On a carcass-adjusted basis, steers consuming 35DDG had reduced final BW, ADG, G:F, and total BW gain throughout the system (P ≤ 0.04) compared with SFC. Additionally, steers consuming 35DDG had reduced HCW, dressing percent, and fat thickness (P ≤ 0.03) compared with SFC. There was a supplement by finishing diet interaction (P = 0.02) for 18:0, in which cattle supplemented with DRC and fed the SFC finishing diet had the lowest concentration of 18:0 but DRC supplemented steers fed the 35DDG diet had the greatest concentration. The interaction was not significant (P ≥ 0.18) for other fatty acids. Main effects of supplement and finishing diet affected (P ≤ 0.05) several other fatty acids of interest, particularly 18:2, which is associated with reduced flavor-stability of beef. The use of DDG as a supplement to wheat pasture resulted in greater ADG during wheat grazing and heavier BW at feedlot entry, but final BW was not different from CON or DRC groups. Feeding DDG at 35% DM in steam-flaked corn-based finishing diets reduced ADG, G:F, and HCW, and affected the fatty acid composition of beef.  相似文献   

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