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1.
[目的] 探讨栽植坡度、坡向对绿化陡坡土壤表层水文效应的影响,为黄土陡坡植被恢复过程中水资源的有效利用提供科学依据。 [方法] 在干旱半干旱区选择46°~55°和56°~65°两个陡坡级的阴坡、半阴坡、阳坡、半阳坡4种坡向绿化8 a的乔灌木陡坡,测定0—40 cm土层的土壤基本性状、持水量和渗透性能,分析各土壤因子和地形因子的关系。 [结果] ①坡度和坡向立地因子之间交互作用对0—40 cm土层土壤容重、质量含水量、总孔隙度、最大持水量有显著影响(p<0.05),对0—20 cm土层土壤毛管孔隙度、毛管持水量有显著影响(p<0.05),其他因子影响均不显著(p>0.05)。 ②不同坡度间,最大持水量表现为：46°~55°>56°~65°陡坡;平均渗透速率则表现为：56°~65°>46°~55°陡坡;同时不同坡向间,最大持水量表现为：阳坡(522.42 t/hm2)>半阳坡(505.03 t/hm2)>阴坡(502.27 t/hm2)>半阴坡(496.15 t/hm2);土壤平均渗透速率表现为阳坡(0.79 mm/min)>半阳坡(0.59 mm/min)>阴坡(0.42 mm/min)>半阴坡(0.30 mm/min)。 ③双因素方差分析表明,坡度级和坡向的双因素交互作用对陡坡的水文特征影响最大。 [结论] 46°~55°陡坡的土壤基本性状优于56°~65°陡坡,而阳坡和半阳坡的水源涵养能力高于阴坡和半阴坡。 相似文献
2.
灰化?抑或潛育?——就我国西南林区冷杉林下的成土过程问题与张万儒同志商榷 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
张万儒同志在《青藏高原东南部边缘地区的森林土壤》1)与《青藏高原东南部的森林土壤及其垂直分布的规律》2)两篇文章中,把C.B.佐恩(Зонн)提出的拟棕色灰化土3)改为亚热带高山森林潛育土(下分亚热带高山暗棕色森林潛育土、亚热带高山森林泥炭潛育土、亚热带高山草甸森林泥炭潛育土等三个亚类)是值得商榷的。 相似文献
3.
中国冻土面积大,分布规律特殊,对于研究世界冻土的形成、分布具有重要意义。中国冻土有高纬度冻土和高海拔冻土两种。高纬度冻土分布于东北地区,北纬53—46°N,面积38.2×104km2,纬度高而海拔较低,这类冻土的一系列特征主要受高纬度的影响;高海拔冻土主要分布于青藏高原和西部高山,面积176×104km2,占北半球高海拔冻土面积的75.7%,居世界首位,大部分分布于北纬35°N以南,最南达27°左右,纬度低而海拔高,其一系列特征主要受海拔高度的影响。两类冻土的土壤类型和性状各具特点,差异很大。高纬度冻土具有湿寒特点,植被为森林,土壤有机质含量高,pH低,不含CaCO3,盐基不饱和;高海拔冻土具有干寒特点,植被为草原和荒漠,土壤有机质含量很低,PH高,盐基饱和,大多富含石灰,部分含石膏磐层。目前中国及国际上均未将冻土列为独立的土壤分类单元,我们建议在中国土壤中,增设一个冻土土纲,下设正常冻土(高纬度冻土)和高寒冻土(高海拔冻土)两个亚纲。 相似文献
4.
南京位于东翘118°36'-119°04',北樟31°54'-32°13,之间。附近地区的海拔高度除钟山高峰为466米外,其他石质丘陵和下蜀黄土山地大都在200米以下。年降水量约1,00。毫米,其中6-9月份的降水量占全年的60%左右。年平均温度在15℃左右。7月份最高,月均温为27.6℃;1月份最低,月均温为2.3℃。自然植被大都破坏,通常是小灌木丛和草本植物。格拉西莫夫和马溶之曾称南京地区的土壤为黄褐土[1]。1957年柯夫达等在福中国土壤图时把南京地区的土壤划归为黄棕壤和棕色森林土[2]。我国土壤工作者认为南京地区内在砂页岩及酸性和中性火成岩上发育的土壤可属于黄棕壤,系由棕壤向富绍化土过渡的土壤类型[3]。过去对南京土壤的性质虽曾有不少研究,但大都着重于下蜀层母质所发育的土壤,对南京附近大面积石质丘陵上的土壤研究很少,至于土壤中粘土矿物方面的材料更少。熊毅曾对下蜀黄土进行了矿物分析,发现伊利石为其主要粘土矿物成分[4],并认为黄土母质的粘土矿物成分,不能代表当地土壤的粘土矿物组成。本文的目的,拟就发育在不同母质上的几个土壤剖面进行分析,了解南京地区土壤的一般理化性质和粘土矿物性质,并试探衬土壤中粘土矿物的形成和演变特点,以作为进一步研究南京地区土壤的发生、分类和肥力特点的依据。 相似文献
5.
亚热带和热带土壤的磁化率 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
亚热带和热带土壤的磁化率X变化大,高的达2000—6000单位(昆明玄武岩红壤),低的只几个单位(沼泽土、强还原性水稻土、磷质石灰土)。大体上是:自型土>潮土>水稻土>沼泽土。在自型土中,砖红壤、红壤的X值大于石灰岩土和紫色土。红壤的磁性受母岩和发育度的影响大。各地的玄武岩红壤的X值为3×102—6×103单位,其他红壤多为100—40单位(中性和酸性岩浆岩,多数沉积岩),或40—10单位(一部分石灰岩、凝灰岩)。灼烧土壤而得到的X-t曲线和“转化率”E,可粗略地反映磁赤铁矿生成的相对程度,进而估计红壤化的程度,似可在红壤的诊断、鉴定中试用。 相似文献
6.
为明确喀斯特槽谷区岩石与坡面夹角对坡面产流产沙过程的影响,在6个岩石与坡面夹角(30°,60°,90°,120°,150°,180°)、3个坡度(10°,15°,20°)和3个流量(5,7.5,10 L/min)组合条件下,开展室内放水冲刷试验。结果表明:(1)地表产流率随冲刷历时呈先增加后稳定的趋势,而含沙量和地表产沙率随冲刷历时均呈波动性减小趋势;(2)各岩石与坡面夹角下,地表产流率无显著差异(P＞0.05);但含沙量与地表产沙率均差异显著(P＜0.05),表现为含沙量和地表产沙率在60°夹角下与30°和120°夹角下差异不显著(P＞0.05),但显著高于90°,150°和180°条件下的含沙量和地表产沙率(P＜0.05);(3)地表产流率与含沙量在60°,90°,120°夹角下均呈显著幂函数正相关(R2=0.32~0.56,P＜0.05),而在其他夹角下二者关系不显著(P>0.05)。地表产流率与地表产沙率在60°,90°,120°,150°,180°夹角下呈显著线性正相关(R2=0.35~0.86,P＜0.05)。研究表明喀[JP]斯特槽谷区岩石与坡面呈一定夹角时,可加剧坡面产沙,并改变产流与产沙关系。 相似文献
7.
用电化学方法测定了鼎湖山、尖峰岭和那大地区某些土壤的氧化还原电位(强度因素)和还原性物质数量(容量因素)。自然林下土壤的氧化还原状况随植物群落的垂直带(谱)而呈规律性变化。其表层的Eh为400—560mV,较以下土层低80—220mV,还原性物质含量相当于0.5—3.6×10-3mol/L亚锰。经济林下土壤表层的Eh为490—570mV,较下层低50-100mV,还原性物质含量为0.1—1.36×10-3mol/L。水稻土表层的还原性物质含量达6.6×10-3mol/L,Eh为330mV,较下层低100mV。在还原性物质含量的对数值和Eh之间存在着良好的相关性,相关系数为-0.734**。本文对用电化学方法原位测定弱还原性土壤的氧化还原状况给予了评价,对氧化还原过程在红壤形成中的作用进行了讨论。 相似文献
8.
采用人工模拟降雨的试验方法,分别研究了地表坡度对向上坡,侧坡及下坡溅蚀量的影响。结果表明:向上坡、侧坡溅蚀量与地表坡度的关系大致为抛物线型,临界坡度在10°～15°与20°～25°之间,但当i=2.037mm/min时,向侧坡溅蚀量与地表坡度为幂函数关系,临界坡度消失。向下坡溅蚀量与地表坡度成线性递增关系,其递增速率随雨强的增加而增大。最后给出了雨滴溅蚀总量与EI及地表坡度S的复因子关系式。ST=5.985（EI）0.544S0.471式中:ST=——单位面积上的溅蚀总量（g）;E——雨滴动能（J/m2）;I——降雨强度（mm/min）;S——地表坡度（°） 相似文献
9.
[目的] 评价2000—2020年神府—东胜矿区生态系统土壤保持功能变化情况,探讨矿区生态系统功能现状和存在问题,总结半干旱地区生产建设项目集中区生态功能提升途径,为半干旱地区生产建设项目区生态和经济协调发展提供借鉴。[方法] 采用中国土壤流失方程(CSLE)和风力侵蚀模型,基于栅格像元计算不同时期(2000,2010和2020年)神府—东胜矿区土壤保持量,评价不同土地利用类型、不同植被覆盖度、不同矿井土壤保持量的时空变化。[结果] ①神府—东胜矿区潜在土壤侵蚀量为3.76×106 t/a,矿区生态系统土壤保持量由2000年的2.30×106 t增长到2010年的3.17×106 t,矿区生态系统减少风蚀量作用显著增加。②2000—2020年,矿区耕地、沙地和裸土地面积持续减少,园林草地面积持续增加。园林草地土壤保持量由1.18×106 t/a增加到2.78×106 t/a。③矿区植被由低覆盖度向中高覆盖度转变。2020年,中覆盖度和中高覆盖度林地土壤保持量占矿区生态系统土壤保持总量的67.12%。④治理程度不同的矿井土壤保持量均明显提高。[结论] 2000—2020年,神府—东胜矿区土壤保持功能显著提升。半干旱地区生产建设项目可以通过实施有效的生态措施,改善生产、生活环境,探索生态经济实现路径,实现经济发展和生态改善双赢。 相似文献
10.
本文研究了中南地区不同纬度带花岗岩母质发育的黄棕壤、红壤、砖红壤的胶体表面性质与粘土矿物组合、14×10-10m矿物、氧化物的关系。结果表明:(1)黄棕壤、红壤、砖红壤粘粒的阳离子交换量、比表面和内表面占总表面的比例依次减小,这与其高岭石、粘粒氧化物含量依次增加,14×10-10m矿物含量依次减少有关,且也与14×10-10m矿物在黄棕壤中主要是蛭石,在红壤中主要是14×10-10m过渡矿物,砖红壤不含14×10-10m矿物的结论相符合。(2)在其他矿物类型和含量相近下,14×l0-10m矿物是蛭石的土壤与14×10-10m矿物是14×10-10m过渡矿物的土壤相比,前者的阳离子交换量、比表面、内表面占总表面的比例比后者高些,但土壤的活性酸度弱些,交换性铝含量比后者低些。 相似文献
11.
研究了几种土壤腐殖酸的基本性质,其中包括土壤的腐殖质组成,胡敏酸以及富里酸的元素组成,含氧官能团含量,光密度值与芳化度等,计算了E4与E4/E6比值与上述性质的相关系数。结果表明土壤腐殖质组成和性质与其形成条件有着密切的联系,并且有一定的地带规律性。水稻土中有机质含量增加,HA/FA比值变高,其活性HA显著降低,说明水稻土有利于有机质的积累并改变了腐殖质的组成。E4、E4/E6比值与元素组成,C/H比值,含氧官能团及芳化度之间的相关系数表明E4除了与C%,O%,酚羟基-O%,醌基-O%呈极显著或显著相关外,还与C/H比值及芳化度呈极显著相关,因此E4值可作为腐殖物质芳化度的一个指标。 相似文献
12.
Masanori Mitsuchi 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(3):249-259
To characterize the nature of humus in paddy soils, a comparison was made between the properties of humus in paddy soils and those in adjacent unflooded arable soils. Rice cultivation generally brought about a considerable increase in organic matter and in the PQ-value, with the exception of Andosol-paddy soils in which organic matter tended to decrease somewhat and the PQ-value remained virtually unchanged. The humification degree of humic acid as judged from Δ log k and RF values was generally lowered by rice cultivation except in the case of Yellow soil-paddy soil in which humic acid was originally low in the degree of humification. The accumulation of poorly humified humic acid may be a characteristic feature common to all paddy soils. These changes by rice cultivation are observed only in the upper part of the profiles, and seem to be associated with seasonally flooded conditions ot paddy soils. Iron oxides accumulated in subsurface soil have virtually no effect on the properties of humus. 相似文献
13.
Calcium-bound and iron- and aluminium-bound humus extracted from different soils collected from north to south of China were characterized by chemical and spectroscopic methods. Meaningful differences in the composition and structure between them were revealed by 13C NMR, visible spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Results showed that the contents of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen were higher in iron- and aluminium-bound humus than in calcium-bound humus while oxygen content in calcium-bound humus was shown to be higher. The calcium-bound humus had higher C/N and O/C ratios than iron- and aluminium-bound humus. The calcium-bound humic acid (HA1) showed higher E4/E6 ratios than iron- and aluminum-bound humic acid (HA2) while iron- and aluminum-bound fulvic acid (FA2) showed higher E4/E6 ratios than calcium-bound fulvic acid (FA1). An inverse relationship between E4/E6 ratios and aromaticity as determined by 13C NMR spectra was observed for HA and FA from black soil. The 13C NMR spectroscopy revealed that HA2 was more aromatic than HA1. On the other hand, FA1 exhibited a higher aromaticity than FA2. 相似文献
14.
15.
This study is based on a sequence of soils on a typical slope of the Himalayas in central Nepal from 2300 m to 4000 m. Above 2300 m the land is forested and at 4000 m forest gives way to alpine meadows.The soils have developed in silty loam materials derived from weathering of micaschists. They are humic, acid and strongly desaturated. Their spatial distribution is related to the bioclimatic zonation: acid brown soils and deep humic acid soils occur in the mountain zone and podzols and brown podzolic soils in the subalpine and alpine ones.Biological activity and “maturation” of humus decrease with increasing elevation. The podzolization process dominates. There is intense weathering of ferruginous phyllosilicates in eluvial horizons and accumulation of amorphous products in B horizons. 相似文献
16.
Lothar Beyer 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1995,158(3):279-285
Soils of Mound Hedges in Schleswig-Holstein. II. Composition and Transformation of Soil Organic Matter Two Cumulic Anthrosols of mound hedges and the fossil A-horizons below the deposits, were investigated by means of wet chemistry and 13C-NMR spectroscopy in order to characterize soil organic matter (SOM) and to compare their SOM with natural and recent soils. The bulk humus of the Cumulic Anthrosols contains a high amount of easily soluble polysaccharides. Despite their high bioavailability sugars, starch and mobile fulvic acids are not completely consumed by microorganisms and translocated into the subsoil. The initial phase of podzolization is indicated due to this process and the very low pH-level of the soils. After deposition about 30 % of the soil carbon in the A-horizons is mineralized. Litter compounds are predominantly decomposed, whereas humic compounds are selectively preserved or newly synthesized. The significance of the humic compounds in the soil organic matter increases after deposition. This is why the potential cation exchange capacity of the fossil Ahorizons is similar to this of the recent ones. 相似文献
17.
In the previous paper (1), liming an acid humus volcanic ash soil resulted in the formation of humic acids combined with calcium, but had no significant effect on acid brown forest soils containing humic acids of a lower degree of humification. Subsequently, the authors examined the humus composition of the soils treated with calcium acetate, and conducted some experiments on the combination reaction between humic acid and calcium ions. The results obtained are presented in this paper. 相似文献
18.
为探究生物炭对土壤腐殖质组成和团聚体特征的影响，以东北黑土区植烟土壤为研究对象，设置了3个处理，2019-2020年连续施用低量生物炭5t/hm2（C1）；高量生物炭25t/hm2（C2）和不施生物炭（CK），分析了不同用量生物炭对土壤腐殖质组分及水稳性团聚体分布的影响，并利用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)和13C核磁共振光谱(13C-NMR)对土壤胡敏酸化学结构进行表征。结果表明：C1和C2处理分别使富里酸减少了16.90%和40.85%，胡敏酸含量显著增加了14.86%和33.78%，胡敏酸在腐殖酸中所占比例（PQ值）也显著增加；FTIR和13C-NMR分析表明，C2处理的土壤胡敏酸的2920/1620值降低了11.82%，脂族C/芳香C比值降低了13.04%，表明高量生物炭使胡敏酸芳构化程度增强，脂肪结构比例降低；生物炭的添加促使土壤大团聚体（>0.25mm）比例增加，C2处理提升大团聚体的作用更显著。结合相关性分析发现，胡敏酸含量与2~0.25mm大团聚体含量显著正相关，胡敏酸分子的脂肪族官能团特征与>2mm粒级团聚体显著正相关。此外，C1和C2处理显著提高了烟叶产量。从而表明，生物炭能提升土壤腐殖质中胡敏酸含量和结构，有利于土壤大团聚体形成，提高土壤固碳潜力，对作物有一定的增产效果。 相似文献
19.
The chemical composition of aquatic humus was investigated by permanganate oxidation. Both methylated and non-methylated samples were investigated and the results compared with those of different soil humic fractions investigated earlier.The total amount of oxidation products identified from the methylated sample was 2%, and from the non-methylated sample 0.9%. The composition of the oxidation products from methylated aquatic humus was 42% benzenecarboxylic acid methyl esters (8 different compounds), 43% methoxy-benzenecarboxylic acid methyl esters (12 compounds), 10% dimethoxy-benzenecarboxylic acid methyl esters (4 compounds), and 5% of 1, 2, 3-propanetricarboxylic acid trimethyl ester. The unmethylated aquatic humus yielded 84% benzenecarboxylic acid methyl ester (7 compounds), 7% methoxy-benzenecarboxylic acid methyl esters (2 compounds), and 9% of 1, 2, 3-propanetricarboxylic acid trimethyl ester. Three diazines isolated from methylated material were believed to be artefacts from diazomethane treatment. Two of the diazines have earlier been found by oxidation of methylated soil samples, the third, C10H12N2O6, is an oxidation product of methylated aquatic humus only.Oxidation of aquatic humus yielded more benzenecarboxylic acids and methoxy-benzenecarboxylic acids than soil humic fractions, and less dimethoxy-benzenecarboxylic acids. No aliphatic dicarboxylic acids were detected among the oxidation products of the aquatic humus.The compounds identified are mainly the same as those found by oxidation of different soil humic fractions, although their yields clearly demonstrated that the aquatic humus differed in composition from the soil fractions. 相似文献
20.
Dr Marcin Pietrzykowski Wojciech Krzaklewski 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(5):473-483
Abstract The work presents study results on the formation of humus horizons, the accumulation of organic carbon and nitrogen as well as humus composition in successional and reclaimed soils in a sand mine cast in southern Poland. Research plots were designed in chronosequence: 5, 17, 20 and 25 years. Increased thickness of humus horizon and accumulation of organic carbon was reported both in successional soils and in reclaimed soils. However, in corresponding age groups of reclaimed soils these characteristics were two times as high as in successional soils. The estimated accumulation rate of organic carbon (Corg) was three times higher and total nitrogen (Nt) five times higher in reclaimed soils than in successional soils. In both types of soils there was an increase in the amount of carbon trapped with humic and fulvic acid (CHa + CFa) and structure of humic acids. Studies indicated that reclamation treatment significantly accelerated soil-formation in opencast sand mine. 相似文献