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1.
菜小脉蚜茧蜂发育速率与温度及寄主龄期关系研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以桃蚜Myzus persicae为寄主,测定了菜小脉蚜茧蜂Diaeretiella rapae在不同温度及不同龄期寄主中的发育速率。算得该蜂的发育起点温度t=8.76±0.13℃,有效温积常数K=139.51±1.60日度。在不同龄期无翅蚜虫中平均发育速率有显著差异,依次为:三龄>四龄>二龄>成蚜>一龄,最快与最慢相差5%。进一步的分析表明,不同龄期对蜂发育适合性的这种差异是由于个体大小不一和内含物营养不同两方面综合导致的 相似文献
2.
不同温度对牧草盲蝽种群生长发育和繁殖的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
应用生命表技术研究了13、18、23、28和33℃温度条件下以菜豆为食物的牧草盲蝽的生长发育和繁殖情况。结果表明:在13~33℃,牧草盲蝽发育速率随着温度的升高而加快,并符合Logistic模型;牧草盲蝽若虫、世代的发育起点温度分别为7.49℃和10.21℃,有效积温分别为323.62日·度和393.7日·度;在试验温度范围内,23℃时牧草盲蝽的若虫期存活率最高(75%),33℃时存活率最低(41%)。18~28℃为最适温区,较低的温度(13℃)和较高的温度(33℃)不利于牧草盲蝽的存活。 相似文献
3.
为明确温度对甘蔗条螟Chilo sacchariphagus生长发育和繁殖的影响,在20、23、26、29和32℃不同温度下测定甘蔗条螟各虫态的发育历期和成虫繁殖力。结果显示,在20～32℃范围内,各虫态发育历期随温度升高而缩短,20℃下完成1个世代需要83.30 d,而32℃下仅需35.56 d。各虫态的发育速率与温度呈显著正相关,符合Logistic回归模型。卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、成虫产卵前期以及全世代的发育起点温度分别为15.87、9.90、13.67、10.79和11.27℃,有效积温分别为69.49、490.99、142.95、26.72和717.68 d·℃。雌、雄成虫寿命均随温度的升高逐渐缩短,雌成虫产卵量在26℃时最高为136.37粒/头。卵和蛹在26℃时的存活率最高,分别为94.71%和93.55%,在29℃时幼虫的存活率最高,为47.73%,在26℃时全世代的存活率最高,为42.08%。表明温度是影响甘蔗条螟生长发育和繁殖的关键因素,26～29℃是甘蔗条螟生长发育和繁殖的适宜温度。 相似文献
4.
陇中旱地春小麦产量对降水与温度变化的响应模拟 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了探索降水与温度变化对旱地春小麦产量的影响,本研究以定西市安定区1971—2012年共42年的逐日气象数据为基础,运用APSIM(agricultural production system simulation)模型对不同降水(逐日降水±20%、±15%、±10%、±5%、±0%)与温度(逐日温度±2℃、±1.5℃、±1℃、±0.5℃、±0℃)变化下的旱地春小麦产量进行了模拟,并采用二次多项式回归、单因素边际效应和通径分析研究了温度和降水变化对春小麦产量的影响机制。结果表明:在试验设计范围内,春小麦产量(Y)与降水(X_1)和温度(X_2)变化编码值的回归方程为Y=1452.24+2693.88X_1-287.25X_2-200.38X_2~2-344.47X_1X_2(R~2=0.999,P0.01)。当温度不变时,降水与春小麦产量呈正线性关系,由模拟结果可知,降水每增加5%,春小麦产量最大增幅为21.38%,平均增幅为14.31%;当降水不变时,温度与春小麦产量呈开口向下的二次函数递减关系。根据模拟结果,温度每升高0.5℃,春小麦产量最大降幅为4.92%,平均降幅为3.24%;通径分析显示,温度和降水之间存在负互作效应,但降水增加对春小麦产量的增产效应远大于温度升高所造成的减产效应。 相似文献
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7.
辣椒褐斑病菌生物学特性研究 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
本文对辣椒褐斑病病原菌Cercospora capsici Heald et Wolf的生物学特性进行了研究,结果表明,不同的营养、温度、pH等条件对菌丝生长和孢子萌发有显著影响。病菌菌丝的生长以PDA培养基为最适;适宜温度为20~25℃,最适温度为25℃;最适pH为8.0~9.0,光照对菌丝生长没有明显的促进作用,菌丝致死温度及时间为55℃ 10 min。分生孢子萌发适宜碳源为1%的蔗糖溶液,适宜氮源为1%的甘氨酸溶液;孢子萌发适宜温度为20~30℃,最适温度25℃;最适pH为5~6,光照对孢子萌发没有明显的促进作用,分生孢子致死温度及时间为52℃10 min。 相似文献
8.
为明确温度对白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂Sclerodermus pupariae Yang et Yao寄生情况、子代生长发育和繁殖的影响,在室内21、24、27、30和33℃共5个恒温条件下,以麻竖毛天牛Thyestilla gebleri幼虫为寄主,测定了不同温度下白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂的寄生率、寄生成功率,产卵前期、卵、幼虫、茧蛹和整个幼期阶段的发育历期、发育速率、子代数量以及性比等生物学参数。结果显示,随着温度的升高,白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂对寄主幼虫的寄生率和寄生成功率有所提高,寄生率在30℃时达到最高,为100%,寄生成功率在27℃和30℃均达到最高,为93.33%;当温度超过30℃时,二者均分别下降至73.3%和60%。随着温度升高,子代数量从58头/窝（21℃）显著增多至91.14头/窝（30℃）;当温度高于30℃时,羽化数量开始大幅度下降至52.5/窝（33℃）。在21~33℃范围内,白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂的产卵前期随温度升高呈递减趋势;幼虫、茧蛹及整个幼期阶段的发育速率均随着温度的升高而加快,而卵的发育速率在27℃时最快。表明人工繁殖白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂的最适温度范围为27~30℃,研究结果为提高该蜂的人工繁育效率以及优化野外释放策略提供了重要依据。 相似文献
9.
为探究豆天蛾卵在不同条件下的发育情况, 分别对不同湿度、不同温度以及不同产卵月份所产的豆天蛾卵的孵化率以及卵期进行了比较。结果表明, 温度为20℃, 湿度为50%时, 豆天蛾卵孵化率为92.33%, 显著高于湿度为25%和75%的孵化率(P<0.05); 平均卵期为9.08 d, 显著短于其他湿度条件下的平均卵期(P<0.05)。湿度一定时（50%）, 温度为30℃时孵化率最高, 达97.00%;其次为25℃, 孵化率达91.00%。豆天蛾卵在此两种温度下孵化率显著高于除20℃外的其他温度(P<0.05)。35℃下平均卵期最短, 为5.32 d; 其次为30℃和25℃, 分别为5.45 d和5.70 d。此3种温度下的卵期无显著差异, 但均显著短于15℃和20℃下的卵期(P<0.05)。湿度、温度一定时, 产自4、5、6、7、8月的豆天蛾卵中, 6月的卵孵化率最高, 达96.67%, 显著高于其他4个月份豆天蛾卵的孵化率(P<0.05)。4－8月产的卵平均卵期分别为10.07、7.08、6.80、6.07 d和5.34 d。本研究明确了各因子对豆天蛾卵孵化效果的影响, 完善了人工养殖豆天蛾技术体系, 为大规模、工厂化养殖提供了理论基础和技术保障。 相似文献
10.
马唐生防真菌弯孢霉(Curvularia sp.)菌株QZ-200的生物学特性研究 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
本文主要研究影响马唐生防菌弯孢霉(curvularia sp.)菌株QZ-200营养生长、孢子萌发及孢子形成的因子。该菌在SCS(黄豆粉-玉米粉-蔗糖)培养基上生长最好;生长温度为10~40℃,最适为28℃;pH为2~11,最适pH为6;在以葡萄糖为碳源、以磷酸氢二铵为N源的Czapek培养基上生长良好。分生孢子萌发的温度为10~45℃,最适为28~30℃,失活温度为52℃10min;pH为2~11,适宜为5~8;以自由水或饱和湿度条件下萌发率最高;1%蛋白胨、1%牛肉浸膏、0.1%的TW-80、1%马唐煎汁和0.2%的菜籽油溶液明显提高萌发速度。该菌孢子形成的温度为15~35℃,最适为28℃;连续光照比光暗12h交替处理更有利于产孢,黑光灯为最佳光源。 相似文献
11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They
represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing
slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more
stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively).
Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were
significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr
s
,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr
s
,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles. 相似文献
12.
Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Antonio Logrieco Antonio Bottalico Giuseppina Mulé Antonio Moretti Giancarlo Perrone 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(7):645-667
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams. 相似文献
13.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented,
including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006. 相似文献
14.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
David R. Jones 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(3):195-219
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text. 相似文献
15.
M. Fortass S. Diallo 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1993,99(4):219-226
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes. 相似文献
16.
B. Blanco-Urgoiti M. Tribodet S. Leclere F. Ponz C. Pérez de san román F.J. Legorburu C. Kerlan 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1998,104(8):811-819
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5
end within the PVYN strain. 相似文献
17.
L. Blommers H. Helsen F. Vaal 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1988,94(2):95-103
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed. 相似文献
18.
Paul W. J. Taylor Rebecca Ford 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,119(1):127-133
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection
in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However,
where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas.
Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based
on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences
in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes
is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult
for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs
to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for
each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within
populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes. 相似文献
19.
F. K. Crutcher M. A. Henry‐Gregory H. H. Wilkinson S. E. Duke T. Wheeler C. M. Kenerley 《Plant pathology》2018,67(4):839-847
In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population. 相似文献
20.
H. A. Van Hoof H. Huttinga A. Knaap H. P. Maas Geesteranus W. H. M. Mosch D. G. J. De Raay-Wieringa 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1979,85(3):87-98
In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten. 相似文献