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1.
Agroforestry and its application in amelioration of saline soils in eastern China coastal region 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Some environmental problems, especially soil salinity hinder the regional sustainable development of eastern China coastal region. Salinity mainly comes from tide weave, seawater flooding and seawater intrusion. Over exploitation of groundwater,which is the result of unfitful land use systems, leads to seawater intrusion and salt concentration increase. Agroforestry systems can enrich soil fertility and prevent soil salinization, furthermore help maintain biodiversity and enhance productivity. For the intergrated multiple ecosystems the most critical issue is to select optimum tree species and rationally arrange these plants. The basics of this multiple ecosystem is that different plants will occupy variable ecological niches within an area, both in space and in soil depth.Shelterbelts and trees intercropping with agricultural crops are major types of the multiple ecosystem. Shelterbelts can reduce wind speed and consequently lessen evaporation and erosion of the soil, increase pasture growth by up to 60% on exposed sites, increase crop yields by up to 25%. Besides intercropping with jujube, other agroforestry multiple ecosystem such as forestry plus agriculture,forestry plus agriculture plus fishery, and forestry plus animal husbandry are the most appropriate ways to utilise land resource in this region. 相似文献
2.
G. Moreno S. Aviron S. Berg J. Crous-Duran A. Franca S. García de Jalón T. Hartel J. Mirck A. Pantera J. H. N. Palma J. A. Paulo G. A. Re F. Sanna C. Thenail A. Varga V. Viaud P. J. Burgess 《Agroforestry Systems》2018,92(4):877-891
Land use systems that integrate woody vegetation with livestock and/or crops and are recognised for their biodiversity and cultural importance can be termed high nature and cultural value (HNCV) agroforestry. In this review, based on the literature and stakeholder knowledge, we describe the structure, components and management practices of ten contrasting HNCV agroforestry systems distributed across five European bioclimatic regions. We also compile and categorize the ecosystem services provided by these agroforestry systems, following the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services. HNCV agroforestry in Europe generally enhances biodiversity and regulating ecosystem services relative to conventional agriculture and forestry. These systems can reduce fire risk, compared to conventional forestry, and can increase carbon sequestration, moderate the microclimate, and reduce soil erosion and nutrient leaching compared to conventional agriculture. However, some of the evidence is location specific and a better geographical coverage is needed to generalize patterns at broader scales. Although some traditional practices and products have been abandoned, many of the studied systems continue to provide multiple woody and non-woody plant products and high-quality food from livestock and game. Some of the cultural value of these systems can also be captured through tourism and local events. However there remains a continual challenge for farmers, landowners and society to fully translate the positive social and environmental impacts of HNCV agroforestry into market prices for the products and services. 相似文献
3.
Historical development of a permanent agriculture system based on the use of agroforestry in the temperate zone is traced. In general, reasons for a renewed interest in agroforestry include the end of cheap, subsidized fossil fuels; increased concern about soil erosion and marginal land use; an international awakening as to the dangers of indiscriminate use of pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals; and a need to balance food production with other land uses.For the forestry profession in particular, reasons for interest in agroforestry stem from a need to revitalize rural economies, the desire to increase timber exports, and potential resolution to land use conflicts between agriculture and forestry. Through use of agroforestry management systems, an increase in both economic and silvicultural benefits are obtainable.Two agroforestry management systems are reviewed which currently appear feasible for implementation in many industrialized countries of the temperate zone. These two systems include: 1) Animal grazing and intercropping under managed coniferous forests or plantations; and 2) Multicropping of agricultural crops under intensively managed, high value hardwood plantations.Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station Paper No. 12046. 相似文献
4.
Krishna Bahadur K.C. 《Forest Policy and Economics》2011,13(8):603-613
This paper analyses the changes in spatial patterns of agricultural land use during the period 1976–2000 along the altitudinal gradients in a watershed in Nepal. Land change patterns during this period were examined using information on land use derived from satellite images from 1976, 1990 and 2000. During the 24-year period from 1976 to 2000 agricultural land use increased by 35% at a cost of loss of forestland. Agricultural expansion was most conspicuous at higher elevations (1150–2000-m). About 36%, 18% and 6% of forestland was converted into agricultural activities from higher, middle and lower elevations respectively in the period from 1990 to 2000. Spatial distribution of living standard parameters, including farm family income and, food availability obtained from family surveys, shows a decreasing trend as the elevation increases whereas percentage of food bought shows an increasing trend. In this way it was found that, lost forest areas were smaller when located around high-income areas with good quality agricultural land and near an administrative centre as compared to areas located around low-income areas with low quality agricultural land and far from an administrative centre. Additionally, a regression model is constructed, to link the socioeconomic variables with the conversion of forestland into agricultural activities, breaking the study area into smaller zones. The spatial trajectories of these zones are then contrasted, paying particular attention to the socioeconomic conditions and institutional arrangements governing access to land resources. The study finds that while overall land change patterns in the region are largely explained by elevation and the socioeconomic conditions of people living adjacent to the forestland, more specifically, in sub-regional areas, trajectories reflect the signatures of institutions governing access to land. As sustainability of the watershed is dependent on forests, continued depletion of forest resources will result in poor economic returns from agriculture for local people together with loss of ecosystem services. 相似文献
5.
Érica Sevilha Harterreiten-Souza Pedro Henrique Brum Togni Carmen Silvia Soares Pires Edison Ryoiti Sujii 《Agroforestry Systems》2014,88(2):205-219
The integration of agroforestry plots with ephemeral crops such as vegetables on the farm scale can probably serve as a refuge and source of beneficial insects. Therefore, agroforestry systems possibly represent an alternative that favors ecosystem services and help growers in the transition process from conventional to agro-ecological agriculture. This study aimed to understand the role of introducing agroforestry systems in structuring insect communities, with consequences for the abundance of herbivore and natural enemies, contributing to farm management and favoring biological control as an ecosystem service. Field surveys showed that agroforestry systems can harbor more species than horticultural crops, independent of the functional group. They also contain a greater diversity of herbivores and an even greater diversity profile of natural enemy communities. Agroforestry systems served as a source of natural enemies that can colonize horticultural crops when herbivores are present. As a consequence, natural enemies can establish a numerical response to herbivore abundance, but their communities are also affected by stochastic factors related to climatic conditions. Thus, agroforestry systems and agro-ecological practices might favor an agriculture based on the maintenance and conservation of ecosystem services. 相似文献
6.
Mahbubul Alam Alain Olivier Alain Paquette Jérôme Dupras Jean-Pierre Revéret Christian Messier 《Agroforestry Systems》2014,88(4):679-691
This study provides the first complete framework for the valuation of ecosystem services of agroforestry and uses a tree-based intercropping (TBI) system in southern Québec, Canada, as a case study. Ten ecosystem services were estimated, all of which were of interest and directly applicable to most agricultural systems worldwide: nutrient mineralization, water quality, soil quality, pollination, biological control, air quality, windbreak, timber provisioning, agriculture provisioning, and climate regulation. A mix of mathematical models for the quantification and economic valuation of various ecosystem services were used. The results revealed a total annual margin of $2,645 ha?1 y?1 (averaged over 40 years). The economic value of combined non-market services was $1,634 ha?1 y?1, which was higher than the value of marketable products (i.e. timber and agricultural products). An analysis of the present value suggested that agricultural products ranked highest among the ecosystem services taken singularly, followed by water quality, air quality, climate regulation, and soil quality maintenance. Total economic value of all ecosystem services for the rotation period was $54,782 ha?1, only one third of which was contributed by agricultural products. Although the total value of the ecosystem services provided by TBI was high, farmers only benefited from agricultural and timber products. Thus, government incentives are needed to interest farmers in adopting practices that benefit society as a whole. 相似文献
7.
The nearly complete removal of forest cover from China's northern plains before the renewal of household incentives and subsequent reforestation in the late 1970s provides an unusual broad-scale opportunity to examine the impact of forest-based environmental services on long-term agricultural productivity. This paper uses a Cobb-Douglas agricultural production function with a measure of forest cover as a production shifter to test the hypothesis that forest-related environmental services make a positive contribution to agricultural output. Our evidence for Shandong province shows that agroforestry activities rapidly produced approximately ten percent increases in agricultural productivity — and their contribution probably has not reached its limit. The relevance of this finding goes beyond China's agriculture to the broader question of how world agricultural production can be sustained in the long-run — after the possible exhaustion of the contributions of current institutions and farming systems. If the opportunities for expanding the agricultural land base and for multiple cropping are small, and if ever more labor must be squeezed into the agricultural sector, then what can contribute to agricultural growth? One answer must lie in improvements to the agricultural environment, and trees may be a part of this improvement. 相似文献
8.
Today, most poplar plantations in the temperate region are established on abandoned marginal agricultural land, but there is great potential for planting poplars on forest land as the available area is large and does not compete with food production. The objective of this study was to examine how different planting types (un-rooted cuttings, bare-rooted and containerized plants) affect the establishment and early growth of poplar plants on forest and agricultural sites. Our results suggest that on the agricultural site, survival and growth during the first two years are not influenced by plant type. However, at the forest sites, survival of rooted plants was superior compared to un-rooted cuttings. The height and biomass (stem and root) increment of bare-rooted plants was low; greater height and biomass growth was found for containerized plants. Container sizes had no effect on height growth, but leaf and stem biomasses were higher if the largest containers were used. When using the largest containers, concentrations of macronutrients (N, P) were increased compared to bare-rooted plants. Thus, these results suggest that practices for establishing poplar plantations of agricultural land include planting of un-rooted cutting, but on forest land, a plant grown in a container of 470?ml should be used. Together, this can reduce the cost of establishment, increase the available area for poplar plantations and have an impact on poplar plantation economics in Sweden. 相似文献
9.
热带海岛由于其独特的地理位置以及丰富的物种资源,使其旅游服务价值不同于一般的生态系统服务价值中的旅游服务价值。本文从生态系统服务价值评价指标体系中,提炼出与旅游者和旅游活动直接相关的,能被旅游者直接利用的生态系统服务作为热带海岛的旅游服务评价指标;同时根据热带海岛的特点,对以往的计算方法进行修正,得到热带海岛的旅游服务价值评价体系以及计算方法。本文区别于之前研究将旅游服务价值作为生态系统服务评价指标中的一部分,而是将其单独作为一类进行核算。参考前人的研究,本文将旅游服务价值评价指标体系分为林地、草地、耕地、湿地、滩涂、建设用地、水体7种用地类型和气体调节、气候调节、食物供给、环境净化、生物多样性、休闲娱乐、文化7种生态系统服务来进行计算。对热带海岛旅游服务价值进行评估,可以衡量生态系统为旅游发展所做出的贡献,也可以提高公众的生态意识,同时也为生态补偿提供理论依据。 相似文献
10.
This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on pine and oak forest dynamics in the mid-montane central Himalayan forest and the ecosystem services associated with these vegetation types. Forest ecosystems play a crucial role in the livelihood of the central Himalayas as well as the adjacent plains, providing a number of tangible and intangible ecosystem services, at each stage of succession. The successional sequence starts from warm temperate grasslands, followed by early successional pine forests, mid-successional pine-oak mixed forests and eventually culminating in a late successional oak community. This successional sequence is considerably influenced by disturbances like fire, grazing, and lopping, which maintain the vegetation types in their current form and can act as potential drivers of change. Fire and grazing in grasslands and pine forests inhibit the successional process by hindering the establishment of pioneer and late successional species, respectively. Potential land-cover changes with forest succession can lead to changes in ecosystem services supply. We found that the number of ecosystem services associated with these vegetation types increase from early to late successional community. Current management approaches fail to include the dynamic nature of vegetation, which is essential for maintenance of ecosystem service supply. In conclusion, the trade-offs between ES of global (biodiversity and carbon) and local importance (fuel wood and fodder) have to be examined carefully in order to have effective conservation and management plans for the region. 相似文献
11.
Sara A. Berges Lisa A. Schulte Moore Thomas M. Isenhart Richard C. Schultz 《Agroforestry Systems》2010,79(1):97-110
In response to concern about the loss of ecosystem services once provided by natural riparian systems, state and federal agencies
have established incentive programs for landowners to convert sensitive lands from agricultural to conservation uses. Enhancement
of wildlife habitat, while identified as a function of such systems, has often been of secondary importance to soil conservation
and water quality objectives. Though greatly important, little consideration has been given to how specific species will respond
to the design and management of riparian buffers or other conservation lands. This study compared avian communities within
a chronosequence of riparian buffers established on previously cropped or pastured land with those of the nearby matrix land
cover types (row crop fields and an intensively grazed pasture). The riparian buffers consisted of native grasses, forbs,
and woody vegetation established at three different times (2, 9, and 14+ years prior to survey). At each site, 10 min point
counts for breeding birds were conducted using 50 m fixed radius plots, which were visited eight times between May 15 and
July 10, 2008. A total of 54 bird species were observed over all of the study sites. The re-established riparian buffers in
this study had higher bird abundance, richness, and diversity than the crop and pasture sites. These results suggest that
re-establishing native riparian vegetation in areas of intensive agriculture will provide habitat for a broad suite of bird
species, but that specific species will reflect successional stage, horizontal and vertical vegetative structure, and compositional
diversity of the buffer vegetation. These results emphasize the importance of matching buffer design and management to species
requirements if the objectives are to attract specific target species or species groups. 相似文献
12.
Slash-and-burn shifting cultivation is the conventional farming practice in Sierra Leone, where communal land tenure is by far the most common form of land use. Alley farming, the alternative agricultural system, has been introduced as a technical option to increase yield, reduce or eliminate fallow and conserve soil water. This study uses a logistic regression model to determine the factors influencing the adoption of alley farming in Sierra Leone. Data for the study were collected from a total of 160 farmers in 16 farming communities across 4 ecotones in the Freetown Peninsula through a survey, interactive discussion and personal observation. It is found that although most of these communities are aware of alley farming, female farmers are less likely than males to adopt this farming technology. Also membership of farmers’ associations and access to extension services positively influences adoption of alley farming, but limited land availability hinders adoption in the region. Most of the farmers practicing or trying out alley farming prefer this farming system over slash-and-burn shifting cultivation. High demand for fuelwood, short or no fallow periods and replenishment of soil fertility are among the attributes driving farmers to switch to alley farming. Despite its merits, alley farming is not perceived as a complete substitute for slash-and-burn shifting cultivation in the study area. For wider adoption, there is the need to develop demonstration farms to show the feasibility of incorporating farmer-specific biophysical, hydro-climatic and socio-economic conditions into alley farming system in the region. 相似文献
13.
Santiago-Freijanes J. J. Mosquera-Losada M. R. Rois-Díaz M. Ferreiro-Domínguez N. Pantera A. Aldrey J. A. Rigueiro-Rodríguez A. 《Agroforestry Systems》2021,95(5):775-790
Agroforestry is a sustainable land management system recognized worldwide but not implemented in a extensive form in temperate and developed countries. Agroforestry has been promoted in the last decades at global level as it provides more efficient and sustainable farming systems. This review aims at summarizing the main research findings explaining why agroforestry is a sustainable land management that fulfils and is affected by different Global, Pan-European and European policies as well as how innovation is currently fostered in Europe, therefore linking research, policy and innovation. This review specially targets researchers and policy makers working in integrated land systems. There is a global and European recognition of the role that agroforestry can play to provide products but also to deliver highly important ecosystem services. However, the promotion of agroforestry practices at European level is still not well addressed by the Common Agricultural Policy. The clear identification of agroforestry practices, the link of management plans to establish agroforestry pursuing a final eligible tree density for the Pillar I payments should be addressed as initial steps to foster agroforestry in Europe. There is a lack of knowledge transfer that promotes agroforestry at field level, which should be approached by using stakeholder integration within the policy development as it is currently done by the EIP-Agri.
相似文献14.
Laura A. Hildreth 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(2):119-126
In an effort to mitigate severe environmental problems, the Chinese government introduced ecological agriculture as an approach
to sustainable grain production. One such method heavily employed in the Northern Plains of China is agroforestry. This region
provides a unique case to assess the effect of agroforestry on agricultural output. This paper estimates a production function
with a measure for forest cover to test the hypothesis that agroforestry makes a positive and significant contribution to
agricultural output. Evidence shows that the effects of agroforestry on agricultural output are positive, though not always
significant. This finding is relevant not only to Chinese agriculture, but also in answering the question of how agricultural
sustainability can be accomplished in the long term. With increasing populations and decreasing opportunities for land expansion
globally, agroforestry is one answer to improving agricultural growth. 相似文献
15.
M. Luisa Martínez Octavio Pérez-Maqueo Gabriela Vázquez Gonzalo Castillo-Campos José García-Franco Klaus Mehltreter Miguel Equihua Rosario Landgrave 《Forest Ecology and Management》2009
Tropical montane cloud forests deliver important goods and services to society, such as timber, the supply and purification of fresh water, and carbon sequestration. In spite of their relevance, current deforestation rates are very high, at the expense of affecting the provision of ecosystem services. We explore the impact of land use change in terms of provision of ecosystem services by following two approaches, one very detailed (focused on hydrological services – water quality) and another one with a broader perspective (at a large scale and considering the ecosystem service value (ESV) of several ecosystems and their ecosystem services at the same time). In the highlands of the State of Veracruz, previously forested lands were converted into coffee plantations and cattle ranches. To evaluate the role of species composition and community structure on water quality, we studied nine small watersheds (<15 ha) covered by pristine cloud forest, coffee plantations and cultivated grassland (three each). Species richness of the three land use types was similar, although species composition was as different as 90%. Overall species diversity as well as that of woody species, and growth form diversities decreased in the transformed land uses. Water quality of streams flowing through these watersheds declined: nutrients (nitrate), conductivity, cations, chloride and suspended solids were lowest in the forest streams and highest in streams from coffee watersheds, whereas grasslands were intermediate. We also calculated ecosystem service values (using the transfer value method) and estimated economic market–non-market gains and losses owing to land transformation. Loss of natural ecosystems may imply a significant economic loss to society in terms of ecosystem services, although market gains may still lead land owners to land conversion because revenues are higher. Adequate Payment for Ecosystem Services may be a good option to prevent deforestation, but the compensation should be at least equal to the opportunity cost of the promoted land use. Our estimates are indicative of the urgent need to go beyond water quantity as the most relevant ecosystem service considered in PES schemes. 相似文献
16.
H. J. Von Maydell 《Agroforestry Systems》1990,12(1):91-96
Integrated land uses, many now referred to as agroforestry, have a long history in Europe. In the past, the main trend was
the movement of agricultural and pastoral activities into forests. The introduction of trees into non-forested (or once forested)
lands is a much more recent occurrence, particularly the cultivation of high value fruit and nut trees in the Mediterranean
countries, hedgerows/windbreaks in northwestern Europe and windbreaks in eastern Europe and the southern Soviet Union. Environmental
concerns of intensive agriculture are increasing the demand for alternate production systems such as agroforestry. Education
and training in agroforestry in Europe is very diverse because of the country specific issues regarding land use. 相似文献
17.
《Journal of Sustainable Forestry》2013,32(3-4):310-336
Abstract Reforestation of degraded lands is occurring on a limited basis in portions of the Panama Canal Watershed (PCW). In theory, markets for ecosystem services could encourage more extensive reforestation and ensure that reforestation efforts provide more than just timber. The most relevant ecosystem markets for the PCW are carbon sequestration, watershed services, and four biodiversity markets-bioprospecting, certification of biodiversity friendly products, ecotourism, and existence value. This paper examines the possibility for a land owner or land manager to participate in two or more of these markets. Two land use scenarios-native forest plantation and small-holder agroforestry-emerge as likely candidates for participation in multiple ecosystem service markets. These scenarios are examined to determine whether the strength of incentives to provide a bundle of timber and ecosystem services is sufficient to encourage expansion of these land uses with the Panama Canal Watershed. 相似文献
18.
Rajiv Pandey Roberta Aretano Ajay K. Gupta Dhanraj Meena Bhuvnesh Kumar Juha M. Alatalo 《Small-Scale Forestry》2017,16(1):53-63
Climate change is expected to increase temperatures and rainfall in the Himalayan region and place stress on local livelihoods by affecting agro-biodiversity, crop yield, cropping patterns and the species composition of forests. This paper reports findings of a survey of farmers into the role of agroforestry or ‘agroecological intensification’ for reducing climate change vulnerability. The survey was conducted in the Tehri-Garhwal district of Uttarakhand, a Himalayan State of India. Existing traditional agroforestry was found to provide ecosystem services to farmers at various scales ranging from the global to household level, contributing to the livelihoods and resilience of the farmers to climate change. The strategies of farmers for adaptating to climate change include adoption of agroforestry due to its diversified agricultural and forest products and services. The analysis suggests that policies should consider agroforestry as a tool for improving the livelihood and resilience to climate change of farmers. 相似文献
19.
我国农村在大量农业劳动力外流和土地承包经营权流转不畅背景下,超小规模农户经营的局限性日益凸显,农地粗放经营和荒芜现象日趋加重。在介绍我国农村土地流转现状的基础上,通过对土地流转市场需求——供给模型的推导和分析,指出需求和供给因素怎样影响土地流转的数量和价格,并通过考察这些因素所对应的现实情况,分析出影响土地流转规模的农产品价格、生产资料价格、农业生产技术、农村劳动力转移难度、农村社会保障等方面的原因。在结合我国国情对以上因素进行现实的论证之后,提出提高农产品价格、降低生产资料价格、提高农业生产力、统筹城乡劳动就业和社会管理、健全农村社会保障体系等促进农村土地加快流转的建议。 相似文献
20.
Forest cover and land use change directly impact biological diversity worldwide, contribute to climate change and affect the
ability of biological systems to support human needs by altering ecosystem services. Given the forest land use characteristics
and ecosystem types in Luang Namtha Province, Lao PDR, the forest cover and land cover category of Luang Namtha Province were
divided into six classes, i.e., current forest (CF), potential forest (PF), other wooded areas (OW), permanent agricultural
land (PA), other non-forest areas (NF) and water (W). In first instance, earlier geographic information data (GIS data) of
forest cover and land use during 1992 and 2002 was obtained from the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF), Lao PDR.
Two steps of forest land use change assessment were conducted by the MAF, i.e., plot sampling on satellite image maps (SIMs)
to detect the changes of forest cover and land use during 1992 and 2002 for the entire Luang Namtha Province and field verification
in order to identify causes of the changes. Secondly, dynamic information of the forest land cover changes during this ten-year
period was calculated by means of map algebra in ArcGIS 9.2. Thirdly, based on the theory of ecosystem service functions and
the service function values of different global ecosystems, the value of the six forest cover and land use categories in the
province was obtained. Finally, ecological environmental effects, produced by the regional land cover changes over the study
period, were calculated. 相似文献