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1.
Field measurements and observations have shown that wind erosion is a threat for numerous arable lands in the European Union (EU). Wind erosion affects both the semi‐arid areas of the Mediterranean region as well as the temperate climate areas of the northern European countries. Yet, there is still a lack of knowledge, which limits the understanding about where, when and how heavily wind erosion is affecting European arable lands. Currently, the challenge is to integrate the insights gained by recent pan‐European assessments, local measurements, observations and field‐scale model exercises into a new generation of regional‐scale wind erosion models. This is an important step to make the complex matter of wind erosion dynamics more tangible for decision‐makers and to support further research on a field‐scale level. A geographic information system version of the Revised Wind Erosion Equation was developed to (i) move a step forward into the large‐scale wind erosion modelling; (ii) evaluate the soil loss potential due to wind erosion in the arable land of the EU; and (iii) provide a tool useful to support field‐based observations of wind erosion. The model was designed to predict the daily soil loss potential at a ca. 1 km2 spatial resolution. The average annual soil loss predicted by geographic information system Revised Wind Erosion Equation in the EU arable land totalled 0·53 Mg ha−1 y−1, with the second quantile and the fourth quantile equal to 0·3 and 1·9 Mg ha−1 y−1, respectively. The cross‐validation shows a high consistency with local measurements reported in literature. © 2016 The Authors. Land Degradation and Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

2.
Land use practices and vegetation cover distribution are considered to be the most important dynamic factors that influence the land degradation or the soil erosion of a region. In this study, a Soil Protection Index (SPI) is defined as a function of land use practices and intensity of vegetation cover. This index is used to map the relative degree of protection of topsoil from being eroded by external effects such as rainfall and overland flow. A fuzzy rule‐based model integrated within ArcGIS® has been set‐up and tested with the aim to develop SPI maps. The amount of vegetation cover distribution, that is, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index as proxy parameter and Land Use–Land Cover map are chosen as fuzzy input parameters for the SPI as the desired system output. The approach was tested in the Upper Awash basin in Ethiopia. The output SPI map was qualitatively evaluated against the expert‐defined land degradation risk class, and it was found that locations that are mapped with ‘low and very low’ SPI classes at different time periods of the year have a high potential land degradation risk. Furthermore, socio‐economic data (‘population and livestock densities’) and environmental parameters (‘altitude and soil erodibility’) for the region are used to correlate with the SPI map as an indirect method of evaluation. It is found that population and livestock density explained 68 per cent of the spatial distribution pattern of predicted SPI and an adjusted R‐squared value of 0·681 (p < 0·05) was obtained. It was also found that the SPI distribution over the region for two different time periods, that is, January and July 2001, correlated positively (R2 = 0·41 and R2 = 0·51) with the soil erodibility of the region. The transferability and applicability of the model for different environmental settings or landscapes were tested by mapping the SPI of Italy. This SPI map of Italy was compared with the soil erosion map of Italy produced by the European Soil Bureau. It can be concluded that the SPI map reflects the potential land degradation risk distribution of the case‐study region. Results show that a fuzzy rule‐based model can provide useful preliminary information even without detailed and precise data information for developing appropriate strategies for land degradation assessment vital for sustainable land use management. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

3.
Soil erodibility, commonly expressed as the K‐factor in USLE‐type erosion models, is a crucial parameter for determining soil loss rates. However, a national soil erodibility map based on measured soil properties did so far not exist for Switzerland. As an EU non‐member state, Switzerland was not included in previous soil mapping programs such as the Land Use/Cover Area frame Survey (LUCAS). However, in 2015 Switzerland joined the LUCAS soil sampling program and extended the topsoil sampling to mountainous regions higher 1500 m asl for the first time in Europe. Based on this soil property dataset we developed a K‐factor map for Switzerland to close the gap in soil erodibility mapping in Central Europe. The K‐factor calculation is based on a nomograph that relates soil erodibility to data of soil texture, organic matter content, soil structure, and permeability. We used 160 Swiss LUCAS topsoil samples below 1500 m asl and added in an additional campaign 39 samples above 1500 m asl. In order to allow for a smooth interpolation in context of the neighboring regions, additional 1638 LUCAS samples of adjacent countries were considered. Point calculations of K‐factors were spatially interpolated by Cubist Regression and Multilevel B‐Splines. Environmental features (vegetation index, reflectance data, terrain, and location features) that explain the spatial distribution of soil erodibility were included as covariates. The Cubist Regression approach performed well with an RMSE of 0.0048 t ha h ha?1 MJ?1 mm?1. Mean soil erodibility for Switzerland was calculated as 0.0327 t ha h ha?1 MJ?1 mm?1 with a standard deviation of 0.0044 t ha h ha?1 MJ?1 mm?1. The incorporation of stone cover reduces soil erodibility by 8.2%. The proposed Swiss erodibility map based on measured soil data including mountain soils was compared to an extrapolated map without measured soil data, the latter overestimating erodibility in mountain regions (by 6.3%) and underestimating in valleys (by 2.5%). The K‐factor map is of high relevance not only for the soil erosion risk of Switzerland with a particular emphasis on the mountainous regions but also has an intrinsic value of its own for specific land use decisions, soil and land suitability and soil protection.  相似文献   

4.
The susceptibility of some soils in the high rainfall zone of Nigeria to soil erosion must be measured regularly for better soil management. A number of techniques have been adopted for the determination of this soil loss parameter. The aim of this study is to determine the soil characteristics that relate significantly to erodibility. Soil samples collected from 0–20 cm depth from 10 different locations in the upper rainforest area were analysed for particle size distribution, water‐stable aggregates, exchangeable cations, organic carbon, soil dispersion and aggregating indices. The soils are mainly Acrisols, Nitosols, Gleysols and Ferralsol in the FAO classification while their textures are sands to sandy‐clay‐loam. They are very unstable in water as reflected in the higher values of WSA >0·50 mm and the mean‐weight diameter that ranged from 0·50 to 2·03 mm. The dispersion ratio for the soils are between 0·26 and 0·69 while clay dispersion ratio also ranged from 0·24 to 0·80. Revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) erodibility model values (K) were from 0·03 to 0·06 Mg h MJ−1 mm−1. These parameters can be effectively used in predicting soil erodibility, though their predictability varied in ranking of soil erodibility. In spite of this variability these indices can be used for potential erosion hazard determination by agricultural extension staff to avoid crop failures and other negative influence of soil erosion. The soil parameters are easy to determine and will be a valuable instrument when faster approaches to erosion control measures are required. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

5.
Wind erosion is a serious problem, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. This study was conducted to assess the effects of wind speed as well as soil particle-size distribution on erosion rate (ER) using a wind tunnel. For this purpose, two clay loam soil samples (C2 and C10) in addition to a sandy clay loam (S2) were exposed to different wind velocities of 2, 9 and 18 m s?1. The result showed that erosion rate increased significantly with increasing wind speeds. In addition, a critical diameter of 0.84 mm for soil particles was supported; for larger particles the changes in erosion rate were negligible. Furthermore, soil erodibility (K) was determined, which for S2, C2 and C10 was 57.73, 10.27 and 1.43, respectively. To predict soil erodibility, a power relationship as K = 3.382 MWD?1.732 (R 2 = 0.99) was established. The results indicated with increasing wind speed, the sensitivity of S2 remained constant, whereas C2 and C10 resisted wind speed. The finding of this research indicates the importance of particle-size distribution on wind erosion rate as well as soil erodibility.  相似文献   

6.
Nearly all of Europe is affected by soil erosion. A major policy response is required to reverse the impacts of erosion in degraded areas, particularly in light of the current climate change and water crisis. Soil loss occurs not because of any lack of knowledge on how to protect soils, but a lack in policy governance. The average rate of soil loss by sheet and rill erosion in Europe is 2·46 Mg ha−1 yr−1. To mitigate the impacts of soil erosion, the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy has introduced conservation measures which reduce soil loss by water erosion by 20% in arable lands. Further economic and political action should rebrand the value of soil as part of ecosystem services, increase the income of rural land owners, involve young farmers and organize regional services for licensing land use changes. In a changing World of 9 billion people with the challenge of climate change, water scarcity and depletion of soil fertility, the agriculture economy should evolve taking into account environmental and ecological aspects. © 2016 The Authors Journal of Land Degradation & Development Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.  相似文献   

7.
A simple methodology is presented for assessing the risk of water erosion at the global level. It uses a ½° latitude by ½° longitude soil database, developed at ISRIC, and auxiliary databases on climate and land cover with a similar spatial resolution. Area estimates are presented for (1) susceptible areas, as determined by rainfall erosivity, topography and soil erodibility, and (2) vulnerable areas as further determined by the pressure of current land use. Model output for vulnerability is evaluated against observed data on severity of soil degradation by water as presented on the map of human-induced soil degradation (GLASOD). Cross-tabulation of the vulnerability and GLASOD subsets gave a significant Cramer's correlation coefficient of 0·72 (P ≪ 0·005). Thus a fair geographic agreement was observed between the grid cells considered vulnerable to water erosion, under current conditions of land cover, and regions in which water erosion occurs currently. The qualitative model can serve to raise awareness on issues of soil degradation by water at the global level by identifying regions at risk, where more detailed studies are needed. However, it does not provide any information on the actual rate of erosion at the field scale, nor on the associated decrease in crop productivity and biodiversity. The study of productivity changes associated with water erosion, at different scales, is currently an important topic on ISRIC's research agenda.  相似文献   

8.
[目的]探究锡林郭勒草地在景观尺度上土壤容重空间分布规律及其与风蚀的关系,为有效进行草原风蚀防治提供理论参考。[方法]对锡林郭勒草原不同地形和土地利用条件下土壤容重的空间变异性进行调查分析,主要采用环刀法、吸管法、TOC法测定土壤容重、机械组成和有机碳含量。[结果]锡林郭勒草原土壤容重呈现中等空间变异性;容重随地形变化在轻牧区表现为:迎风坡背风坡平地,而在中牧和重牧区的变化与之相反,且海拔与容重呈负相关性;在同样地形条件下,不同土地利用容重变化规律为:重牧区耕地中牧区轻牧区禁牧区。[结论]研究区土地利用类型是影响容重最主要的因素。容重与风蚀速率呈现明显的负相关性,容重可作为评估本区域风蚀发生与影响强度的一个重要参考指标。  相似文献   

9.
利用~(137)Cs技术研究土壤可蚀性的时空变异(英文)   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
土壤可蚀性的研究变异性是当代土壤侵蚀预测预报研究的核心。本综述了土壤可蚀性变异性研究的进展及存在的问题,提出了利用＾１３７Ｃｓ法定量测定土壤可蚀性时空变异的新技术。  相似文献   

10.
土壤风蚀可蚀性研究进展   总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9  
南岭  杜灵通  展秀丽 《土壤》2014,46(2):204-211
土壤风蚀可蚀性是风蚀研究的重要内容,也是进行土壤风蚀预报的重要参数。本文对土壤风蚀可蚀性的相关概念进行了阐释,从土壤颗粒及团聚体、土壤水分、土壤结皮、地表不可蚀物质、土地利用方式和空间尺度等6个方面对风蚀可蚀性控制因素的研究进行了综合评述。然后对土壤风蚀可蚀性的指标按照间接指标和直接指标两个类别进行了归纳,同时也对各个指标的监测方法进行了总结。在此基础上,对未来土壤风蚀可蚀性的研究方向进行了展望,讨论了土壤风蚀可蚀性研究需要关注的热点问题。  相似文献   

11.
半干旱草原潜在土壤风力侵蚀空间格局研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
中国绝大多数的干旱半干旱地区遭受着严重的风力侵蚀。风蚀可导致土壤流失、肥力下降,最终导致土地荒漠化。半干旱草原区的荒漠化问题日益突出,由此带来的沙尘暴等灾害天气增多,给人们的生产生活带来诸多不便。从影响土壤风力侵蚀的风速、干燥度、植被盖度、地形起伏度、土壤可蚀性以及放牧压力6个方面出发,借助GIS技术,通过主成分分析研究半干旱草原区达茂旗土壤风力侵蚀的空间分布格局。结果表明:达茂旗潜在土壤风力侵蚀指数由南向北呈高—低—高趋势。达茂旗北部地区土壤风蚀主要受风速、干燥度和植被指数影响;中部地区风力侵蚀主要受地形起伏度的影响,地形起伏对风的消减作用增强,使得风力降低,加之该地区土壤可蚀性和干燥度相对较低,风力侵蚀指数低;南部土壤风力侵蚀主要受放牧压力影响,春季正是牧草返青季节,植被盖度低,且牲畜密度相对较大,放牧对草场的压力大,土壤风力侵蚀严重。风力侵蚀各影响因子的时空异质性是导致半干旱草原风力侵蚀空间异质性的主要原因。干旱草原风力侵蚀空间异质性的主要影响因素是风速、干燥度和植被指数,其次受地形和土壤可蚀性的影响,而放牧压力是半干旱草原区土壤风力侵蚀的主要人为因素之一。  相似文献   

12.
[目的]对晋北沙漠化区土壤风蚀状况及空间差异进行研究,以期为区域土地退化和京津风沙源治理工程的效益评估提供科学依据。[方法]基于耕地和林草地不同地表类型的土壤风蚀模型,逐像元地计算2001—2014年晋北沙漠化地区土壤风蚀状况及空间差异。[结果](1)2001—2014年晋北沙漠化区的平均土壤风蚀模数达到4.67t/(hm~2·a),处于轻度风蚀状态。区域分布上,北部区域风蚀状况明显高于南部。(2)研究区2001,2005,2010和2014年的平均土壤风蚀模数分别为6.83,3.89,4.36和2.55t/(hm~2·a);土壤风蚀总量分别为2.09×10~7 t,1.19×10~7 t,1.31×10~7 t和7.65×106 t。(3)晋北沙漠化地区植被覆盖度提高和风力减弱是区域土壤风蚀强度削弱的主要原因。研究发现风力作用的减弱贡献率约为77.7%,而植被覆盖度的提高的贡献率为22.3%。[结论]晋北土壤风蚀状况空间差异较大,风速减弱是导致区域土壤风蚀削弱的主要原因。晋北沙漠化地区植被覆盖度尚未恢复到良好的状态,生态工程建设还需进一步实施,生态工程实施的成果需加强保护。  相似文献   

13.
Soil erosion is one of the main environmental problems in the Mediterranean area. This problem is becoming even more important especially in Italy, in the Apennines, where severe erosive processes occur due to the action of concentrated running water. The erodibility (K-Factor) of a soil, estimated using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), is a measure of its susceptibility to erosion and depends on several soil properties such as organic matter, texture and permeability and structure.To assess the spatial variability of soil properties and soil erodibility in hilly agricultural areas and to investigate the relationships between soil features and landscape morphodynamics, a detailed study in Molise region (southern Italy), in a small drainange basin located along its hilly Adriatic flank, was carried out. In this catchment, 63 topsoil samples (A horizons) were collected and 10 soil profiles, forming a catena crossing 3 land units, were sampled. The calculated K-Factors ranges between 0.012 and 0.048 t ha h ha−1 MJ−1 mm−1 indicating a complex spatial distribution, due to the several local pedological and geomorphological factors affecting soil erodibility. The results give clear evidence about the relationships among soil characteristics, soil erodibility and landscape morpho-dynamics (land units).Comparing the soil loss rates estimated for the study area with those reported in literature, a good correspondence can be observed only for the more stable land unit, not characterized by intense erosive processes. The proposed methodology is suitable to highlight areas characterized by similar morphodynamics features, and comparable soil erodibility, for a more effective spatialization of K factor.  相似文献   

14.
While it needs yet to be assessed whether or not wind erosion in Western Saxony is a major point of concern regarding land degradation and fertility, it has already been recognized that considerable off‐site effects of wind erosion in the adjacent regions of Saxony‐Anhalt and Brandenburg are connected to the spread of herbicides, pesticides and dust. So far, no wind erosion assessment for Western Saxony, Germany, exists. The wind erosion model previously applied for Germany (DIN standard 19706) is considering neither changes in wind direction over time nor influences of field size. This study aims to provide a first assessment of wind erosion for Western Saxony by extending the existing DIN model to a multidirectional model on soil loss by wind (SoLoWind) with new controlling factors (changing wind directions, soil cover, mean field length and mean protection zone) combined by fuzzy logic. SoLoWind is used for a local off‐site effect evaluation in combination with high‐resolution wind speed and wind direction data at a section of the highway A72. The model attributes 3·6% of the arable fields in Western Saxony to the very‐high‐wind erosion risk class. A relationship between larger fields (greater than 116 ha) and higher proportions (51·7%) of very‐high‐wind erosion risk can be observed. Sections of the highway A72 might be under high risk according to the modelled off‐site effects of wind erosion. The presented applications showed the potential of SoLoWind to support and consult management for protection measures on a regional scale. © 2016 The Authors. Land Degradation and Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

15.
The prevention of soil erosion is one of the most essential requirements for sustainable agriculture in developing countries. In recent years it is widely recognized that more site‐specific approaches are needed to assess variations in erosion susceptibility in order to select the most suitable land management methods for individual hillslope sections. This study quantifies the influence of different land management methods on soil erosion by modelling soil loss for individual soil‐landscape units on a hillslope in Southern Uganda. The research combines a soil erosion modelling approach using the physically based Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP)‐model with catenary soil development along hillslopes. Additionally, farmers' perceptions of soil erosion and sedimentation are considered in a hillslope mapping approach. The detailed soil survey confirmed a well‐developed catenary soil sequence along the hillslope and the participatory hillslope mapping exercise proved that farmers can distinguish natural soil property changes using their local knowledge. WEPP‐model simulations show that differences in soil properties, related to the topography along the hillslope, have a significant impact on total soil loss. Shoulder and backslope positions with steeper slope gradients were most sensitive to changes in land management. Furthermore, soil conservation techniques such as residue management and contouring could reduce soil erosion by up to 70 percent on erosion‐sensitive slope sections compared to that under tillage practices presently used at the study site. The calibrated model may be used as a tool to provide quantitative information to farmers regarding more site‐specific land management options. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

16.
An assessment of the effectiveness of soil conservation practices is very important for watershed management, but the measurement over a small area does not necessarily represent the truth over a large area. Monitoring of soil erosion and analysis of sediment delivery were carried out in the Lizixi watershed (which is typical of the Upper Yangtze Basin, China), using remote sensing and a geographic information system (GIS). Land‐use and land‐cover maps were prepared by an interpretation of 1986 and 1999 images from SPOT and Landsat TM. Slope‐gradient maps were created from digital elevation model (DEM), while merged images of SPOT and Landsat TM were used to obtain land‐use information. The area of soil erosion was classified by an integration of slope gradients, land‐use types and vegetation cover rates, and soil erosion rates and their changes were calculated in a grid‐based analysis using an Erdas GIS. The change in sediment delivery ratio was estimated based on the changes in soil erosion rates from both monitoring and the truth survey. There was a reduction in soil erosion rate of 4·22 per cent during a 13‐year period after soil conservation practices were adopted in the Lizixi watershed. The amount of sediments transported into rivers has decreased by 51·08 per cent during the same period due to an integrated application of biological and engineering measures. The comparison of soil erosion severity between pre‐conservation and post‐conservation revealed that soil loss has been obviously diminished and the measures were quite effective. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

17.
黔中喀斯特地区不同地类土壤侵蚀研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
以贵州省贵阳市花溪区喀斯特地区为研究区,通过对土壤抗冲系数、崩解速率及可蚀性K值的测定,分析了不同地类土壤侵蚀的差异。结果表明:土壤抗冲系数大小的排序为林地(0.672 L.min/g)>灌丛地(0.571 L.min/g)>坡耕地(0.174 L.min/g),土壤崩解速率大小排序为林地(0.036 cm3/min)<灌丛地(0.039 cm3/min)<坡耕地(0.286cm3/min),土壤可蚀性K值则表现为坡耕地(0.249)<灌丛地(0.263)<林地(0.267),不合理的人类活动对土壤侵蚀造成了负面影响。  相似文献   

18.
童生春  李国荣    李进芳  翟辉  朱海丽    刘亚斌    陈文婷  胡夏嵩   《水土保持研究》2023,30(4):10-17
[目的]阐明高寒草甸不同类型退化秃斑地的土壤基本特征及其风蚀规律,揭示土壤物理力学特性与土壤风蚀之间的交互影响作用,进而为黄河源区生态植被的修复和保护提供理论依据。[方法]以黄河源7种草甸退化秃斑地及高原鼢鼠鼠丘为研究对象,结合野外调查和原位试验,对不同秃斑地土壤物理力学特征、土壤风蚀规律的差异性及土壤风蚀量与可蚀性因子间的关联度和相关性等进行了分析和讨论。[结果](1)不同退化秃斑地土壤基本物理力学特性指标差异较显著,7种秃斑地的平均土壤含水率、密度、紧实度和黏聚力分别是高原鼢鼠鼠丘的1.3倍、2.6倍、14.2倍和5.0倍,秃斑地中风毛菊的恢复生长对土壤的保水固土能力最强,香薷草和臭蒿相对较弱。(2)风蚀60 min后高原鼢鼠鼠丘土壤的总流失量是退化秃斑地的1.3～4.4倍;风蚀量的增加幅度随风蚀时间呈先增后减的趋势,风蚀作用的前5～10 min是土壤风蚀的敏感期;不同退化秃斑地土壤风蚀量与植被恢复类型有关,且与土壤物理力学指标值之间呈反比例关系。(3)退化秃斑地土壤风蚀量与植被覆盖度、土壤含水率和土壤紧实度之间均呈线性负相关关系,与土壤黏聚力间呈指数函数负相关关系;土壤风蚀量与覆...  相似文献   

19.
我国南方亚热带丘陵山地土地退化研究   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  
我国南方土地退化的形成是由其生态环境的脆弱性决定的。土地退化不仅表现为土壤退化,还表现为植被退化和土地状况恶化,具有明显的坡面分带性。从50年代到80年代,不同人类活动地区土地退化变化的特点不同。土地退化的动态变化主要是由于土地的开垦及人类活动对植被的破坏。土地退化严重的地区既不是人口较少和经济落后的基岩山区,也不是人口较密、经济发达的低丘岗地区,而是人口增长较快、经济较落后的低山丘陵区。  相似文献   

20.
沙地土壤风蚀动力因子分析   总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12  
地表粗糙度反映地表对风速减弱的作用以及对风沙流的影响 ,其值大小取决于地形、植被覆盖及作物的播种方向 ,粗糙度越大风蚀强度越小。吉林省西部流动沙丘的起沙风速为 1 0 3m/s,风蚀耕地的起沙风速为 6 3～ 7.9m/s。春季侵蚀性风能为 1 72 1 8(v·u)。该区风蚀性气候因子和侵蚀性风能自东向西递增 ,西北部的通榆为最大  相似文献   

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