首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 250 毫秒
1.
ABSTRACT:   Four toxins, okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1), pectenotoxin-6 (PTX6), and yessotoxin (YTX), all associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), were administered via syringe to Scallops Patinopecten yessoensis and their distribution in the hepatopancreas, adductor muscle, and combined other tissues (mantle, gill, gonad) was analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Toxins exclusively remained in the hepatopancreas irrespective of the injection site, adductor muscle or hepatopancreas. When injected into hepatopancreas, OA, DTX1, and YTX were metabolized to 7- O -palmitoylOA, 7- O -palmitoylDTX1 and 45-hydroxyyessotoxin (45OH-YTX), respectively. Such metabolic changes were insignificant when toxins were injected into the adductor muscle. The residual ratio for each toxin in the hepatopancreas was less than 20%. Mortalities of scallops treated with PTX6 were lower than those treated with other toxins.  相似文献   

2.
ABSTRACT:   Lipophilic toxin profiles associated with diarrhetic shellfish poisoning in Korean bivalves were investigated by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxins (DTX), pectenotoxins (PTX) and yessotoxin (YTX) in bivalves were quantified by LC-MS. Thirty-eight bivalve samples were collected from five different areas on the south coast of Korea during January to June 2006. Dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) and OA were found in some samples of both mussel Mytilus edulis and oyster Crassostrea gigas . The levels of DTX1 and OA found in the hepatopancreas of the samples were 0.04–0.23 µg/g and 0.03–0.08 µg/g, respectively. Dinophysistoxin-3 was found in the hepatopancreas of the short-necked clam Ruditapes philippinarum at a concentration of 0.06 µg/g. PTX and YTX were not detected from all of the samples examined. This is the first report of the unambiguous identification of OA and its derivatives, by LC-MS, in Korean bivalves.  相似文献   

3.
Fatty-acid esters of dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) in scallops Patinopecten yessoensis, mussels Mytilus coruscus, and toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis species, collected from Japanese seawater, were analyzed by liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Precursor ion monitoring, multiple reaction monitoring for 18 fatty-acid esters of DTX1, and full-scan MS/MS spectra obtained with a hybrid triple–quadrupole linear-ion-trap mass spectrometer showed that 14:0, 16:0, and 16:1 esters were the most abundant 7-O-acyl-DTX1 analogues in bivalves. Fatty-acids esters formed by conjugations at hydroxyl positions other than the 7-position of DTX1 were not detected in the bivalves. DTX1 and okadaic acid-16:0 fatty-acid esters have been reported as the most abundant ester in bivalves in several previous studies; however, we found that 7-O-16:1-DTX1 was the most abundant ester in some mussels in which 16:1 was more dominant than 16:0 in the free fatty-acid profile. Comparison between 7-O-acyl-DTX1 and free fatty-acid profiles in the same bivalve samples suggests that polyunsaturated fatty acids are selectively excluded in enzymatic acylation of DTX1. No 7-O-acyl-DTX1 was detected in any single-cell isolates of D. fortii, D. acuminata, D. mitra, D. norvegica, D. tripos, D. infundibulus, and D. rotundata.  相似文献   

4.
Takeshi  TOMIYAMA  Koichi  SASAKI  Michio  OMORI 《Fisheries Science》2004,70(4):531-536
ABSTRACT:   The purpose of the present paper was to examine the size relationship between the juvenile stone flounder Platichthys bicoloratus and the bivalve Nuttallia olivacea , the siphon of which is important prey for the juvenile flounder. Juvenile stone flounder feed mainly on tips of the inhalant siphon of the bivalve. The maximum width of siphon tips in the stomach contents of age-0 fish could not reach that of age-1 fish, although the siphons in age-0 fish became larger as they grew. This size discrepancy indicated a limitation in the size of bivalves available to juveniles. The proportion of total cropping frequency for the siphon of the bivalve by juveniles was estimated according to the bivalve size class. Most bivalves that had cropped siphon tips ranged from 5 to 30 mm in shell length. The total cropping frequency per bivalve was particularly intense on bivalves of 10–25 mm shell length in spite of their small proportion of 24.9% of the total. This frequency intensity indicated that the size of bivalves with cropped siphons by juvenile stone flounder might depend on the ability of juveniles rather than the size composition of the bivalves.  相似文献   

5.
ABSTRACT:   One of the biggest and long-standing difficulties in investigation of larval ecology in the field is species-level identification. In the present study, we developed polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis based on the large subunit (LSU) rRNA gene (rDNA) D1/D2/D3 region for identification of multiple species of bivalve larvae using 14 species of bivalve collected from Maizuru Bay. The LSU rDNA D1/D2/D3 region of all analyzed species could be amplified by PCR using bvD1f/bvD3r primers, and RFLP analysis by Hae III digestion on the PCR products showed species-specific fragment patterns. Furthermore, this analysis applied to single bivalve larvae in Maizuru Bay revealed efficient amplification of the target region and the species-specific pattern from 80% of the larvae, 75% of which showed a pattern that matched a certain pattern of the adult bivalves. In addition, the analysis of inter- and intraspecies variation of the LSU rDNA D1/D2/D3 region using the sequence data of the genus Crassostrea from the DDBJ database showed high applicability of this RFLP analysis on closely related species. Because of the wide applicability and technical simplicity, this method can become the standard for the identification of bivalve larvae species once the sequence data of the LSU rDNA D1/D2/D3 region of many bivalve species have been accumulated.  相似文献   

6.
ABSTRACT:   Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios in tissue of the bivalve corbicula Corbicula japonica and particulate organic matter (POM) were measured in Lake Jusan, Lake Ogawara and Lake Shinji, which are the foremost fishing grounds for the corbicula in Japan, to determine their food sources. The bivalves in Lake Ogawara and Lake Shinji showed enriched isotope composition, while those in Lake Jusan were depleted. In addition, the difference in the isotope ratios between the sampling sites was remarkable in Lake Jusan. Chlorophyll concentrations were significantly higher in Lake Ogawara and Lake Shinji than those in the inflow rivers, although that in Lake Jusan was equivalent to that in the river. Residence time of river water was estimated at 1 day, 455 days and 88 days in Lake Jusan, Lake Ogawara and Lake Shinji, respectively. These values indicate that the bivalves in Lake Ogawara and Lake Shinji assimilate autochthonous phytoplankton, while those in Lake Jusan assimilate terrestrial matter in the upper reaches and marine phytoplankton in the lower reaches because of low production in the lake.  相似文献   

7.
ABSTRACT:   Carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios in tissue of the bivalve corbicula ( Corbicula japonica ) and particulate organic matter (POM) were measured along a salinity gradient in the Kushida Estuary, Japan. The bivalve exhibited a gradual isotopic enrichment from the uppermost estuarine site (δ13C = −24.8‰ and δ15N = 8.6‰) to the marine site (δ13C = −16.1‰ and δ15N = 11.8‰). Using the concentration-weighted mixing model, the bivalves' food source is estimated from the isotope values for the bivalves and POM from terrestrial plants, marine phytoplankton and benthic microalgae. The results indicated that the contributions of benthic micro algae and phytoplankton were small, while terrestrial particulate matter is significantly important for the corbicula diet, although the contribution varies among sampling sites.  相似文献   

8.
氮杂螺环酸毒素(azaspiracids,AZAs)隶属八大类海洋贝类毒素,为一类含氮且具独特螺环结构的聚醚类毒素。采用液相色谱-三重四级杆复合离子阱质谱,研究了分离自中国近海的1株氮杂螺环酸产毒藻腹孔环胺藻(Azadinium poporum,AZDY06)所产氮杂螺环酸毒素在栉孔扇贝体内的蓄积、分布和生物转化机制。通过将栉孔扇贝暴露产毒藻的方式,分析扇贝内脏团、裙边、闭壳肌和其他可食组织4个组织部位的AZAs及其代谢产物分布,研究栉孔扇贝对毒素的代谢机理。结果表明,AZDY06主要产生AZA2毒素,单细胞产毒能力最高为(7.05±0.52)fg/cell;扇贝12 h内摄食5×10~7个产毒藻细胞后,体内AZAs毒素含量已超欧盟安全限量,达165.3μg AZA1eq/kg,蓄积效率为78.2%。AZAs毒素在扇贝各组织间分布存在显著差异:内脏团其他可食组织外套膜闭壳肌。AZA2在扇贝中潜在转化方式为羟基化、去羧基化和氧化,共生成4种代谢产物:AZA6、AZA12、AZA19和AZA23,其中AZA19为最主要代谢产物,约占总毒素40%,其他代谢产物含量较低。本研究证明中国近海分布氮杂螺环酸产毒藻毒性危害较强,建议有关部门加快制定AZAs限量标准。  相似文献   

9.
ABSTRACT:   We investigated the effects of specific light wavelengths from light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on the growth of the dinoflagellate Heterocapsa circularisquama , which kills bivalves, and the diatom Skeletonema costatum , which is an important food source for bivalves. Growth of H. circularisquama was obviously inhibited at 590 nm and a photon flux density less than 75 μmol quanta/m2/s. However, growth of S. costatum was not suppressed by irradiance from any LEDs tested from near-ultraviolet to near-infrared wavelengths at 75 μmol quanta/m2/s. The growth rate of H. circularisquama in an experimental treatment group with irradiance provided by both cool-white fluorescent lamps (12:12 h L : D cycle) and a 590-nm LED (continuous irradiance) was 0.43/day. In the control group with irradiance provided only by cool-white fluorescent lamps (12:12 h L : D cycle), the growth rate was 0.63/day, indicating that growth of H. circularisquama was suppressed by 590 nm (less than 75 μmol quanta/m2/s) irradiance from the LED and the continuous irradiance. The use of 590-nm LEDs in bivalve culture at irradiance levels less than 75 μmol quanta/m2/s might encourage the growth of the useful diatom S. costatum without stimulating growth of the harmful dinoflagellate H. circularisquama .  相似文献   

10.
This study provides for the first time an evaluation of the natural availability of scallop seeds along the coastal area of Taranto (Mediterranean Sea, Southern Italy). To select the best artificial collectors to harvest scallop seeds in this area, cylindrical collectors (Cyl) were compared to traditional ‘Japanese‐style onion bags’ (Bag) across three sites. Scallops represented 26.6% of total bivalve recruitment among all collectors (782 ± 331 ind. m?2). The most recruited scallops were Flexopecten glaber and Mimachlamys varia. The white (F. glaber) and black scallops (M. varia) were abundant at all three sites, while the queen scallop, Aequipecten opercularis, was only found at one site. Beyond the recruitment of scallops, numerous other potential commercial bivalve species were collected, including Limaria tuberculata, which was the most abundant bivalve species (33.3% of total recruitment). At all sites, Bag collectors had higher recruitment than Cyl collectors. Scallops recruited in artificial collectors exhibited a multicohort size distribution at most sites, suggesting potentially continuous reproductive activity in the scallop populations. F. glaber, M. varia and L. tuberculata could be good candidates to diversify the aquaculture production because of the availability of seed and their growth rate. Moreover, the farming of these bivalves integrates well with other forms of aquaculture (e.g. mussels), thus potentially offering farmers an additional source of income.  相似文献   

11.
ABSTRACT:   Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins produced by Alexandrium isolates from Korea were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromography. Species designation of the regional isolates was determined by morphological criteria and ribotyping inferred from sequences of the 28S rDNA D1-D2 region. Toxin analysis performed at the exponential growth phase, revealed that the two strains of A. fraterculus were non-toxic, while the strains of A. tamarense and A. catenella were toxic. Toxic isolates DPC7 and DPC8 of A. catenella produced GTX1, 2, 3, 4, 5, dcGTX2, 3, C1, 2, neoSTX and STX with trace or non-detectable levels of C3 and C4, while isolates UL7, KDW981, SJW97043, SJW97046, KJC97111 and KJC97112 of A. tamarense produced GTX1, 2, 3, 4, dcGTX3, C1, 2, neoSTX with trace or non-detectable levels of C3, 4, dcSTX and STX, and no GTX5 and dcGTX2. The major toxins produced by A. catenella were C1 +2, and those of A. tamarense were C1 +2 and GTX4 in most of the isolates. A. tamarense strains other than SJW97046 produced a relatively high proportion of carbamate toxins, reflecting the high toxicity scores of shellfish intoxication in sampled coastal areas. Two representative toxic isolates, A. tamarense SJW97043 and A. catenella DPC7, were cultured for 30 days in batch mode and subjected to toxin analysis at 5-day intervals. Comparison of toxin productivity in terms of total toxin content, toxin components, and their variations with culture age revealed marked differences between the two strains.  相似文献   

12.
ABSTRACT

In this study, the functional components of 19 microalgae and 6 bivalve species were investigated in the context of the application in bivalve feeding and human health food. Principal component analysis was performed to detect any association between the functional components and individual microalgal species or taxonomic group. The proportions of the functional components differed depending on the taxonomic group or species of microalga. The genera Cheatoceros, Thalassiosira, and Isochrysis contained high concentrations of fucosterol and fucoxanthin, which are present in large amounts in brown algae. Diatoms, haptophytes, and eustigmatophytes, which are used as feed for bivalves, were rich in fucosterol and eicosapentenoic acid (EPA); further, haptophytes were rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In addition, the microalgae associated with red tide, i.e., the raphidophytes, were found to be rich in fucoxanthin, β-sitosterol, and EPA, whereas dinoflagellates were rich in DHA. Seven bivalve species also contained high concentrations of fucosterol, EPA, and DHA, as did microalgae, which were used to feed by bivalves. These results are useful in selecting microalgae effectively as feed of the bivalves.  相似文献   

13.
将栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)直接暴露于产毒藻,通过比较各组织器官中毒素的蓄积及代谢转化特征,研究麻痹性贝类毒素(Paralytic Shellfish Toxins,PSTs)在栉孔扇贝体内危害形成的过程。结果显示,分布于中国的一株塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense,AT5-3株),其生长及产毒性状稳定,产毒能力强,主要成分为Gonyautoxins-1-4(GTX14),单细胞产毒能力为7.95 fmol/cell;栉孔扇贝对该产毒藻具有较强摄食能力及PSTs蓄积能力,总体蓄积效率达到84.4%,最高蓄积浓度为1903μg STX eq./kg,不同组织蓄积能力由高到低依次为内脏团、性腺、外套膜、闭壳肌;内脏团对PSTs的代谢能力也最强,是该毒素在栉孔扇贝体内蓄积代谢的靶器官;此外,栉孔扇贝对PSTs表现出较强的生物转化能力,主要转化途径为:N-磺酰胺甲酰基类毒素(N-Sulfocarbamoylgonyautoxin-2,C1)→膝沟藻毒素(Gonyautxins-2,GTX2)/脱氨甲酰基类毒素(Decarbamoylgonyautoxins-2,dc GTX2),N-磺酰胺甲酰基类毒素(N-Sulfocarbamoylgonyautoxin-3,C2)→膝沟藻毒素(Gonyautxins-3,GTX3)。本研究中,栉孔扇贝对PSTs总体呈现出迅速蓄积和缓慢代谢的特点,同时,GTX14和NEO等高毒成分所占比例较高,造成扇贝中PSTs毒性和风险性均显著升高。本研究有助于科学评估PSTs危害的形成机制,为系统监控我国PSTs风险性提供科学支撑。  相似文献   

14.
贝类毒素固相吸附示踪监测技术研究进展   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文
固相吸附毒素示踪监测技术(Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking,SPATT)是一项新的贝类毒素监测技术。该技术模拟滤食性贝类摄食过程,利用内含吸附剂的采样器富集水体中的贝类毒素,结合高效液相色谱-质谱检测技术或酶联免疫检测技术,可以对产毒藻类的暴发以及贝类毒素污染进行示踪研究。SPATT 监测技术与贝类监测法、浮游藻类监测法相比,具有取样操作简单、检测成本低等优点,已成为贝类毒素污染监测技术研究的热点。本综述针对 SPATT 技术的研究进展及应用进行阐述,对技术适用监测的毒素种类、吸附材料的优劣等进行分析。  相似文献   

15.
A landlocked heliothermic marine basin (Norwegian oyster-poll) used as a food production system for a bivalve upwelling nursery was manipulated in order to enhance bivalve production. The manipulations included artificial fertilization, reduction in brackish surface layer, increased supply of water to the bivalve nursery, increased turbulence in the poll by pumping of water and renewal of the poll water. Effects of the manipulations were investigated in a full-scale field experiment comparing data from two monitoring programmes in 1989 and 1990. Manipulations were performed in 1990, but only traditional management was carried out in 1989, which was considered as the control. The bivalve production of 6 t live weight represented a six-fold increase caused by the manipulations. The higher production was mainly a result of the enhanced availability of nutrients which increased primary production and enhanced availability of food for the cultivated bivalves. The manipulations drastically reduced hydrographical stratification and produced temperatures of 18-21°C. Increased oxygen concentration and pH provided improved water quality for the cultured bivalves. Diatoms became dominant and the dinoflagellates were reduced. The manipulations could be a general aid to the management of polls and similar systems in their application as food production systems in aquaculture.  相似文献   

16.
广东东部沿海麻痹性贝类毒素成分特征分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为了弄清广东东部沿海贝类中麻痹性贝类毒素(Paralytic shellfish poisoning,PSP)的主要成分及其藻类来源,运用液相色谱—柱后衍生荧光检测技术,对2005-2006年间在粤东近岸重点养殖区采集的主要经济贝类进行了麻痹性贝类毒素成分分析。分析结果表明,在染毒的贝类样品中共检出PSP的12种成分,各成分的检出率时空分布特征有所不同,其中N-磺酸氨甲酰基类毒素C1和氨基甲酸酯类毒素GTX1的检出率最高,均达78%以上;其次为GTX4,达71%。在毒素含量方面,C1普遍较低,春季含量较其他季节高,而在春秋两季贝类中,GTX1和GTX4含量普遍较高。总体上,麻痹性贝毒在粤东海域的分布具有明显的地域性、季节性和贝类种间差异。地域上以柘林湾污染较为严重,毒素成分最多,且含量较高;季节上春季为染毒高峰期,秋季次之;主要染毒贝类为牡蛎(Crassostrea spp.)、结蚶(Tegillarca nodifera)、泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)和蚶(Scapharca spp.),柘林湾2005年9月14日的结蚶毒性最高,其毒性当量值达到370μgSTX/100g。与其他贝类相比,蚶类对高毒力的GTX毒素有更强的积累能力。  相似文献   

17.
This study investigated the feasibility of using clove oil, 2-phenoxyethanol, or Propiscin as an alternative to tricaine methane sulphonate (MS 222) as a fish anaesthetic, particularly in regard to reducing fish stress. The biochemical blood profiles of perch Perca fluviatilis L. anaesthetized with either MS 222 (100 mg L−1), clove oil (33 mg L−1), 2-phenoxyethanol (0.40 mL L−1) or Propiscin (1.0 mL L−1), and a non-anaesthetized control group were compared. Biochemical profiles were determined from blood samples collected before treatment in controls. For each anaesthetic tested, fish were divided into two groups, one sampled immediately after 10-min anaesthesia and a second, sampled 24 h after 10-min anaesthesia. The values determined in the present study suggested that internal organs and tissues of perch were slightly altered by MS 222, clove oil and 2-phenoxyethanol anaesthesia, but not by Propiscin anaesthesia.  相似文献   

18.
This study established a pilot‐scale recirculating treatment system that coupled an ecological process with a biological process to achieve adequate water quality and to minimize the water consumption for intensive marine culture. The recirculating treatment system consisted of a settling cell, a biofilter tank, a bivalve tank and gravel beds. The toxic pollutants, threatening the growth of bivalves, were reduced by the settling cell and the biofilter tank, so that the polyculture of shrimp and bivalves could be achieved. The living bivalve tank could function well as a remover of remaining small suspended solids (SS), and other pollutants. As the SS was reduced to a very low level by bivalve tank before the water flowing into the gravel beds, the risk of clogging was prevented. The studies suggested that the system maintained high removal efficiencies of SS, ammonium nitrogen () and nitrite nitrogen () and could contribute to the increase in shrimp yield.  相似文献   

19.
  1. Bivalves are important components of freshwater ecosystems; however, they are also one of the most threatened animal groups, especially members of the order Unionida. The main threats to freshwater bivalves are habitat modification and invasive species. Protected areas are a common way to minimize impacts and preserve native species, but they are rarely designated with a focus on freshwater invertebrates.
  2. The main goal of this article was to describe the distribution of freshwater bivalves in the state of Rio de Janeiro, and the relationship between these species and bioclimatic areas, land use and protected areas.
  3. Five native and two invasive bivalve species have been reported in Rio de Janeiro. They occur mainly in bioclimatic areas related to the Paraíba do Sul River and Campista Lowlands. The few records of bivalves inside protected areas are in areas of sustainable use that offer a lower level of protection, and frequently in sympatry with invasive bivalves.
  4. Thus, the established protected areas in Rio de Janeiro are not adequately effective for freshwater bivalve conservation, and some species remain under threat even within them. Freshwater bivalves thus remain largely unprotected in the state.
  5. The development of new protected areas and management plans should consider other faunal groups that are usually ignored, such as freshwater bivalves, to achieve more inclusive and effective protection.
  相似文献   

20.
The dominant coastal bivalve in Vietnam, hard clams Meretrix spp., collected from the South Key Economic Zone (SKEZ), the Mekong River Delta, and the Central Coastal Zone (CCZ) were analyzed for 21 trace elements. Comparison of the results from the three regions indicated that levels of most of the trace elements, especially As, Mo, Sn, and Pb, were highest in the samples collected from the CCZ, whereas most of the trace elements were found to be present at relatively low levels in samples from the SKEZ. The high concentrations of these trace elements in the CCZ, a sparsely populated region with less human activity than the other two regions, were believed to have originated from industrial waste produced in a shipyard. Although the trace element concentrations in the bivalves were within safe levels for human-consumption criteria reported by the United State Food and Drug Administration and the European Commission, estimation of cancer risk based on As concentration indicates that the hard clams from the CCZ pose a high risk to consumers. Thus, the industrial waste produced in the less densely populated region might increase the health risk to consumers via the contamination of bivalves commonly used as food.  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号