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1.
有机无机肥配施对冬水田水稻产量和耕层土壤性质的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在农业生产要求全面减施化肥农药的大背景下,综合评价四川冬水稻田区有机无机配施对水稻产量和土壤肥力的效应具有一定意义。本试验在冬水稻田区,比较了在等氮量替代条件下,无N(CK)、单施化肥N、P、K(T1)、30%有机肥N+70%化肥N(T2)、50%有机肥N+50%化肥N(T3)、100%有机肥N(T4)等处理的水稻产量、氮肥利用和土壤肥力变化情况。结果表明,有机无机肥配施处理的水稻产量较CK增加17.29%~31.43%,T2处理最高,且明显提高了氮肥利用率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力;有机无机肥配施具有提升土壤有机质、培肥地力的作用。可见,冬水稻田区适宜的有机肥替代方案为30%有机N+70%化肥N,既可稳定水稻产量、降低成本,又可提高氮素利用率和降低对农田环境的不良影响。 相似文献
2.
长期有机肥无机肥配施对水稻氮素吸收、转运及产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于25年定位试验,设置6个大田试验处理（CK,不施肥;NPK,常规施用化肥;1/4M+3/4NPK,25%有机肥替代化肥;1/2M+1/2NPK, 50%有机肥替代化肥;M,100%有机肥替代化肥;MNPK, 100%化肥+100%有机肥）,研究了长期有机肥无机肥配施对水稻氮素吸收和利用的影响。结果表明,水稻地上部N素总积累量与产量大小均表现为MNPK>1/4M+3/4NPK> NPK>1/2M+1/2NPK>M>CK,与NPK处理相比,MNPK和1/4M+3/4NPK处理的地上部氮素总积累量增加20.11%~27.86%、产量增加2.04%~12.42%。各处理花前N素转运量对籽粒贡献率（69.54%~84.60%）显著高于花后积累量对籽粒贡献率（15.40%~30.46%）,花前N素积累是水稻植株N素的主要来源。1/4M+3/4NPK处理的氮肥偏生产力及氮收获指数均高于NPK处理,分别提高16.42%、10.29%。有机无机肥配施比单施化肥处理显著改善了稻米品质,提高了籽粒氨基酸含量,其中,非必需氨基酸含量是必需氨基酸含量的2倍左右。长期施肥条件下,25%有机肥替代化肥处理在化肥减施基础上,可以提高肥料利用率、促进水稻养分吸收,是黄壤性水稻土地区实现水稻增产、品质提升的最佳施肥措施。 相似文献
3.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(4):529-534
AbstractExperiments were conducted to evaluate the nitrogen (N) balance in forage rice cultivation using animal manure in 1/2,000a Wagner pots in a greenhouse. The cattle manure and poultry manure were applied at 3 levels of N (0, 14, 28 g available N m–2) without additional chemical fertilizer application. The pots were designed to simulate the fluid percolation in the paddy field. The results indicated increasing levels of N input improved plant height, tiller number, SPAD value and biomass (straw, grain and root) production, however, N leaching from soil (Andosols) due to percolating water also increased. The planting of rice plants proved to reduce 30% of the N leaching loss. N use efficiency, the ratio of N uptake by plant per unit N application, decreased in higher N application. The N uptake by the above-ground parts occupied about 66% of the whole plants. 相似文献
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化肥减量配施有机肥对小麦生长、光合和产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为研究化肥减量配施有机肥对小麦生长和产量及经济效益的影响,以小麦品种新冬42号为材料,进行了常规化肥减量25%配施有机肥(CF+M25)、常规化肥减量50%配施有机肥(CF+M50)、常规化肥减量75%配施有机肥(CF+M75)、常规化肥(CF)、空白对照(CK)5个处理的田间试验,分析了不同化肥配施有机肥处理下小麦生长、光合相关指标和经济效益的差异。结果表明,与CF处理相比,CF配施有机肥处理的冬小麦株高、叶面积指数无显著变化,CF+M25处理小麦叶片的比叶重显著增加,增加幅度3.7%,CF+M50处理使小麦叶片单株分蘖数增加了7.89%;有机肥配施处理对冬小麦SPAD和光合参数有一定影响,但与CF处理比较规律性不明显;CF+M50处理显著增加冬小麦穗部干物质积累量,并且有较高的地上部生物量。常规化肥减量25%和减量50%配施有机肥能促进小麦增产且有效降低化肥施用量,可作为新疆伊犁地区有机肥与化肥配施的推荐用量。 相似文献
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Chlorophyll meter-based nitrogen management of rice grown under alternate wetting and drying irrigation 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Farmers have adopted alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation to cope with water scarcity in rice production. This practice shifts rice land away from being continuously anaerobic to being partly aerobic, thus affecting nutrient availability to the rice plant, and requiring some adjustment in nutrient management. The use of a chlorophyll meter (also known as a SPAD meter) has been proven effective in increasing nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) in continuously flooded (CF) rice, but its use has not been investigated under AWD irrigation. This study aimed at testing the hypotheses that (i) SPAD-based N management can be applied to AWD in the same way it is used in CF rice, and (ii) combining chlorophyll meter-based nitrogen management and AWD can enhance NUE, save water, and maintain high rice yield. Experiments were conducted in a split-plot design with four replications in the 2004 and 2005 dry seasons (DS) at IRRI. The main plots were three water treatments: CF, AWD that involved irrigation application when the soil dried to soil water potential at 15-cm depth of −20 kPa (AWD−20) and −80 kPa (AWD−80) in 2004, and AWD−10 and AWD−50 were used in 2005. The subplots were five N management treatments: zero N (N0), 180 kg N ha−1 in four splits (N180), and three SPAD-based N-management treatments in which N was applied when the SPAD reading of the youngest fully extended leaf was less than or equaled 35 (NSPAD35), 38 (NSPAD38), and 41 (NSPAD41). In 2005, NSPAD32 was tested instead of NSPAD41. A good correlation between leaf N content per unit leaf area and the SPAD reading was observed for all water treatments, suggesting that the SPAD reading can be used to estimate leaf N of rice grown under AWD in a way similar to that under CF. SPAD readings and leaf color chart (LCC) values also showed a good correlation. There were no water × nitrogen interactive effects on rice yield, water input, water productivity, and N-use efficiency. Rice yield in AWD−10 was similar to those of CF; yields of other AWD treatments were significantly lower than those of CF. AWD−10 reduced irrigation water input by 20% and significantly increased water productivity compared with CF. The apparent nitrogen recovery and agronomic N-use efficiency (ANUE) of AWD−10 and AWD−20 were similar to those of CF. The ANUE of NSPAD38 and NSPAD35 was consistently higher than that of N180 in all water treatments. NSPAD38 consistently gave yield similar to that of N180 in all water treatments, while yield of NSPAD35 about 90% of that of CF. We conclude that a combination of AWD−10 and SPAD-based N management, using critical value 38, can save irrigation water and N fertilizer while maintaining high yield as in CF conditions with fixed time and rate of nitrogen application of 180 kg ha−1. Treatments AWD−20 and NSPAD35 may be accepted by farmers when water and N fertilizer are scarce and costly. The findings also suggested LCC can also be a practical tool for N-fertilizer management of rice grown under AWD, but this needs further field validation. 相似文献
7.
南方红壤区稻 稻连作体系下氮肥减施模式研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
进行了连续3年6季的定位试验,比较了不施氮（N0）、常规施氮（NNL）2个对照处理与6个氮肥减施处理对双季稻产量及其构成因素、经济效益、土壤肥力水平的影响。结果表明,在低于传统施氮量20%的条件下, 30%常规氮肥用量 + 50%厩肥有机氮肥用量（30F + 50M）、30%常规氮肥用量 + 50%缓释氮肥用量（30F+ 50S）产量与NNL持平,比80%传统氮肥用量（80F）分别增产4.7％和5.2％;其余减施氮肥处理与80F产量基本持平。产量构成因子在不同施氮处理之间有明显差异,其中有效穗数、每穗粒数与产量正相关,结实率与产量负相关。经过3年6季水稻种植,土壤肥力除有效钾外,处理30F + 50M有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷含量和pH值分别比NNL处理提高了21.3％、7.0％、34.7％、4.9％、41％。其中,有机质、有效磷含量、pH值均显著高于80F处理。其余各减施氮肥处理与80F相比无显著差异。因此,在南方双季稻连作区,在减少施氮20％的条件下,30F + 50M、30F+ 50S是值得推荐的施肥措施。 相似文献
8.
稻鸭共育对水稻生长后期农艺性状及产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探讨稻鸭共育模式下水稻生长后期地上部农艺性状和籽粒灌浆动态的变化,设置稻鸭共育(RD)、常规水稻栽培(RH)和不施任何药剂栽培水稻(CK)的对比试验,研究水稻生长后期地上部农艺性状的动态变化及产量形成.结果表明:RD和RH处理的水稻分蘖、地上部干物质积累、剑叶叶片SPAD值、根伤流液、籽粒灌浆和产量均优于CK处理.与RH处理相比,RD处理降低了水稻分蘖的峰值,两者相差0.45,保持分蘖中后期水稻分蘖数的稳定;增加水稻地上部干物质的积累量,增幅为4.20%~16.42%,齐穗期和成熟期达到显著性差异;水稻生长后期维持剑叶叶片SPAD值和根伤流液在较高的水平,利于水稻籽粒充实度和粒重的增加,从而有利于水稻产量的增加. 相似文献
9.
以常规早籼稻品种浙辐203为试验材料,研究了不同施肥模式和施肥量水平对早籼稻产量和产量构成、大田茎蘖发育动态、肥料利用效率、生产成本和收益等指标的影响,以期筛选和优化早籼稻机插秧同步侧深施肥的高产高效施肥模式。结果表明,常规肥料同步侧深施肥模式(A1)在产量水平、产值、经济收益和肥料农学效率等指标上均优于专用控释肥料同步侧深施肥模式(A2),高于或接近机插秧常规高产栽培模式(CK1),显著高于省工栽培模式(CK2);生产成本显著低于A2和CK1;化肥全部减量15%的处理(B2)在产量、产值和经济收益方面高于化肥全量处理(B1),显著高于减量30%的处理(B3),产量和效益高于CK1。经综合比较,适宜早籼稻采用的毯苗机插侧深施肥模式为：普通肥料减量15%(纯N 166.5 kg/hm2,P2O570.5 kg/hm2,K2O 141.0 kg/hm2),机插同步侧深施用77%N、100%P和65%K,人工撒施23%N和35%K作穗肥。 相似文献
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采用裂区设计,研究了氮肥用量和插植密度对杂交粳稻辽优5206生长和产量性状的影响,为北方粳稻高产高效栽培提供依据。结果表明,随着施氮量增加,水稻分蘖数、抽穗期干物质量、拔节期SPAD值、株高和穗长显著增加,有效穗数、穗粒数和产量虽增加但不显著;随着栽插密度的增加,水稻分蘖数、干物质量、有效穗数明显增加,灌浆期SPAD值、株高、穗长、穗粒数显著降低,抽穗期SPAD值、结实率和产量则先增后降;氮肥用量和密度在产量等多数性状上互作效应不显著;取得高产的最佳肥密组合是240 kg/hm2和16.7万丛/hm2。 相似文献
12.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(4):284-292
AbstractThe suitability of anaerobically-digested manure (ADM) from a biogas plant, as an alternative to chemical fertilizers for rice cultivation was evaluated by a long-term study. At the standard nitrogen (N) application rate (10 g m?2), the aboveground biomass, N uptake, and grain yield in rice plots with ADM application (MF) were not significantly different from those in the plots treated with chemical fertilizer (CF). Split application of ADM improved the apparent N efficiency. The N application rate corresponding to maximum grain yield was approximately 15 g m?2 by a split application, and more N application by using ADM saturated grain yield due to decrease in ripened grain ratio and individual grain weight. On the whole, the soil total-C, total-N and available N in the MF plot were not significantly different from those in the CF plot. The available phosphate (P) levels was lower in the MF plot than in either the CF plot or plot without N application (NF), mainly due to lower content of P in ADM. However, the P level remained much higher than the fatal threshold level for the growth of paddy rice. These findings suggest that under appropriate fertilization conditions, ADM is a valuable organic resource, and can be used continuously as an alternative to chemical fertilization for rice cultivation, without substantial changes in soil C and N fertility. 相似文献
13.
水肥条件对杂交水稻辽优5218产量形成的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以辽优5218为供试材料,研究了不同灌溉方式下氮肥运筹方式对水稻产量的影响。结果表明,A2B2处理、A1B1处理辽优5218产量较高,分别达到11 406、11 306 kg/hm2,二者之间没有显著差异。由于节水灌溉处理比常规灌溉节水约40%,因此杂交水稻辽优5218采取A2B2的水肥管理模式更有利于节本增收。在两种灌溉方式下,较高基蘖肥比例(80%)均不利于有效穗数的增加。节水灌溉处理剑叶叶绿素含量下降较快,说明节水灌溉与常规灌溉相比加速叶片衰老进程,不利于结实率提高。提高水稻成穗率和结实率是发挥辽优5218产量优势的重要途径。 相似文献
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沼液与氮肥配施对小麦产量及品质的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为给小麦高产优质生产中沼液利用提供依据,在大田条件下,研究了沼液与氮肥配施对小麦籽粒产量及品质的影响.结果表明,在全生育期总施氮量240 kg·hm-2条件下,在基施化肥氮基础上追施沼液,尤其基施75％化肥氮和追施25％沼液氮配合处理(3/4U+1/4B)显著提高了淀粉糊化特性参数(峰值黏度、最终黏度、稀懈值和反弹值)、粉质参数(形成时间、稳定时间、粉质指数)和拉伸参数(拉伸面积、拉伸阻力和拉伸比).籽粒蛋白组分(总蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白)含量以基施50％化肥氮和追施50％沼液氮配合处理(1/2U+1/2B)最高,3/4U+1/4B处理次之.籽粒蛋白组分、粉质与拉伸参数均以单施沼液处理(1/2B+1/2B)最低,单施化肥氮的处理(1/2U+1/2U)次之,而淀粉糊化特性参数以1/2U+1/2U处理最差,施用沼液的处理较1/2U+1/2U处理提高2.0％～6.5％.与1/2U十1/2U处理相比,基施沼液与追施化肥氮配合处理产量提高,而基施化肥氮与追施沼液氮处理的产量降低.可见在基施沼液的基础上追施化肥氮可提高小麦产量,其中1/2B+1/2U处理能够高产和优质兼顾,单施沼液效果低下. 相似文献
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为筛选适合优质麦的肥料运筹方式,明确基肥、壮蘖肥和穗肥的产量效益,以镇麦10号为材料,探究不同的肥料运筹对镇麦10号产量、经济效益和品质的影响。结果表明:基肥、壮蘖肥和穗肥相比,穗肥的产量最高,净效益最好,显著高于基肥和壮蘖肥;其中基肥的产量高于壮蘖肥,净效益低于壮蘖肥,但是差异不显著。基肥中分别施用磷酸二铵、复合肥、氯化钾,以及追肥中分别施用磷酸二铵、复合肥、氯化钾和基肥追肥都用复合肥共7个处理相比,基肥追肥都用复合肥的处理产量较其他处理好,净效益也较其他处理好,平均增加7.9~20.8元/667 m2。在品质方面,基肥中施用复合肥和氯化钾可以改善镇麦10号的品质,而追肥对其品质的提升作用不显著。因此,镇麦10号的最佳施肥方式为:基肥(尿素11.0 kg/667 m2+复合肥22.5 kg/667 m2)+分蘖肥(尿素9.0 kg/667 m2)+拔节肥(尿素10.0 kg/667 m2+复合肥12.5 kg/667 m2)+穗肥(尿素7.5 kg/667 m2)。 相似文献
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《Plant Production Science》2013,16(3):271-277
AbstractThe effects of different methods of fertilization on rice uptake and recovery of nitrogen were studied using 15N-lablled chicken manure (CM) and ammonium sulfate (AS). The results showed that the application method of totally basal dressing of organic and inorganic fertilizers can increase the N uptake by rice from the fertilizers. The N uptake from CM was obviously higher than that from AS. The N partitioning to rice grain was also higher than other application methods. The effect on increasing yield was obviously higher than the method of application of chemical fertilizers only. This method had such benefits as increasing N use efficiency, increasing N residue in soil and reducing N loss. High rice yield can be obtained while the soil fertility can be maintained with this method. So it is an effective and practical method of fertilization technique thus can be recommended to rice growers. 相似文献
18.
宁夏南部山区马铃薯施肥现状与评价 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为解决宁夏南部山区旱地马铃薯养分资源管理存在的问题。2012年,采用农户抽样调查方法,分析评价了3个县区100户宁夏南部山区旱地马铃薯的施肥现状和产量情况。结果表明,宁夏南部山区马铃薯当季纯N,P2O5,K2O平均总用量分别为249,95,60 kg/hm2,其中,N、P2O5养分输入以化肥为主(分别占57%和69%),而K2O输入以有机肥为主(占98%以上)。氮肥基施和追施平均用量分别为196和53 kg/hm2,基追比约为8︰2。施氮量与产量分布不同步,施氮200300 kg/hm2的农户数最多(占36%),但其平均产量仅12.7 t/hm2。随着施磷量的增加,马铃薯平均产量提高。随着施钾量的增加,马铃薯的产量呈先增加后降低的趋势,施K2O 100300 kg/hm2的农户数最多(占36%),但其平均产量仅12.7 t/hm2。随着施磷量的增加,马铃薯平均产量提高。随着施钾量的增加,马铃薯的产量呈先增加后降低的趋势,施K2O 100150 kg/hm2的平均产量最高(达16.6 t/hm2)。58%的旱地马铃薯种植户氮肥总投入过量,50%以上的磷肥和钾肥用量不足。因此,宁夏南部山区马铃薯要遵循有机无机配施,控氮、增磷、补钾的原则,有机肥用量为22.5150 kg/hm2的平均产量最高(达16.6 t/hm2)。58%的旱地马铃薯种植户氮肥总投入过量,50%以上的磷肥和钾肥用量不足。因此,宁夏南部山区马铃薯要遵循有机无机配施,控氮、增磷、补钾的原则,有机肥用量为22.530.0 t/hm2,化肥N、P2O5、K2O用量分别不超过150,90,40 kg/hm2为宜。 相似文献
19.
以两优培九为材料,采用大田微区试验,研究不同氮肥水平(N1,9 g/m~2;N2,12 g/m~2;N3,15 g/m~2)下不同蚯蚓粪施用量(EC0,0;EC_1,16.88 kg/m~2;EC_2,33.76 kg/m~2)对水稻生长及产量形成的影响。结果表明,移栽40 d后EC_2和EC_1处理的茎蘖数均显著高于EC0(P0.05);幼穗分化期和乳熟期EC0处理的SPAD值均显著低于EC_1和EC_2处理(P0.05);齐穗期EC0处理的叶面积指数分别比EC_1和EC_2处理低32.7%和80.7%,地上部总干物质量分别比EC_1和EC_2处理低30.6%和59.8%;成熟期有效穗数、地上部干物质量和水稻产量均表现为EC_2EC_1EC0,EC_2和EC_1处理的有效穗数分别比EC0处理多41.5%和21.3%、地上部干物质量分别比EC0处理高47.7%和25.8%、产量分别比EC0处理高35.4%和34.3%。由此可见,施用蚯蚓粪便可促进水稻分蘖,提高水稻叶面积、SPAD值和地上部干物质量,进而提高水稻籽粒产量。 相似文献
20.
无公害施肥对水稻病虫草害发生及产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以水稻品种F-2000为材料,进行了施用不同肥料防治水稻病虫草害、提高产量的技术的研究。在每公顷施氮195 kg、一次性全层施肥的同一条件下,设尿素、氮磷钾复合肥、BB硅肥、生物有机肥、生物有机肥+尿素、畜粪等6种肥料处理,以不施肥为对照。结果表明:与单施无机肥尿素和氮磷钾复合肥相比,BB硅肥、畜粪的处理对水稻主要病虫害稻纵卷叶螟有较好的控制作用,与不施肥无显著差异。与施用生物有机肥、生物有机肥+尿素和对照相比,施用畜粪和氮磷钾复合肥处理的杂草密度显著降低。与对照相比,所有施肥处理产量均有较大提高。 相似文献