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1.
Abstract

Studies on nutrient interactions in aromatic rice are needed for proper understanding of impact of imbalanced use of nutrients in the era of multi and micro-nutrient deficiencies. A pot experiment was conducted during the rainy/wet season (June–October) of 2013 at New Delhi, to study the interaction effects of two levels each of nitrogen (N) (0 and 120?kg?ha?1), phosphorus (P; 0 and 25.8?kg?ha?1), and zinc (Zn; 0 and 5?kg?ha?1) in two aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties, viz. Pusa Rice Hybrid 10 and Pusa Basmati 1121. Application of N, P, and Zn resulted in increase of dry matter (0.91, 0.32, and 0.24?g plant?1, respectively) 60?days after sowing (DAS) and grain yield of rice (3.68, 1.67, and 1.17?g plant?1). The increase in yield of rice owing to N application was relatively higher by 0.98, 0.22, and 1.05?g plant?1, respectively, when either P or Zn or both were applied with N than alone application of N, indicating synergetic effect of P and Zn application with N. The higher concentration and uptake of K in grain (0.25% vs 0.10%) and straw (1.32% vs 0.94%) were observed in the treatment received N than no N, though K was applied uniformly in all the treatments. It indicates positive interaction of N and K. The higher uptake of P in grain and straw was observed when P was applied with N and Zn (3.34 and 2.15?mg plant?1), or with N (3.26 and 2.11?mg plant?1) signifying positive effect of N on P uptake in rice.  相似文献   

2.
Abstract

Several silicon (Si) extractants are being employed in different countries mostly for lowland acidic soils. Present investigation was conducted to evaluate suitable extractants for upland paddy grown on alkaline soils. Available Si was extracted by using ten different extractants. Tris buffer pH 7.0 (1:10) in Inceptisols showed positively highest and significant correlation with grain yield (r?=?0.870), grain Si uptake (r?=?0.887), straw yield (r?=?0.852), and straw Si uptake (r?=?0.919). However, 0.5?M acetic acid (1:2.5) in Vertisols showed positively highest and significant correlation with grain yield (r?=?0.810), grain Si uptake (r?=?0.852), straw yield (r?=?0.850), and straw Si uptake (r?=?0.929). The application of Si @ 200?kg ha?1 along with chemical fertilizers significantly increased yield and nutrient uptake of upland paddy on Vertisols. Tris buffer pH 7.0 (1:10) and 0.5?M acetic acid (1:2.5) were suitable extractant for Inceptisols and Vertisols, respectively based on its correlation with yield and nutrient uptake.  相似文献   

3.
A greenhouse experiment was conducted at Land Resources Research Institute, NARC, Islamabad to examine the impact of humic substances (HSs) coating on potassium fertilizers use efficiency. Tomato variety “Rio Grande” was used. The treatments applied were T1= Control (N, P at 250 and100?mg kg?1 respectively), T2?=?N, P?+?K at 200?mg kg?1 as SOP, T3?=?N, P?+?K at 200?mg kg?1 as NPK blend, T4?=?N, P?+?K at 200?mg kg?1 HSs coated SOP) and T5?=?N, P?+?K at 200?mg kg?1 HSs coated NPK blend. Results indicated a positive impact of sole and HSs coated products on agronomic traits, nutrient concentration, fruit quality traits, flower number, fruit umber, fruit weight, chlorophyll contents, fresh and dry biomass, tissue water contents, diameter and fruit mineral composition. The response of afore said traits to applied treatment varied.  相似文献   

4.
Abstract

One of the problems in obtaining high wheat yield is the unavailability of micronutrients in balanced quantities. Zinc is an essential micronutrient due to its involvement in many metabolic processes in plant. In this experiment, seeds of two wheat cultivars (Faisalabad-2008 and Lasani-2008) were subjected to soak in aerated Zn solution of 0.1 and 0.01?M for 12?hr. For the seed coating, Zn was adhered to the wheat seeds by using Arabic gum by using zinc sulfate (ZnSO4·7H2O) as a source. Untreated dry seeds were considered as a control. Results indicated that field emergence was improved by Zn seed treatments, maximum numbers of seedlings were observed in seed priming with 0.01?M Zn solution. Seed osmoprimed with 0.01?M Zn solution improved the grain yield, biological yield, and other yield related traits. Grain and straw Zn enrichment were also enhanced in seed osmoprimed with 0.01?M Zn solution.  相似文献   

5.
Summary Three field experiments with wheat were conducted in 1983, 1984, and 1985 in Terra Roxa soil in Paraná, the major Brazilian wheat-growing region, to study inoculation effects of various strains of Azospirillum brasilense and A. amazonense. In all three experiments inoculation with A. brasilense Sp 245 isolated from surface-sterilized wheat roots in Paraná produced the highest plant dry weights and highest N% in plant tops and grain. Grain yield increases with this strain were up to 31 % but were not significant. The application of 60 or 100 kg N ha–1 to the controls increased N accumulation and produced yields less than inoculation with this strain. Another A. brasilense strain from surface-sterilized wheat roots (Sp 107st) also produced increased N assimilation at the lower N fertilizer level but reduced dry weights at the high N level, while strain Sp 7 + Cd reduced dry weights and N% in the straw at both N levels. The A. amazonense strain isolated from washed roots and a nitrate reductase negative mutant of strain Sp 245 were ineffective. Strains Sp 245 and Sp 107st showed the best establishment within roots while strain Cd established only in the soil.  相似文献   

6.
A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of integrated use of farmyard manure and bio-inoculants on wheat productivity for two years in succession. Increasing levels of farmyard manure (FYM) up to 15 t ha?1 significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved the dry matter accumulation, effective tillers per m row length, and grain weight per spike in both the years. Application of 15 t ha?1 FYM caused significant increase in spikelets per spike and grains per spike over control and 5 t ha?1 during two consecutive years. Inoculation with MSX-9 strain of Azotobacter chroococcum produced significantly higher dry matter accumulation to 25.63, 13.33, 7.78 and 23.66, 8.35, 5.50% over uninoculation, Azospirillum brasilense (SP-7) and Azospirillum lipoferum (A-5) at harvest during 1999–2000 and 2000–2001, respectively. Incorporation of 15 t ha?1 FYM significantly (p ≤ 0.05) enhanced grain and straw yield to 62.45 and 38.05%; 56.66 and 36.28%; 59.42 and 37.52% over control in 1999–2000, 2000–2001 and pooled analysis, respectively. The grain and straw yield of wheat significantly (p ≤ 0.05) enhanced to 26.51, 10.10, 7.54 and 14.45, 5.77, 3.16% through A. chroococcum (MSX-9), A. brasilense (SP-7) and A. lipoferum (A-5) over uninoculation.  相似文献   

7.
ABSTRACT

Nutrient uptake and grain and straw yield of Egyptian winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. Merr.) were evaluated for two site-years after the seed inoculation with two biofertilizer products, Phosphorien, containing the phosphorus (P)-solubilizing bacteria Bacillus megatherium, and Nitrobien, containing a combination of nitrogen (N)-fixing bacteria Azotobacter chroococcum and Azospirillum liposerum. Ammonium nitrate and polymer-coated urea fertilizers were applied to plots alone and together with the biofertilizers at rates of either 83 kg N ha?1 or 186 kg N ha?1 for comparison. The highest grain yield (5.76–6.74 Mg ha?1) and straw yield (11.49–13.32 Mg ha?1) occurred at the highest fertilizer rates with N fertilizer. There was a slight additional increase in grain and straw yields when a biofertilizer was applied along with N fertilizer. A slightly higher grain and straw yield was measured with the polymer-coated urea treatment than with the ammonium nitrate treatment. The biofertilizer materials were not as effective as N fertilizers in producing grain (4.02–4.09 Mg ha?1) or straw (7.71–8.11 Mg ha?1) for either year, although the Nitrobien + Phosphorien combination increased these parameters over the N-fertilizer control. The effect of the Nitrobien biofertilizer in increasing grain yields was equivalent to a urea application rate of about 13 kg N ha?1. Biofertilizer inoculations increased iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) concentrations in wheat tissue (at boot stage), but these higher levels did not influence grain or straw yield.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

Foliar fertilization with micronutrients and amino acids (AAs) has been used to increase the grain yield and quality of different crops. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Zn and AAs foliar application on physiological parameters, nutritional status, yield components and grain yield of wheat-soybean intercropping under a no-till management. We used a randomized block experimental design consisting of eight treatments and four replicates. The treatments were five Zn rates (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8?kg ha?1) and 2?L ha?1 of AAs and three additional treatments: a control (without the Zn or AA application), 2?kg ha?1 Zn and 2?kg ha?1 Zn + 1?L AA. The treatments were applied by spraying during the final elongation stage and at the beginning of pre-earing for the wheat and in growth stage V6 for the soybean for two crop years in a Typic Oxisol (860?g kg?1 clay). Zinc foliar fertilization increased the wheat grain Zn concentrations. The Zn rates and AA foliar fertilization in soil with did not affect the physiological parameters, nutrient status or yield components. The AA application at the different concentrations tested changed the soybean grain yield and the leaf N concentration. The results suggest that Zn and amino acids application increases the grains Zn concentration in the wheat, being an important strategy to agronomic biofortification.  相似文献   

9.
The concept of productive efficiency of nutrients has been discussed at length by Kimura and Chiba (1943)1). Considering that the effect of a nutrient for the production of grain and straw may be divided into several growing periods of plant.life, Kimura and Chiba (1943) conducted water culture experiments to study the effect of nitrogen absorbed at a definite period on the production of grain and straw. The total productive efficiency was divided into several partial efficiencies based upon the growing period of the rice plant. The following is a summary of their findings.  相似文献   

10.
 A field experiment was conducted in the Inshas area (Sharkeia governorate) to study the potential of biofertilizers, when the quantities of commercial fertilizers were reduced, for optimal wheat production. The different treatments were arranged in a completely randomized block design with seven replicates. N fertilizer was applied in three treatments with one control, i.e. zero, full, half and one-fourth rates, in the presence or absence of inocula. Azospirillum brasilense strain Sp245 was used as a biofertilizer. Generally, inoculation increased the accumulation of shoot dry matter and grain yield by about 35%, relative to the control treatment. Similar trends were observed in the case of N and P uptake by shoots and grains, as well as the efficient use of both, where inoculation increased the acquisition of the two elements as compared with the uninoculated plants. The obtained data showed that N2 fixed by shoots and grains ranged from 2 to 10 kg N ha–1 and from 8 to 19 kg N ha–1, respectively. With respect to fixed N2, the best treatment was inoculation combined with the one-fourth dose of N, followed by inoculation combined with half of the recommended N dose. Most of the fixed N was utilized by grains and the results clearly reflected the negative effect of high N fertilizer rates on biological N fixation. It is obvious that inoculation, in general, enhanced the N fertilizer utilized by both shoots and grains of wheat plants. In conclusion, the application of biofertilization technology to a light-textured soil with low fertility had a positive effect on plant growth, N gained from the air and enhancement of fertilizer N uptake (apparent recovery fraction). Received: 22 April 1999  相似文献   

11.
Information on the combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizers on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity is lacking under moisture stress conditions of Northwest Pakistan. The present experiment was designed to ascertain the combined effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer management on rainfed wheat. Four levels of farm yard manure, FYM, (0, 10, 20, and 30 Mg FYM ha?1) and nitrogen (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 kg N ha?1) were used. The experiment was conducted at the Agriculture Research Farm of NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar, Pakistan during crop season of 2003–04. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with four replications. Plant height, productive tillers m?2, grains spike?1, grain yield, straw yield, and harvest index were significantly higher in plots which received 30 Mg FYM ha?1. In the case of nitrogen (N) no distinctive differences between the effect of 90 and 120 kg ha?1 was observed for most of the parameters. Nitrogen application at 90 kg ha?1 had significantly higher; plant height, grains spike?1, grain yield, straw yield, and harvest index as compared with the lower levels, i.e., 0, 30, and 60 kg N ha?1 but were at par with 120 N kg ha?1. Significantly higher numbers of productive tillers m?2, grains spike?1, grain yield, straw yield and harvest index were recorded with application of 30 Mg FYM ha?1 + 90 kg N ha?1. The present study suggested that application of 30 Mg FYM ha?1 + 90 kg N ha?1 are promising levels for higher production of wheat under moisture stress conditions. Further research work is needed to ascertain the effect of N above 90 kg ha?1 under different moisture regimes.  相似文献   

12.
Spring-sown crops are expected to have a higher risk of drought during summer in the next decades in Central Europe due to expected climate change. Therefore, a two-year experiment was conducted under Pannonian growing conditions in Eastern Austria to investigate the effect of autumn- and spring-sowing of facultative wheat. Autumn-sowing of facultative wheat enhanced crop development, soil coverage, crop stand height, crop growth rate, and nitrogen (N) utilization efficiency during the vegetation period compared to spring-sowing; duration of growth stages was prolonged and crops were earlier ripe. In contrast, spring-sowing resulted in higher relative growth rates, higher N concentrations of aboveground dry matter, higher relative N uptake rates, and more mineral N in the soil. At harvest, grain yield and yield components ears m?2 and thousand kernel weight (TKW) were higher in autumn-sown than in spring-sown wheat, resulting thereby in an increased seed yield. Spring-sown wheat had higher N concentrations in grain and in straw. Anyhow, N yield was slightly higher with autumn-sowing due to the higher grain and straw yields. Grain and straw yield, plant stand height, ears m?2, and TKW were impaired in the second experimental year by a severe drought for both sowing dates as well as N concentrations and N yields of grain and straw, partial factor N use efficiency and N utilization efficiency. But the yield components harvest index, grains m?2, and grains ear?1 were strongly impaired with spring-sowing under drought conditions. Thus, autumn-sowing of wheat resulted in higher yield stability across both years, based on these yield components highlighting possible benefits of autumn-sowing with expected summer drought under climate change.  相似文献   

13.
A long-term field experiment was conducted for 8 years on a Vertisol in central India to assess quantitatively the direct and residual N effects of soybean inoculation with Bradyrhizobium and wheat inoculation with Azotobacter in a soybean–wheat rotation. After cultivation of soybean each year, its aerial residues were removed before growing wheat in the same plots using four N levels (120, 90, 60 and 30 kg ha?1) and Azotobacter inoculation. Inoculation of soybean increased grain yield by 10.1% (180 kg ha?1), but the increase in wheat yields with inoculation was only marginal (5.6%; 278 kg ha?1). There was always a positive balance of soil N after soybean harvest; an average of +28 kg N ha?1 yr?1 in control (nodulated by native rhizobia) plots compared with +41 kg N ha?1 yr?1 in Rhizobium-inoculated plots. Residual and direct effects of Rhizobium and Azotobacter inoculants caused a fertilizer N credit of 30 kg ha?1 in wheat. Application of fertilizers or microbial inoculation favoured the proliferation of rhizobia in crop rhizosphere due to better plant growth. Additional N uptake by inoculation was 14.9 kg N ha?1 by soybean and 20.9 kg N ha?1 by wheat crop, and a gain of +38.0 kg N ha?1 yr?1 to the 0–15 cm soil layer was measured after harvest of wheat. So, total N contribution to crops and soil due to the inoculants was 73.8 kg N ha?1 yr?1 after one soybean–wheat rotation. There was a total N benefit of 13.8 kg N ha?1 yr?1 to the soil due to regular long-term use of microbial inoculants in soybean–wheat rotation.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

A pot experiment was conducted to study the interaction effects of phosphorus and copper on wheat. The soils used were calcareous loamy sand (ls) and non calcareous sandy loam (sl). Four levels of Cu (0, 5, 10 and 20?mg Cu kg?1 soil) and six levels of P (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400?mg P kg?1 soil) were applied in all possible combinations with three replications. Soil pH decreased with Cu application while Olsen P increased with P application in both soils. Growth and yield of wheat improved significantly with graded levels of applied P. However, when any level of P was combined with 20?mg Cu kg?1 soil, severe iron chlorosis of leaves, a drastic reduction in growth and chlorophyll content was observed in calcareous ls only. The results indicated that it was Cu and not P that induced Fe deficiency in wheat grown in alkaline calcareous soil and the Cu requirement of the crop seemed to be much lower in the calcareous ls. Root dry matter, grain and straw yield decreased with increasing levels of applied Cu in ls but in sl maximum increase of 62.5, 74.3 and 63.7 per cent in root, grain and straw yield was observed with a combined application of 400?mg P and 5?mg Cu kg?1 soil over control. Accumulation of Cu in roots decreased the Fe absorption by roots which indicated that Fe chlorosis of wheat leaves is expected when Cu: Fe concentration ratio in root is > 0.30.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

Nutrient resorption from senescing leaves is a pivotal component of nutrient conservation strategy in a plant. Thus understanding the response of nutrient resorption to fertilization is of great help to minimize fertilizer use and further optimize fertilization management. However, little is known about how nutrient resorption responds to fertilization in N2-fixing species. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers were applied at different rates to alfalfa stands in the Loess Plateau. N fertilization hardly affected leaf N and K resorptions, but tended to increase P resorption. P fertilization increased N and K resorptions but affected P resorption in various ways. However, effect of N or P fertilization was significantly interplayed by P or N rate. At N100P60, alfalfa had the maximum biomass accumulation and less leaf resorption. Therefore, alfalfa could be performed well with 100?kg N ha?1 and 60?kg P2O5 ha?1 in this region.  相似文献   

16.
Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important impact factors on development and growth of wheat. In this study the effects of nitrogen use efficiency on quantity and quality of grains were studied by agronomic management of N fertilizers on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown under field conditions for two years. The experiments were performed at 16 combinations of N application amount and time, including four levels of N at 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha?1 that were used as pre-plant fertilizers, sub-treated with four levels of the same N amount used as top-dress fertilizers. As a result, with an increase in total N fertilizers, grain yield increased in a cubic equitation, but partial factor productivity (PFPN, kg grain yield per kg N applied) decreased exponentially. With total fertilizers, N content and accumulation in vegetative tissues and grains increased linearly, but N uptake efficiency (UtEN, kg nutrient taken up per kg N applied) decreased exponentially. When N was over-applied (>360 kg N ha?1 in this study), grain yield clearly declined, due to decrease in productivity from per unit N. The high N level (240～300 kg N ha?1), the reasonable distribution between pre-plant and top dress from the same amount N fertilizer not only increased grain yield but also enhanced N use efficiency.  相似文献   

17.
The availability of nitrogen (N) contained in crop residues for a following crop may vary with cultivar, depending on root traits and the interaction between roots and soil. We used a pot experiment to investigate the effects of six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (three old varieties introduced before mid last century and three modern varieties) and N fertilization on the ability of wheat to acquire N from maize (Zea mays L.) straw added to soil. Wheat was grown in a soil where 15N‐labeled maize straw had been incorporated with or without N fertilization. Higher grain yield in three modern and one old cultivar was ascribed to preferred allocation of photosynthate to aboveground plant parts and from vegetative organs to grains. Root biomass, root length density and root surface area were all smaller in modern than in old cultivars at both anthesis and maturity. Root mean diameter was generally similar between modern and old cultivars at anthesis but was greater in modern than in old cultivars at maturity. There were cultivar differences in N uptake from incorporated maize straw and the other N sources (soil and fertilizer). However, these differences were not related to variation in the measured root parameters among the six cultivars. At anthesis, total N uptake efficiencies by roots (total N uptake per root weight or root length) were greater in modern than in old cultivars within each fertilization level. At maturity, averaged over fertilization levels, the total N uptake efficiencies by roots were 292?336 mg N g?1 roots or 3.2?4.0 mg N m?1 roots for three modern cultivars, in contrast to 132?213 mg N g?1 roots or 0.93?1.6 mg N m?1 roots for three old cultivars. Fertilization enhanced the utilization of N from maize straw by all cultivars, but root N uptake efficiencies were less affected. We concluded that modern spring wheat cultivars had higher root N uptake efficiency than old cultivars.  相似文献   

18.
The yield response of a wheat (Kirik) and a barley (Tokak 157/37) cultivar to inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense Sp246 and Bacillus sp. OSU‐142 was studied in relation to three levels of N fertilization (0, 40, and 80 kg ha–1) under field conditions in Erzurum, Turkey, in 1999 and 2000. Seed inoculation with A. brasilense Sp246 significantly affected yield and yield components, both in wheat and barley. On average of years and N doses, inoculation with A. brasilense Sp246 increased spike number per m2, grain number per spike, grain yield, and crude protein content by 7.2, 5.9, 14.7, and 4.1 % in wheat and by 6.6, 8.1, 17.5, and 5.1 % in barley, respectively, as compared to control. Inoculation with Bacillus sp. OSU‐142 significantly increased kernel number per spike in wheat, but no significant effect was determined in the other characteristics. Grain yields and yield components were also higher at all levels of nitrogen fertilizer in the inoculated plots as compared to the control. However, these increases diminished at high fertilizer levels. These results suggest that application of the growth promoting bacteria A. brasilense Sp246 may have the potential to be used as a biofertilizer for spring wheat and barley cultivation in organic and low‐N input agriculture.  相似文献   

19.
A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of direct incorporation of either wheat straw or its biochar into a cultivated Chernozem on gross N transformations calculated by the 15N pool dilution technique and nitrous oxide (N2O) production rates. Incorporation of wheat straw stimulated gross NH 4 + (ammonium) and NO 3 ? (nitrate) immobilization rates by 302 and 95.2?%, respectively, suppressed gross nitrification rates by 32.2?%, and increased N2O production by 37.7?%. In contrast, the addition of a biochar produced from the wheat straw did not influence any of the above N cycling processes. Therefore, application of biochar could be a possible management strategy for long-term C sequestration (through soil storage of stable C contained in the biochar) in soils without increasing N2O production rates, but could not effectively immobilize NO 3 ? in the soil.  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

The presence of 4-MeGln in the tulip plant was discovered by ZACHARIUS et al. (1954), and it was found that this amide generally occurred in the leaves of almost all the species of genus Tulipa (FOWDEN and STEWARD 1957a). The 4-MeGln compound has been detected in every part of the tulip plant, i.e., bulb scales, roots, basal plate, young shoots, leaves, stern, and flower (FOWDEN and STEWARD 1957a, b; OHYAMA 1986; OHYAMA et al. 1985, 1988a, b; ZACHARIUS et al. 1954, 1957). Especially 4-MeGln was found to be a major soluble N constituent in the leaves and stem of tulip of the flowering stage (OHYAMA et al. 1985; OHYAMA 1986).  相似文献   

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