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1.
Soil moisture is a principal environmental factor limiting legume productivity in the tropics and sub-tropics. A pot experiment was conducted at the wire house of National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt to study how potassium (K) fertilizer can mitigate the adverse effect of water stress. Three Japanese soybean (Glycine max L.) genotypes, non-nodulating (NN) (En 1282), nodulating (N) (Eneri) and super-nodulating (SN) (En-b0-1) were grown under two potassium fertilizer levels (25 and 150 mg kg?1 soil as K1 and K2, respectively). The water stress (WS) was conducted for eight days. WS significantly reduced nodules numbers and weights, shoot dry weight, relative water content, seed yield, oil, total carbohydrate contents while protein was significantly increased in the three soybean genotypes compared with well-watered (WW). Water stress and/or K treatments caused significant increase in both free amino acids and proline as well as shoot nitrogen in the three soybean genotypes.  相似文献   

2.
Application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer at the flowering stage changed the contents of storage compounds in seeds of Soybean (Glycine max L. cvs Enrei and Tamahomare). The effects of the N application on the maturation of soybean seeds were examined by comparing changes in the contents of amino acids, sugars, water, protein, and oil in seeds from N‐dressed plants (NDS) with those from undressed plants (UDS) during maturation. The application resulted in a decrease of contents of total and some amino acids (glutamine and asparagine) in developing seeds except for at the early maturation stage and in a decreased protein content of mature seeds. On the other hand, the N application led to faster accumulation of oil in developing seeds and to an increased oil content of mature seeds. Based on these results, it was concluded that the N application at the flowering stage changed the composition of solutes imported by developing seeds and resulted in variations in the contents of storage compounds. The results indicate that it is possible to improve seed quality by fine control of N application.  相似文献   

3.
We compared the concentrations and contents of protein and oil in mature seeds from nodulated and non-nodulated soybean plants grown on soils with four different N levels during maturation. We observed a positive correlation between the contents of protein and oil in seeds from nodulated plants. Seeds from nodulated plants grown on urea-treated soil showed higher protein and lower oil contents than those from plants grown on soil treated with coated slow release N fertilizer (LP-100). Contents of these compounds in seeds from nodulated plants grown on LP-100 soil were almost the same as those from non-nodulated plants on the same soil. These observations indicated that N economy in roots during seed maturation affects the contents of storage compounds. We suggested that the control of the N2 fixation activity of soybean plants and management of soil N level during seed maturation are important to determine the contents of protein and oil in seeds.  相似文献   

4.
Oilseed production can be affected in arid and semi-arid regions that are exposed to water shortages. Nevertheless, cultivation of drought-resistant crops such as Indian mustard is a suitable way to gain acceptable yields. Effects of different levels of irrigation and sulfur (S) fertilizer on the quantity and quality parameters of mustard (Brassica juncea) were assessed in a trial at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, during 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 growing seasons. The experiment was carried out in a split plot as randomized complete block design with three replications. The experiment treatments consisted of three irrigation levels [no irrigation, one irrigation at 45 days after sowing (DAS), and two irrigations at 45 DAS and 90 DAS] in main plots and four sulfur levels (S; 0, 15, 30, and 45 kg S ha?1) in subplots. The results showed that in the two successive years of the experiment, the number of siliquae/plant, length of siliqua, number of seeds/siliqua, and 1000-seed weight increased significantly with increasing the level of irrigation, which resulted in greater seed yield than no irrigation. Also, mustard plants irrigated two times showed the greatest values of nitrogen (N), protein, and oil content of the seeds over no irrigation in both years of this study. The oil yield and S content in the seed of mustard increased significantly with increasing the level of irrigation in both years. Number of siliquae/plant, siliqua length, number of seed/siliqua, and 1000-seed weight increased significantly with increasing the rates of S up to 45 kg S ha?1 in both years of experimentation; however, in 2008–2009 the difference between application of 30 and 45 kg ha?1 S was not statically significant. Also, the seed yield, N, protein, oil, and S contents in seeds of mustard increased significantly with increase in the level of applied S in both years.  相似文献   

5.
Root nodulation by rhizobial bacteria and P fertilization may affect seed protein and lipid composition in plants by altering nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nutrition or by eliciting metabolic responses by the host plant. This study was conducted to determine the effects of rhizobium and P fertilization on seed protein and lipid contents and yield of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik). Lentil was grown to maturity in a greenhouse with P levels of 0 (low) and 50 (high) mg kg‐1 soil with or without inoculation with Rhizobium bacteria. At the low level of P, protein and lipid concentrations and protein contents were significantly higher in inoculated than in uninoculated plants. Seed dry weight and protein concentrations and contents were higher in inoculated than in uninoculated plants at the high level of P. Seed protein/lipid (Pro/L) concentration ratios varied between inoculated and uninoculated plants at both P levels, and was related to the intensity of root nodulation. Lipid and protein contents were highly correlated with P content in lentil seeds. Seed lipid and protein contents were lower at the high level of P in uninoculated than inoculated plants. The data indicate different patterns of seed P accumulation and different relationships between seed P content and protein and lipid contents in inoculated and uninoculated plants. This might indicate that the intensity of nodulation altered the response of seed protein and lipid metabolism to increasing P availability, which affected protein and lipid ratios.  相似文献   

6.
小麦蚕豆间作施氮对小麦氮素吸收、累积的影响   总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6  
田间试验研究了小麦蚕豆间作及4种施氮水平(0、90 kg·hm-2、180 kg·hm-2和270 kg·hm-2)对小麦植株体内氮含量、小麦地上部氮素累积及氮素养分吸收速率的影响。结果表明: 间作显著增加了小麦地上部植株的氮含量, 与单作相比, 分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期不同施氮处理间作小麦植株的氮含量平均比单作提高20.0%、21.9%、21.4%和17.1%; 抽穗期和成熟期间作小麦叶、茎和穗中的氮含量均高于单作; 间作显著提高了小麦植株的氮素累积量和氮素吸收速率, 与单作相比整个生育期间作小麦氮素累积量增幅为15.5%~30.4%。无论单作还是间作, 小麦植株氮含量和氮素累积量随氮肥用量的增加而增加, 施氮对单作小麦植株氮含量、氮素累积量和氮素吸收速率的影响大于间作, 随着氮肥用量的增加, 间作优势逐渐减弱; 单作小麦植株的氮素吸收速率随氮肥用量的增加而增加, 间作小麦植株的氮素吸收速率随氮肥用量的增加呈先增后降的趋势。本研究表明, 间作和施氮促进了小麦对氮素的吸收利用, 间作优势与施氮水平密切相关, 间作体系中氮素养分的合理投入是发挥间作优势的关键。  相似文献   

7.
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cv. Modern grown in refined sand at deficient (0.033 mg L‐1) boron (B) developed visible symptoms of low B accompanied by marked depression in growth, dry matter, tissue B, flower head size, and seed weight. The B deficient seeds showed a marked decrease in non‐reducing sugars and contents of oil and starch whereas in leaves reducing sugars accumulated. Except for slight increase in leaf B and flower size, resumption of sufficient B (0.33 mg L‐1) to B deficient plants from the day of anthesis could not appreciably alter the growth, dry matter, head size and seed weight of deficient plants. Apart from this, non‐reducing sugar content in seeds increased on resupplying B to deficient plants. A significant decrease in non‐reducing sugars and starch content in B sufficient seeds by withdrawing B from the day of anthesis indicate a specific role of B in production and deposition of reserve in the seeds of sunflower.  相似文献   

8.

In order to study the effects of seed nitrogen content and biofertilizer priming on germination indices of wheat seeds under salinity stress, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with four replications was conducted in 2009. Experimental factors consisted of: (1) the application of different nitrogen fertilizer rates (0, 55, 110 and 165 kg ha?1 N) on parent plants; (2) priming of achieved seeds by biofertilizers (Nitragin, Biophosphorus and distilled water); and (3) different levels of salinity produced by NaCl (0, ?0.4, ?0.8 and ?1.2 MPa). Germination percentage, germination rate, mean germination time, germination index, radicle and plumule length, radicle and plumule dry weight and radicle number per seedling were measured. Nitrogen application increased seed nitrogen content in parent plants. All germination indices decreased with increasing in salinity levels. Biofertilizer priming, especially Nitragin, had a positive effect on germination percentage, radicle number and radicle and plumule length in most salinity levels. The highest values for germination factors were related to achieved seeds from parent plants that were treated with 110 kg ha?1 N. Overall, application of middle levels of N fertilizer (55 and 110 kg ha?1 N) on parent plants combined with seed priming with Nitragin biofertilizer improved the germination indices of wheat under salinity stress.  相似文献   

9.
Abstract

The roots of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) establish symbiosis with nodule-inducing rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. The existing nodules systemically suppress subsequent nodule formation, a phenomenon known as autoregulation. Grafting experiments revealed that some forms of autoregulation are controlled by the shoot. In the present study, we examined shoot-controlled regulation of AM fungal colonization using a reciprocal grafting technique. Ten-day-old seedlings of wild-type soybean cv. Enrei and its hypernodulating mutant En6500 were cut below the cotyledons and the shoots were grafted to self or reciprocal roots. Grafted seedlings were inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Gigaspora rosea and grown in a glasshouse for 60 days. The arbuscule abundance of the En6500 (shoot)/En6500(root) graft was 1.5-fold higher than that of the Enrei/Enrei graft. In grafts between Enrei and En6500, an increased arbuscule abundance was detected only when En6500 was used as the shoot. The arbuscule abundance of Enrei/En6500 when Enrei was used as the shoot was comparable to that of Enrei/Enrei. The intensity of AM fungal colonization was lower in Enrei/En6500 than in the other grafting treatments. From the results obtained, we suggest that soybean shoots systemically control arbuscule formation in both AM symbiosis and nodule formation.  相似文献   

10.
With regard to the low cation-exchange capacity and large saturated hydraulic conductivity of sandy soils, a field experiment was carried out in 2006–2007 to determine the impact of zeolite on nitrogen leaching and canola production. Four nitrogen (N) rates (0, 90, 180, and 270 kg ha–1) and three zeolite amounts (3, 6 and 9 t ha?1) were included as treatments. The results demonstrated that the highest growth parameters and seed yield were attained with 270 kg N ha?1 and 9 t zeolite ha?1. However, the highest and the lowest seed protein percentage and oil content were obtained with 270 kg N ha?1 accompanied by 9 t zeolite ha?1, respectively. Nitrate concentration in drained water was affected by nitrogen and zeolite. The lowest and highest leached nitrate values were found in control without N and zeolite (N0Z0) and in treatments with the highest N supply without zeolite (N270Z0), respectively. In general, nitrogen-use efficiency decreased with an increase in N supply. Application of 9 t zeolite ha?1 showed higher nitrogen use efficiency than other zeolite amounts. Also, application of more N fertilizer in soil reduced nitrogen uptake efficiency. In total, application of 270 kg N ha?1 and 9 t zeolite ha?1 could be suggested as superior treatment.  相似文献   

11.
The objective of the present study was to record the seed yield and to examine visually the quality of soybean seeds cultivated under different types and placements of urea fertilizers. In addition to the conventional fertilizer application (including ammonium sulfate 16 kg N ha-1 broadcasting (100 kg N ha-1 of urea (0B) and X00-d type coated urea CU-100 (CUB), and deep placement (100 kg N ha-1) of urea (UD) and 100-d type coated urea CU-100 (CUD) was conducted in separate plots in a paddy field converted to an upland field located at Shindori Experimental Station of Niigata University. Soybean plant growth was periodically analyzed and the quality of harvested seeds was also visually examined (hereafter referred to as “visual quality”). It was found that the deep placement treatments were more conducive 1o nitrogen (N2)fixation, based on the relative mreide N concentration in the xylem sap, which is a good indicator of N~fixation by soybean. Also the total seed yield was the highest in CUD (82 g plant-1) and 0D (81 g plant-1), compared to the control (62 g plant-1), UB (68 g plant-1), and CUB (68 g plant-1). The visual quality of harvested seeds showed that CUD enhanced the quality of seeds compared to the other treatments, in which the percentage of good quality seeds, hereafter referred to as "good seeds," based on the dry weight was 51 (control), 65 (K3B), 61 (CUB), 61 (0D), and 6696 (CUD). In terms of diseased seeds, the percentage of turtle wrinkle and broken seed coats was found to decrease by N application compared to the control. Thus, it is suggested that N fertilization management is important for maximum yield of soybean as well as for the enhancement of seed quality.  相似文献   

12.
Polymer-coated urea (PCU) may facilitate nitrogen (N) placement with the seed. Laboratory experiments evaluated the effect of (i) variety and N treatment and (ii) urea contact with the seed on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) emergence. Four varieties were grown in a silt loam soil (–200 kPa Ψm, where Ψm is matric potential) with control (0 kg N ha?1), PCU treatment (44% N) at 56, 112, and 168 kg N ha?1, or urea treatment (56 kg N ha?1) placed with the seed. One variety had less emergence than the control with PCU at N rates ≥112 kg ha?1. Urea delayed and decreased emergence of all varieties. In another experiment, urea (56 kg N ha?1) was placed in contact with or between seeds. The contact treatment exhibited delayed and lower emergence. The no-contact treatment behaved similar to controls. Large amounts of 44% N PCU can be placed with the seed without reducing wheat emergence when soil Ψm is at least –200 kPa.  相似文献   

13.
The effects of calcium and humic acid on seed germination, growth and macro- and micro-nutrient contents of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) seedlings in saline soil conditions were evaluated. Different levels of humic acid (0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg kg?1) and calcium (0, 100, 200 and 400 mg kg?1) were applied to growth media treated with 50 mg NaCl kg?1 before sowing seeds. Seed germination, hypocotyl length, cotyledon width and length, root size, shoot length, leaf number, shoot and root fresh weights, and shoot and root dry weights of the plant seedlings were determined. Macro- and micro-nutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) contents of shoot and root of seedlings were also measured. Humic acid applied to the plant growth medium at 1000 mg kg?1 concentration increased seedling growth and nutrient contents of plants. Humic acid not only increased macro-nutrient contents, but also enhanced micro-nutrient contents of plant organs. However, high levels of humic acid arrested plant growth or decreased nutrient contents. Levels of 100 and 200 mg kg?1 Ca2+ application significantly increased N, Ca and S contents of shoot, and N and K contents of root.  相似文献   

14.
ABSTRACT

In arid zones, farmers are obligated to reduce water amounts used in irrigating their lands. Consequently, reduction in final yields is realized. Thus, dealing with such a case became a decisive act. We tried to investigate the acceptable degree of lowering irrigation water with sustaining the productivity of groundnut as a way for managing drought conditions. Therefore, in summer seasons of 2016 and 2017 at the Experimental Research and Production Station, National Research Centre, Egypt, field trials were conducted with growing groundnut plants under three irrigation levels, i.e., 50%, 75%, and 100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), denoted as I50, I75, and I100, respectively. N, P, and K contents in seed and shoot and their yields in addition to harvest and partitioning indices were estimated. In spite of irrigating groundnut plants by normal water amounts, I100, caused the maximum weight of seed biomass yield ha?1 and seed N and P contents, I75 was similar to I100 for producing shoot biomass yield ha?1 and seed K content. Moreover, N and P yields (for shoots and seeds) and k yield (for seeds) showed the maximum values with I100. Differences in all nutrient harvest indices (NHI, PHI, and KHI) between I100 and I75 were not significant. Furthermore, I75 statistically leveled with I100 in nutrient partitioning indices, viz., NPI, PPI, and KPI. In conclusion, groundnut straw residues produced by 25% less water supply than normal may share in managing drought stress by releasing nutrients and saving irrigation water in arid areas.  相似文献   

15.
Influence of different phosphorus (P) sources on growth, yield and oil quality of linola was evaluated when randomized in complete block design using three replications. Treatments were control (No P), hydropriming, soil phosphorus (50 kg ha?1), seed inoculation with phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB, Bacillus spp.) and seed priming with single super phosphate (2%) alone and combined with reduced soil phosphorus (25 kg P ha?1). Among treatments, hydropriming and seed inoculation reduced seedling 50% and mean emergence time with highest emergence index, seedling fresh and dry weights and chlorophyll contents. Seed inoculation with soil P (25 kg ha?1) produced highest seeds per capsule, 100-seed weight, seed and biological yield, harvest index. Maximum oil percentage, low protein contents and high cost benefit ratio with net economic returns were also found for seed inoculation combined with soil phosphorus. Nonetheless, soil phosphorus application can be reduced when seed inoculation with PSB is employed.  相似文献   

16.
To determine the effect of boron (B) deficiency on biomass, reproductive yield, metabolism, and alterations in seed reserves of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cv. ‘13.G‐256,’ plants were grown in refined sand until maturity at deficient (0.033 mg L?1) and adequate (0.33 mg L?1) B, supplied as boric acid (H3BO3). Boron‐deficient plants exhibited visible deficiency symptoms in addition to reduced number of pods and seeds, resulting in lowered biomass and economic yield. Boron deficiency lowered the concentration of B in leaves and seeds, photosynthetic pigments (leaves), Hill reaction activity, starch (in leaves and seeds), and proteins and protein N (in seeds), whereas phenols, sugars (in leaves and seeds), and nonprotein N (in seeds) were elevated. Specific activity of peroxidase (POX) increased in leaves and pod wall and decreased in seeds, while activity of acid phosphate and ribonuclease were stimulated in leaves, seeds, and pod wall in B‐deficient chickpea.  相似文献   

17.
The effects of sulfur (S) fertilization and harvest time on amino acid composition of seeds of field-grown lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) at two different sites were studied. The aim of this study was to determine amino acid content of seed protein and to increase low levels of sulfur amino acids and trytophan in lentil seeds, which are major components for grain quality, with sulfur fertilization and farming practices in lentil. For this purpose, lentil was sown at two locations on 18 and 19 October 2007, 0 kg S ha?1, 25 kg S ha?1, and 50 kg S ha?1 rates were used in the study. The plants were harvested at three different periods: early, optimal, and late period. According to the results, amino acid contents of protein were increased by sulfur fertilization and by the late harvest period.  相似文献   

18.
《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(5):1131-1148
Abstract

Cogenerational phenotypic plasticity compensation to nutrient limitations and shoot densities (light limitation) among individual plants of the same species could provide an increased fitness. Planting density varying between 4 and 16 plants per container and solution nitrogen varying between 5 and 19 mM were used to test phenotypic plastic responses in oat (Avena sativa cv. Montezuma) seed biochemistry and the resulting progeny. Seed Kjeldahl nitrogen (N), magnesium (Mg), and both albumin–globulin (l M NaCl soluble) and prolamin–glutelin (residue) protein fractions were affected by a solution N × plant density interaction. Phosphorus (P) content was influenced by both treatment variables. The protein fractions, P, N, and Mg, in seeds from parent treatments were generally highest in the two higher planting densities. The contents of N, P, Mg, and the prolamin–glutelin fraction were highest at mid‐N (9 mM), except for the 16 plants per container where they were maximal at high‐N (19 mM). In contrast, the albumin–globulin fraction responded linearly to N availability. Seeds per plant decreased while seed weights increased, as plant density increased. The seed content of N, albumin–globulin, prolamin–glutelin, P, and Mg were all negatively associated with the number of seeds per plant. Germination rates of progeny were inversely related to parent plants N treatment. Progeny from the treatment plants (seeds × germination percent) were inversely related, over a five‐fold range, to parent density. Progeny shoot/root ratios (S/R) were directly influenced by the N treatment of parent plants, with progeny from the highest parent N treatment having the highest S/R. Seed N and P content and the prolamin–glutelin protein fraction concentration were correlated with progeny SR. Seed weight was negatively correlated with progeny S/R. Annual grass seed numbers and weights and the allocation of several seed constituents are environmentally influenced by plant density and solution N. These seed biochemical and physiological effects result in a reproductive fitness change and a cogenerational phenotypic plasticity influenced progeny fitness (S/R attribute).  相似文献   

19.
The seed (grain) yield increases (responses) and concentration of oil in seed responses of canola (Brassica napus L.) to applications of fertilizer nitrogen (N), as urea (46% N), was measured in eight field experiments in south-western Australia (SWA). Nitrogen was applied at five different times of application, either at sowing or at three to four weekly intervals until 12–16 weeks (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 or 0, 4, 8, 12, 16) after seedling emergence. Canola, sown in late May to early June, was grown on a range of soil types in different locations of SWA. The greater the amount of N applied and the closer N was applied to the sowing of the canola seed usually gave the largest seed yield increase at both higher rainfall sites (> 500 mm) and lower rainfall sites (<350 mm). Maximum seed yield of canola were reached within nine weeks after seedling emergence. The exception was for a sandy soil (Fluventic Lithic Xerochrept; Brown Tenosol) at Narrogin where applications of N at six, nine, or 12 weeks after emergence gave higher yields compared to N applied earlier mainly due to N leaching in June and July.

The amount of N required for 90% of maximum seed (N90%Y) yield ranged from five to 58 kg N ha?1 with the amount depended on location and growing season. For six of the eight sites the higher amounts of N for N90%Y were required at sowing and three weeks after emergence. Similarly, N use efficiency (NUE, kg grain produced kg N applied?1) tended was highest for either the N applied at sowing or within three to four weeks after emergence of seedlings. The exception was for a sandy soil at Narrogin where applications of N at six, nine, or 12 weeks after emergence gave higher NUE compared to N applied earlier. N use efficiency decreased as the amount of N increased for all times of N application. Generally, the amount of N applied decreased the oil concentration of canola seed at each time of application. However, the effect of the time of application of N fertilizer on the decrease in oil concentration of canola seed was largest with the highest N level applied at 12 or 16 weeks after seedling emergence. The percentage the oil concentrations decreased as the amount of N applied increased varied with location and growing season. Further research work is required to elucidate the interaction between the growing season, possible rainfall and temperature, and the effects of N on grain yield and oil concentration in seed.  相似文献   

20.
In grain legumes, the N requirements of growing seeds are generally greater than biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and soil N uptake during seed filling, so that the N previously accumulated in the vegetative tissues needs to be redistributed in order to provide N to the seeds. Chickpea, field bean, pea, and white lupin were harvested at flowering and maturity to compare the relative contribution of BNF, soil N uptake, and N remobilisation to seed N. From flowering to maturity, shoot dry weight increased in all crops by approximately 50%, root did not appreciably change, and nodule decreased by 18%. The amount of plant N increased in all crops, however in field bean (17?g?m?2) it was about twice that in chickpea, pea, and lupin. The increase was entirely due to seeds, whose N content at maturity was 26?g?m?2 in field bean and 16?g?m?2 in chickpea, pea, and lupin. The seed N content at maturity was higher than total N accumulation during grain filling in all crops, and endogenous N previously accumulated in vegetative parts was remobilised to fulfil the N demand of filling seeds. Nitrogen remobilisation ranged from 7?g?m?2 in chickpea to 9?g?m?2 in field bean, and was crucial in providing N to the seeds of chickpea, pea, and lupin (half of seed N content) but it was less important in field bean (one-third). All the vegetative organs of the plants underwent N remobilisation: shoots contributed to the N supply of seeds from 58% to 85%, roots from 11% to 37%, and nodules less than 8%. Improving grain legume yield requires either reduced N remobilisation or enhanced N supply, thus, a useful strategy is to select cultivars with high post-anthesis N2 fixation or add mineral N at flowering.  相似文献   

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