共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 281 毫秒
1.
采用厌氧分步固体反应器系统进行蔬菜废弃物厌氧分解 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：5
最近获得专利的厌氧分步固体反应系统(美国专利号6342378B1)是一种新型的用于将固体废弃物转化为沼气以获取生物能源的新技术。此技术已被用以转化多种固体废弃物的科学研究,其中包括作物秸秆、动物粪便、食品废弃物和城市固体废弃物。研究结果证明,此技术不仅先进可行,而且操作简单。根据此技术,一种大型的用于将废弃物转化为能源的厌氧分步固体反映系统已经在美国开发出来。该文主要介绍此技术用于大蒜废弃物转化的研究结果 相似文献
2.
秸秆厌氧消化产甲烷的研究进展 总被引：3，自引：4，他引：3
近年来,随着国际能源紧缺与环境污染的日趋严重,秸秆厌氧消化产甲烷技术再次成为国内外学者研究生物质固废处理的热点之一。农作物秸秆厌氧消化产甲烷为大量廉价易得的生物资源转化为可再生能源提供了一个新机会。通过厌氧消化,不仅改善农村生态环境质量,还产生了清洁能源沼气,真正实现变废为宝,对解决农村用能和种植业污染问题有重要意义,也是目前中国最有希望实现产业化的生物质能源之一。然而,由于秸秆的特殊物理化学结构,使得微生物与酶很难对其吸附、降解,并因此限制了秸秆厌氧消化的推广、应用。尽管在当前中国的鼓励政策下,许多秸秆沼气示范工程建成并投入生产,但实际运行中依旧有些问题亟待解决。该文根据国内外关于秸秆厌氧消化产甲烷技术的最新研究成果,基于厌氧消化原理和原料特性分析的基础上,分析了影响秸秆产甲烷的因素及不足,总结了产气优化的方法,展望了秸秆厌氧消化产甲烷的发展方向。该项研究结果对推广秸秆厌氧消化产甲烷、加快生物质固废的资源化成果转化具有积极的推动意义。 相似文献
3.
蚯蚓对土壤温室气体排放的影响及机制研究进展 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
土壤是温室气体的重要源和汇。蚯蚓是土壤物质循环的重要参与者,能够直接或间接影响土壤CO2、N2O和CH4等温室气体的产生和释放。蚯蚓呼吸产生的CO2,是土壤呼吸的重要组成部分;蚯蚓自身肠道、分泌液、消化物和排泄物等微环境促进反硝化过程释放N2O。蚯蚓还通过取食、掘穴、排泄等活动,改变土壤理化性质、微生物组成和活性及其他土壤动物的组成,影响地上植物生长,调节土壤分解、矿化、硝化、反硝化和甲烷生成及氧化等生态过程,间接影响土壤温室气体的排放。蚯蚓对土壤温室气体排放的影响逐渐受到重视,但目前研究仍以室内培养和单因子环境条件的模拟为主,缺少野外原位实验和多环境因子的交互实验研究。长期监测和同位素示踪技术,是深入探讨蚯蚓影响温室气体排放机制的重要手段。温室气体类型上,CO2和N2O是研究热点,CH4研究比较罕见。未来研究,应重视不同生态类群蚯蚓与土壤理化特征、微生物组成、其他类群土壤动物和地上植物间的交互作用,加强机制研究,并关注土壤污染环境下蚯蚓功能性状的变化;综合评价蚯蚓对土壤温室气体排放和土壤碳氮固定的影响,科学评估蚯蚓活动对土壤碳氮释放的促进或减缓作用。 相似文献
4.
蔬菜废弃物厌氧发酵制取沼气的试验研究 总被引：23，自引：4，他引：19
该文以废弃的甘蓝菜叶为发酵原料,在实验室自行设计的小型沼气发酵装置上进行了厌氧发酵试验,通过测定发酵过程中发酵液和沼气的各项指标,对蔬菜废弃物厌氧发酵的可行性及接种物浓度对发酵过程的影响进行了研究.结果表明,蔬菜废弃物用厌氧发酵工艺处理是可行的;在试验采用的20%,30%,50%三个水平的接种物浓度中,接种物浓度为30%的实验组的挥发酸含量、氨态氮含量以及pH值都在正常范围内,总产气量和沼气中最高甲烷含量分别为7790.81 mL和42.814%,明显高于其他两组及空白组实验.该项研究对蔬菜废弃物的资源化利用提供了有益的参考. 相似文献
5.
不同有机负荷下混合蔬菜废物厌氧消化性能分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为优化蔬菜废物厌氧消化工艺,提高蔬菜废物厌氧消化处理效率,该文以混合蔬菜废物为原料,通过逐级提高厌氧反应的有机负荷,分析研究了蔬菜废物在不同有机负荷下的厌氧消化性能及相应的物质转化规律。试验在有机负荷率OLR 1.0、1.5、1.75、2.0、2.25、2.5、3.0、3.25、3.5 g/(L·d)条件下共运行170 d。研究结果表明：最优有机负荷率为2.75 g/(L·d),极限有机负荷率为3.5 g/(L·d);在2.75 g/(L·d)条件下有机负荷产气率达到最高,达到0.54 L/(g/(L·d)),甲烷体积分数稳定在51%～59%。有机负荷2.75和3.0 g/(L·d)条件下挥发性固体去除率最高达66.81%。有机负荷率在1.0～3.25 g/(L·d)时,挥发性有机酸质量浓度在409～481 mg/L,乙醇浓度在380～490 mg/L,属乙醇型发酵。该研究结果可为提高蔬菜废物厌氧消化处理效率提供理论依据,具有重要意义。 相似文献
6.
Janneth Jara-Samaniego Dolores Perez-Murcia Concepción Paredes Luis Gálvez-Sola Irene Gavilanes-Terán 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):157-169
In South America, a high percentage of urban waste streams are not well managed, implying associated health and environmental risks. In Ecuador, around 2.7 million tons of municipal solid wastes (MSW) are generated annually, with 80 percent located in urban areas. Correct management and hygienic and ecological issues from these increased quantities of waste is the responsibility of municipalities that must provide sewerage, wastewater treatment, and solid waste management, according to the Constitution of the Republic (Art 264). With only seven licensed landfill areas out of thirty-one in total (66 percent mechanized and 34 percent manually sorted), a sustainable waste management model must be developed to reduce environmental hazards and also to obtain new bioproducts such as compost or fertilizers. Agricultural utilization of MSW compost is the most cost-effective management option compared to traditional means such as landfilling or incineration, and this option also enables the recycling of potential plant nutrients. In this work, the problem we addressed was to obtain analytical information about representative MSW samples from different origins and locations within the Chimborazo region in order to establish its potential for composting. In the studied MSW samples (which included sludge from aerobic wastewater treatment plants), high nutrient contents and low concentrations of heavy metals were observed, showing great potential to develop high-quality compost. In addition, improvement of separate collections of food market and/or municipal gardening wastes can provide specific clean waste streams of degradable materials to be managed separately from not separately collected MSW. 相似文献
7.
为了研究厌氧消化过程中日产气量、累计产气量和甲烷含量随厌氧消化时间的变化规律,在中温35℃±1℃条件下,采用批式单相厌氧消化工艺,分别用香菇、杏鲍菇和平菇废弃菌棒与猪粪混合发酵。结果表明,蘑菇菌棒具有很好的产气潜力,其中香菇菌棒TS产气量最高,为142．9mL·g^-1,平均产气量664.1mL·d^-1,杏鲍菇菌棒所产气体甲烷含量最高,平均63．8％;添加猪粪调节蘑菇菌棒C／N至25／1,对香菇菌棒前期严重酸化现象起到了很好的缓冲作用,使香菇菌棒、杏鲍菇菌棒和平菇菌棒累计产气量较单一物料分别提高了131．5％、97．9％和79．9％。研究结论为：香菇、杏鲍菇和平菇废弃菌棒均具有良好的产气潜力;添加猪粪能显著提高蘑菇菌棒累计产气量,同时提高香菇菌棒甲烷含量,降低杏鲍菇菌棒甲烷含量,对平菇菌棒甲烷含量影响不大。 相似文献
8.
水葫芦厌氧发酵能源化利用已成为水葫芦处理与资源化利用的一个重要途径,以江苏省农业科学院水葫芦中试基地与常州市武进区水葫芦综合利用示范工程为案例,利用生命周期评价的方法建立水葫芦厌氧发酵产沼气工程污染物排放的清单,并对系统生命周期环境影响进行评价,以水葫芦能源利用产生1MWh电能为功能单位,评价其对环境产生的影响。研究过程将整个生命周期分成3个阶段：水葫芦厌氧发酵预处理、水葫芦厌氧发酵产沼气发电和沼液沼渣农田应用,重点考虑了3种环境影响类型：全球变暖、环境酸化和富营养化。评价结果为：各类型环境影响指数分别为2.1×10^-3、4.89×10^-2和1.98×10^-1,与能源作物发电及传统火力发电相比较,水葫芦厌氧发酵能源化利用中的CO2、SOx、NOx等污染物排放量均较低,对环境的负面影响最小,但水葫芦能源利用的生命周期效率仅为0.09,低于能源作物热电联用的技术途径（0.119）。降低水葫芦厌氧发酵能源化利用中的石化能源消耗、控制堆肥及沼液沼渣有机肥施用过程中氨挥发损失,对于提高水葫芦能源转化效率与降低环境影响指数至关重要。 相似文献
9.
Anaerobic digestion is becoming a more common method for treatment of organic wastes. Little is known, however, about the effects of this process on the fate of plant pathogens and seeds. Therefore, the fates of the plant pathogens Plasmodiophora brassicae, Heterodera schachtii, Meloidogyne incognita, Ralstonia solanacearum, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and tomato seeds were followed during anaerobic digestion of source separated household wastes. With the exception of TMV, all test organisms were destroyed to below detectable limits within one day of anaerobic digestion at 52°C. Two days of anaerobic digestion did not reduce the concentration of TMV. However, two days of anaerobic digestion followed by 19 days of high temperature composting at 58°C reduced the concentration of infectious TMV particles by a factor of almost three orders. Anaerobic digestion followed by 12 days of composting at 68°C was even more effective. Although TMV concentrations were not eliminated entirely, we conclude that short-term high temperature anaerobic digestion followed by high temperature composting is a highly efficient process for the eradication of detrimental agents from solid wastes. 相似文献
10.
区域蒸发量的遥感研究现状及发展趋势 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
遥感手段是解决区域蒸发量分布问题的重要方法。随着遥感和GIS技术的发展,定量遥感模型从大叶模型发展到两层、多层或多源模型,参数反演是其核心内涵,出现了比较系统的参数反演公式,但在参数反演时一般都需要风速、温度等参数,这些参数用遥感手段比较难以获得,这就限制了定量遥感模型的广泛应用,因此研究仅依靠遥感信息反演地表通量的定量模型是今后定量遥感模型的主要发展趋势。 相似文献
11.
参与式农村评估(participatoryruralappraisal,PRA)是国际上20世纪90年代初发展起来并迅速推广运用的农村社会调查研究方法,其核心是一个在外来者与当地人之间相互沟通和对话的过程。在山西省吉县蔡家川流域应用PRA,对流域景观格局及其影响因子进行尝试性研究,主要采用PRA的半结构访谈、问题树等方法,调查分析当地社区信息,结合地理信息系统的空间数据管理功能,完成相关数据的集成及图示表达,此外,还选取部分景观组分进行格局分析。结果显示:PRA为人为因子信息获取及相关评价分析,提供了一个主动而有效的途径,它与地理信息系统和遥感的结合,有助于科学合理地诠释与解析现状格局成因及预测未来演变趋势。在蔡家川流域,近期导致景观格局变异的主要人为干扰,是由外来利益群体的直接行为与本地核心问题———“缺水”共同作用而形成的。 相似文献
12.
Angel Torres-Climent Julio Martin-Mata Frutos Marhuenda-Egea Xavier Barber Maria Dolores Perez-Murcia 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):197-207
The management of biodegradable wastes is increasing, including the use of waste as a source of energy. Anaerobic digestion involves organic-matter decomposition under anoxic conditions by a microbial consortium, obtaining a source of renewable energy (biogas), mainly constituted of a mixture of carbon dioxide (CO2, 25–45 percent), methane (CH4, 55–75 percent), and the digested substrate (digestate). The direct application of digestate into agricultural soils presents several problems. These include agronomic (low concentration of nutrients, high salinity, etc.), economic (cost of transport and handling), and environmental issues (gaseous emissions, nutrient leaching, and pathogen spread). However, it is possible to obtain quality compost from the solid fraction of digestate, and the compost obtained can have good properties for use as container growing medium or for crop production. In this work, an optimized procedure has been developed for composting the solid phase of a digestate obtained from a continuous, anaerobic codigestion of cattle slurry with 84 percent of cattle manure, 7.4 percent of a mixture of maize/silage, and 8.6 percent of peach-juice pulp (fresh-mass basis). The experiment was designed to optimize pH, carbon (C) / nitrogen (N) ratio, and moisture values in order to maximize self-heating activity, using Dewar self-heating tests. A factorial optimization of moisture and C/N ratio was carried out. In the best moisture-C/N ratio treatment, pH optimization was also developed. To predict the optimum conditions of the studied residue related to the increase of temperature per dry matter, a multiple correlation analysis based on moisture, C/N ratio, and pH was developed, which explained 80 percent of the variance in this experiment. 相似文献
13.
Olivia Saunders Joe Harrison Ann Marie Fortuna Elizabeth Whitefield Andy Bary 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(3):1055-1063
Animal wastes are commonly used in a sustainable manner to fertilize crops. However, manures contain numerous pathogenic bacteria
that can impact animal and human health. Treatment of animal waste by anaerobic digestion has the potential to reduce pathogen
loading to land. This study was conducted to determine the fate of bacteria applied in raw and anaerobically digested dairy
slurries that were broadcast and subsurface applied in a field of forage grasses. Digested slurry had significantly fewer
indicator bacteria, Escherichia coli and fecal coliform at time of application. Anaerobic digestion did not increase the survivability of indicator bacteria.
Waste treatment and application method did not affect the rate of bacteria die-off. There were fewer E. coli and fecal coliform at the end of each trial in the soils that received digested slurry. Anaerobic digestion of dairy waste
has the potential to reduce pathogenic bacteria loading to cropland. 相似文献
14.
A. Pandey V. M. Chowdary B. C. Mal P. P. Dabral 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2011,22(3):359-372
Formulation of a proper watershed management plan requires reliable and up‐to‐date information about various factors such as morphologic (size and shape of the watershed, drainage parameters, topography), soil and their characteristics, land use, and land cover, etc. that affect the behavior of a watershed. Satellite based remote sensing technology and GIS meets both the requirements of reliability and speed and are ideal tools for generating spatial information needs. In this study, a locale‐specific watershed development plan was generated for the case study area of a small agricultural watershed of Karso, Hazaribagh, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS‐1C), Linear Imaging Self Scanner (LISS‐III) satellite data along with other datasets, e.g. existing maps and field observation data have been utilized for generating a land use/land cover map and to extract information on morphological parameters (bifurcation ratio, elongation ratio, drainage density, ruggedness number, relief ratio, and circulatory ratio) and other thematic maps which are an essential prerequisites for watershed development. Morphological parameters of subwatersheds were derived to understand its usefulness for surface water development. The conceptual framework for plan and site suitability mapping for soil and water conservation structures is developed and subsequently, these parameters were integrated with other thematic information viz., land use/cover, drainage, slope, and soil in the GIS environment to arrive at a decision regarding a suitable site for having soil and water conservation structures ( nala bund , check dam, and percolation tank) in its place adopting a holistic approach. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
将厌氧发酵残留物作为肥料还田是其资源化利用的有效途径,但国内外对其还田后氨气（NH3）和氧化亚氮（N2O）的排放特征及氮素利用率的报道较少。本研究通过微区试验,探讨了冬季和夏季大棚菜地追施猪粪沼液（DPS）后NH3和N2O的排放速率及氮素损失率。结果发现, 追施DPS后菜地NH3挥发激增,通常发生在施肥后的48 h 内;而N2O排放量在第一次施肥后大幅增加,随后逐步趋于稳定。追施DPS的处理其NH3和N2O的排放量均显著高于施用化肥的处理,冬季和夏季二者的损失量分别占肥料总量的16.4%～23.2%和24.7%～27.5%。土壤温度、水分和pH对沼液中氮素以NH3和N2O的形式损失的影响较大。 相似文献
16.
为解决干式厌氧发酵传质传热效果差,易造成微生物生长代谢不均匀等问题,该研究设计一款反应器,利用罐体滚动代替搅拌,使底物自由混合,大幅度解决了干式发酵的阻碍。通过中温批次发酵验证反应器性能,并与搅拌式反应器进行对比,结果表明:滚动式反应器发酵过程中甲烷体积分数最高达74.89%;发酵前期挥发性脂肪酸有一定程度的积累,但在中期被迅速消耗,且未对产气和pH值造成明显影响;底物挥发性固体去除率高达68.74%,发酵体系稳定。微生物群落结构随着发酵进行,不同时期呈现动态变化,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)是发酵体系中绝对的优势细菌门,最主要的古菌门是广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)。混合营养型的甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)伴随着发酵的推进成长为绝对优势甲烷菌属。 相似文献
17.
批式与连续两相发酵的果蔬废弃物厌氧产气性能 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
该研究采用批式试验与连续发酵试验探讨了苹果与蔬菜废物的厌氧发酵产气性能,结果表明:38℃下苹果与蔬菜废物混合进行厌氧发酵发生了协同促进作用,显著提高了混合原料的产气能力。在苹果废物与蔬菜废物的混合比例F:V=4:1时,混合原料的产沼气潜力达到了914.6 L/kg。利用修正的Gompertz模型能够很好的模拟果蔬废物批式厌氧发酵产气的累积产气过程,拟合结果的R2在0.983~0.999之间。果蔬废物连续进出料产气过程研究结果表明在HRT=24 d、35℃中温发酵条件下,果蔬废物为原料的一体化两相(combined two phase,CTP)反应器有机负荷OLR可达2.5 g/(L·d)时,此时CTP反应器的产气量最高可达12.9 L/d,反应器内物料比产气量为390 L/kg。这表明CTP反应器可以作为果蔬厌氧发酵产气的反应器。与全混式反应器相比,CTP反应器结构简单、成本低,但对果蔬废物的发酵效率低于全混式反应器。 相似文献
18.
基于Web-GIS和RS的煤矿废弃地植被恢复空间决策支持系统 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
该文采用Web-GIS(网络化地理信息系统)和RS(遥感)技术,集成了煤矿废弃地植被恢复潜力评价模型,植物适生品种的选择模型、土壤成分预测模型、植被恢复成本核算模型和土地整理方案选择模型,开发了煤矿废弃地植被恢复空间决策支持系统。该系统在IIS(Internet信息服务)、ArcIMS、ArcSDE和MS SQL Server平台下构建了B/S(Browse/Server)"瘦客户"模式,采用ASP.NET(C#)核心技术开发而成。该系统为矿业废弃地植被恢复网络化和数字化研究提供了依据,为国家、地方政府和矿山企业开展矿业废弃地动态监测和植被恢复管理工作提供了一种便捷的网络化、智能化、形象直观的决策支持方式。 相似文献
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基于深度学习与目标跟踪的苹果检测与视频计数方法 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
基于机器视觉技术自动检测苹果树上的果实并进行计数是实现果园产量测量和智慧果园生产管理的关键。该研究基于现代种植模式下的富士苹果视频,提出基于轻量级目标检测网络YOLOv4-tiny和卡尔曼滤波跟踪算法的苹果检测与视频计数方法。使用YOLOv4-tiny检测视频中的苹果,对检测到的果实采用卡尔曼滤波算法进行预测跟踪,基于欧氏距离和重叠度匹配改进匈牙利算法对跟踪目标进行最优匹配。分别对算法的检测性能、跟踪性能和计数效果进行试验,结果表明：YOLOv4-tiny模型的平均检测精度达到94.47%,在果园视频中的检测准确度达到96.15%;基于改进的计数算法分别达到69.14%和79.60%的多目标跟踪准确度和精度,较改进前算法分别提高了26.86和20.78个百分点;改进后算法的平均计数精度达到81.94%。该研究方法可有效帮助果农掌握园中苹果数量,为现代化苹果园的测产研究提供技术参考,为果园的智慧管理提供科学决策依据。 相似文献