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1.
ABSTRACT

The feasibility of split (soil + foliar) applications of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and addition of a small quantity of sulfur (S) in the spray was tested for improving performance of rapeseed-mustard genotypes in a factorial randomized field experiment. Three genotypes (two erucic acid free, viz. Brassica napus L. cv. ‘Hyola PAC – 401’ and Brassica juncea L. Czern. and Coss. cv. ‘TERI (0E) M 21-Swarna’, and one best performing high yielding Brassica juncea L. cv. ‘Rohini’ as a check) were grown with four soil (B) plus foliar (F) applications of N, P, and S with uniform basal 30 kg potassium (K) ha? 1 (K30), viz. (i) the optimum soil-applied treatment supplemented with the spray of deionized water (BN90P30 + Fw) comprising control, (ii) BN70P30 + F N20, (iii) BN70P28 + FN20P2, and (iv) BN70P28 + FN20P2S2. Soil Plus foliar application of nutrients, particularly BN70P28 + FN20P2S2, improved their performance with respect to growth characteristics (shoot length plant? 1, leaf number plant? 1, area leaf? 1, leaf area index, fresh weight plant? 1, and dry weight plant? 1), physico-biochemical parameters (net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, carboxylation efficiency, water use efficiency, carbonic anhydrase activity, leaf NPK content, and N use efficiency), yield attributes (pod number plant? 1, seed number pod? 1, 1000-seed weight, seed yield ha? 1, oil content, and oil yield ha? 1), and fatty acid composition in oil of these genotypes. The cultivar ‘Hyola PAC-401’ performed best particularly with BN70P28 + FN20P2S2. The improvement in the response of genotypes to the split application of nutrients may be attributed to their ready availability through foliar application.  相似文献   

2.
Silicon (Si) and salicylic acid (SA) foliar applications can benefit cotton yield especially if there is stress during cultivation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the foliar application of Si and SA on the photosynthetic variables and cotton yield. The experimental design used was randomized complete block, constituted by Si foliar application in potassium and sodium balanced silicate form (0 and 3.6?g L?1 of Si) and SA (0 and 210?mg L?1). The treatments were applied in three leaf sprays during the reproductive stage that coincided with water stress in tillage. Therefore, the Si foliar application associated with SA favors the physiological variables, increasing the photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency reflecting on the increase of cotton yield.  相似文献   

3.
Liming reduces acidity neutralizes aluminum (Al3+) and manganese (Mn2+) toxicities and increases calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) concentrations in many acid soils of the world. However, it reduces the availability of other cationic micronutrients that are essential for plant growth. Therefore, an experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions for assessing the effects of higher lime rates in foliar and grain boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) concentrations of 15 soybean genotypes [Glycine max (L) Merrill]. The lime rates were calculated to raise base saturation (V) to 40 and 70%. The soybean genotypes were classified as efficient and moderately efficient in lime-use, the most efficient cultivar was BRS 295RR, and the least efficient was TMG 7161RR and BMX Força RR. The lime rates × genotypes interaction was significant for foliar Cu. The grain the interactions were significant for B, Cu, Fe, and Mn concentrations. Foliar and grain B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn concentrations varied significantly among the genotypes. The Ca and Mg concentrations in the leaf, grain, and soil showed a positive correlation with foliar B concentrations and a negative correlation with leaf and grain Cu, Mn, and Zn concentrations.  相似文献   

4.
Expansion of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] cultivated in Brazil to regions with low fertility soils gave rise to studies on the possibility of obtaining highly productive cultivars with high nutrient use efficiency. An experiment in greenhouse conditions was conducted to assess phosphorus (P) use efficiency (PUE) by 13 soybean genotypes. The genotypes were grown in an Ustoxix Quartzipsamment with two P rates [0 (no P application) and 150 mg P kg?1], whose source was monoammonium phosphate (MAP, P2O5 44%). Shoot dry weight (SDW), grain yield (GY), grain harvest index (GHI), relative yield (RY), and physiological components (photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, respiratory rate, and internal CO2 concentration) were influenced by soybean genotypes and P rates. Genotypes BMX Apolo RR, BRS 360RR, BRS 378RR, CD 219RR, DM 2302RR, TMG 7161RR, and Vtop RR were classified as non-efficient and non-responsive to P application, while BMX Potência RR, Vmax RR, FPS Solar RR, NA 5909RR, TMG 1066RR, and M 6210 IPRO were classified as efficient and responsive. Phosphorus application increased the values of physiological components, which was not observed for N, K, Ca, Mg, and S concentration in the leaves and grains. Soybean genotypes selection for increased P efficiency could help growers overcome the problem of soybean cultivation on new areas or degraded pastures.  相似文献   

5.
不同氮、磷用量对杂种小麦旗叶光合特性的影响   总被引：20，自引：7，他引：20  
在大田条件下研究了不同氮、磷用量对杂种小麦旗叶光合特性的影响。结果表明,在施N122.5～337.5kg/hm2,P2O590～270kg/hm2范围内,随肥料用量增加杂种小麦旗叶净光合速率(Pn)、叶绿素(Chl)含量、可溶蛋白(Pro)含量、气孔导度(gs)和叶肉导度(gm)均升高,光合功能期延长,叶源量增加。母本(C6-38)与杂种F1表现相同趋势,而父本(Py85-1)在中肥和高肥处理下各指标的表现与杂种小麦相反。在旗叶整个老化过程中,杂种小麦与双亲本均值相比的净光合速率和光合功能期的平均优势均随氮、磷用量的增加而增大,且各施肥水平下均以老化后期大于前、中期。  相似文献   

6.
颗粒大小对浙江省土壤磁学性质的影响   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
LU Sheng-Gao 《土壤圈》2000,10(1):81-88
Effect of different shading levels (no-shading,80% shading,and 40% shading)on photosynthetic and stomatal responses in cotton leaves were investigated under conditions of different soil water contents in summer midday.All cotton leaves exhibited similar basic responses to shading,including decreased net photosynthetic rates,a tendency to decrease in transpiration rates,and increased stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration.The leaf conductance of 80% shaded and 40% shaded plants increased by 28% and 16.7% compared with no-shaded plants at high water,respectively,but the net photosynthetic rates of 80% shaded and 40% shaded plants declined by 50% and 14.73%,respectively,Results showed that combined effect of soil moisture and shading on photosynthetic and stomatal responses in cotton leaves was very remarkable.  相似文献   

7.
The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of saline groundwater depths (SGDs) (0.3, 0.55, and 0.80 m) with salinity equivalent to irrigation water salinity (WS) and irrigation WS (10, 20, 30, and 40 dS m?1) on physiological characteristics, gas exchange, and plant ion relations of quinoa in cylindrical lysimeters in greenhouse conditions. Root length density (RLD) in the soil layer close to the saline shallow groundwater decreased. Soil aeration was the key point for reduction in RLD by decreasing SGD that was intensified by the increase in WS. It is concluded that root of quinoa was sensitive to anaerobic soil conditions. Results showed that the mean value of leaf water potential (Ψ) dropped from ?1.53 to ?3.09 MPa by increasing WS from 10 to 40 dS m?1. Increasing WS from the lowest to the highest level resulted in 48% decrease in leaf photosynthesis rate (An). Results revealed that leaf stomatal conductance (gs) was more sensitive to salinity than An. Stomatal closure in quinoa started to occur when the Ψ value fell below approximately ?1.0 MPa. In general, increasing WS from 10 to 40 dS m?1 resulted in about 4.6-fold, 2.1-fold, and 2.6-fold increase in plant Na+, Ca2+, and Cl? concentration, respectively.  相似文献   

8.
Leguminous plant Alhagi pseudoalhagi was subjected to 0 (control), 50, 100, and 200 mM NaCI treatments during a 30 d period to examine the mechanism of tolerance to salinity. Plant dry weight, net CO2 assimilation rate, leaf stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, and solute concentration in leaves, stems, and roots were determined. Total plant weight in the 50 mM treatment was 170% of that of the control after 10 d of treatment. Total plant weight was lower in the 100 and 200 mM treatments than in the control. The leaf CO2 assimilation rate was approximately 150% of that of the control in the 50 mM treatment, but was not affected significantly by 100 mM of NaCI, while it was reduced to about 60% of that the control in the 200 mM treatment. Similarly stomatal conductance was consistent with the CO2 assimilation rate regardless of the treatments. Intercellular CO2 concentration was lower in the NaCI-treated plants than in the control. Changes in CO2 assimilation rate due to salinity stress could be mainly associated with stomatal conductance and the carboxylation activity. Although the leaf Na+ concentration increased to 900 mmol kg-1 dry weight in the 200 mM treatment compared to 20 mmol kg-1 in the control, the plants did not die and continued to grow at such a high leaf Na+ concentration. Uptake and transportation rates of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+, and the accumulation of N were promoted by 50 mM NaCI. Na+ uptake rate continued to increase in response to external NaCI concentration. However, the uptake and transportation rates of Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+ behaved differently under 100 and 200 mM salt stress. The results suggest that A. pseudoalhagi is markedly tolerant to salinity due mainly to its photosynthetic activity rather than to other physiological characteristics.  相似文献   

9.
Effect of different shading levels (no-shading, 80% shading, and 40% shading) on photosynthetic and stomatal responses in cotton leaves were investigated under onditions of different soil water contents in summer midday. All cotton leaves exhibited similar basic responses to shading, including decreased netphotosynthetic rates, a tendency to decrease in transpiration rates, and increased stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 concentration. The leaf conductance of 80% shaded and 40% shaded plants increased by 28% and 16.7% compared with no-shaded plants at high water, respectively, but the net photosynthetic rates of 80% shaded and 40% shaded plants declined by 50% and 14.73%, respectively. Results showed that combined effect of soil moisture and shading on photosynthetic and stomatal responses in cotton leaves was very remarkable.  相似文献   

10.
The effect of nitrogen (30 and 120 mg N per cuvette) on photosynthetic rate of four cultivars of triticale (‘Bolero’, ‘Grado’, ‘Largo’, and ‘Lasko’) grown 14 days in phytotron was strongly modified by water content (75, 45 and 35% of full water capacity). For plants grown under 35% of full water capacity, it was higher when they were grown under 30 than under 120 mg N/cuvette (9.88 and 8.76 μmol CO2 m?2 s?1, respectively) but for plants grown under 45 and 75% of full water capacity there were not significant differences. Transpiration, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic water use efficiency, and internal water use efficiency were not influenced by nitrogen doses independently of water content. Photosynthetic rate, transpiration, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic water use efficiency, and dry matter of studied cultivars of triticale grown under 45 and 35% of full water capacity and both nitrogen doses were lower than for plants grown under 75% of full water capacity. With lowering of water content stomatal conductance was decreasing similarly as photosynthetic rate e.g. for plants grown under 35% of full water capacity as compared with those grown under 75% of full water capacity average stomatal conductance decreased from 0.209 to 0.138 mol H2O m?2 s?1 and photosynthetic rate from 13.69 to 9.32 μmol CO2 m?2 s?1 and as a result there were not significant differences in internal water use efficiency for all studied combinations (67.09 μmol CO2 mol?1 H2O) which shows that stomatal factors were mainly responsible for changes of photosynthetic rate. With lowering of water content from 75 to 35% of full water capacity the decrease of photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance was much higher than the decreases of transpiration (from 3.57 to 3.02 mmol H2O m?2 s?1) what shows not direct dependence of transpiration on stomatal conductance (water use efficiency decreased from 3.87 to 3.10 μmol CO2 mmol?1 H2O). The effect of nitrogen on dry matter production was strongly modified by water availability e.g. for plants grown under 35% of full water capacity, dry matter was similarly independent of nitrogen dose but for plants grown under 45 and 75% of full water capacity dry matter was significantly higher than when they were grown under 120 (79.05 and 86.75 mg, respectively) or with 30 mg N/cuvette (74.03 and 80.30 mg, respectively).  相似文献   

11.
A field experiment was conducted over two years to evaluate the gas exchange, water relations, and water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat under different water stress and nitrogen management practices at Crop Physiology Research Area, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Four irrigation regimes and four nitrogen levels, i.e., 0, 50, 100, and 150 kg N ha?1 were applied in this study. The photosynthetic gas exchange parameters [net carbon dioxide (CO2) assimilation rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance] are remarkably improved by water application and nitrogen (N) nutrition. Plants grown under four irrigation treatments as compared with those grown under one irrigation treatment average stomatal conductance increased from 0.15 to 0.46 μ mol m?2s?1mol during 2002–2003 and 0.18 to 0.33 μ mol m?2s?1mol during the year 2003–2004 and photosynthetic rate from 9.33 to 13.03 μmol CO2 m?2 s?1 and 3.99 to 7.75 μmol CO2 m?2 s?1 during the year 2002–2003 and 2003–2004, respectively. The exposure of plants to water and nitrogen stress lead to noticeable decrease in leaf water potential, osmotic potential and relative water content. Relative water content (RWC) of stressed plants dropped from 98 to 75% with the decrease in number of irrigation and nitrogen nutrition. The higher leaf water potential, and relative water contents were associated with higher photosynthetic rate. Water use efficiency (WUE) reduced with increasing number of irrigations and increased with increasing applied nitrogen at all irrigation levels.  相似文献   

12.
干热风是华北地区冬小麦生产的主要气象灾害之一,同时该区农业用水资源严重短缺,为缓解灌溉水资源不足,华北地区开展了微咸水灌溉应用技术,而微咸水灌溉对冬小麦抗干热风能力的影响尚无定论。为此,在中国科学院禹城综合试验站设置1 g·L–1(淡水对照)、3 g·L–1和5 g·L–1 3个矿化度微咸水在返青—拔节期和开花—灌浆期分别对冬小麦进行灌溉处理,在灌浆期进行干热风模拟试验,观测冬小麦叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度等生理参数。综合4年(2016—2019年)4次试验结果,发现:1)与1 g·L–1矿化度微咸水灌溉相比, 3 g·L–1和5 g·L–1矿化度微咸水灌溉可以显著降低冬小麦叶片光合速率32.2%和59.3%、蒸腾速率29.2%和51.9%、气孔导度30.7%和54.8%。2)干热风可以显著降低叶片光合速率35.4%～86.6%、蒸腾速率35.6%～67.5%、气孔导度36.4%～69.4%。3)在1 g·L–1、3 g·L–1和5 g·L–1矿化度微咸水灌溉下,叶片光合速率干热风胁迫指数4年均值分别为0.55、0.45和0.74;叶片标准化蒸腾速率(蒸腾速率/水汽压饱和差)热风胁迫指数4年均值分别为0.54、0.26和0.41;气孔导度干热风胁迫指数4年均值分别为0.56、0.28和0.43。这些结果表明:1)微咸水灌溉的生理胁迫作用与干热风的生理胁迫作用对叶片光合蒸腾和气孔行为产生的影响具有相似性;2)3g·L–1矿化度微咸水灌溉比淡水提高了叶片对干热风的生理适应能力,证明适量微咸水灌溉可以提高冬小麦叶片适应干热风的能力。  相似文献   

13.
施钾对不同基因型棉花光合特性及产量和品质的影响   总被引：7，自引：3，他引：7  
在田间条件下,研究了施钾对抗虫杂交棉中棉所38、抗虫棉新棉33B、常规棉中棉所12光合特性和产量及品质的影响。结果表明,与不施钾相比,不同基因型棉花施氯化钾225.kg/hm2,棉花叶面积指数(LAI),叶绿素荧光动力学参数PSⅡ最大光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ潜在光化学活性(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ),叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs),棉花干物重及分配到生殖器官的比例,棉花总成铃数、铃重和衣分均有不同程度提高;中棉所38、新棉33B和中棉所12皮棉产量分别增加13.60%、10.66%和4.21%;棉纤维2.5%跨距长度、比强度、马克隆值和纤维整齐度等品质也得到改善。中棉所38和新棉33B比中棉所12施钾的效果更好,生产上应优先给抗虫杂交棉和抗虫棉品种施用钾肥。  相似文献   

14.
以典型的磷低效(L)、吸收高效(H1)和利用高效(H2)的小麦品种及以上述品种为亲本配制的杂种F1-1(L×H1)和F1-2(L×H2)为材料,对上述品种和杂种F1的光合特性及其生理机制进行了研究。结果表明,缺磷条件下,随着叶片生长进程,供试品种和杂种F1旗叶CO2传导参数气孔导度(Gs)、叶肉导度(Gm)和碳酸酐酶(CA)活性;旗叶叶绿素含量(Chl)、光合速率(Pn)、叶绿体无机磷(PI)浓度和Mg2+-ATPase活性、可溶蛋白含量(SP)和RuBPCase活性均不断降低。不同磷效率类型品种相比,旗叶各测定时期上述参数均以L较低,H1和H2较高。与各自亲本相比,F1-1和F1-2各测定时期的光合生理参数多表现出明显的优势。表明磷高效小麦品种(H1和H2)以及杂种叶片光合碳同化特性的相对提高,是由于其光合器官捕获光能的能力较强、光合作用气孔限制和非气孔限制的程度较低和暗反应速率较高综合作用的结果。其中,磷高效品种及杂种F1叶绿体Pi供应量的增多,在维持光合器官的结构和功能中可能具有重要作用。研究还表明,供试不同磷高效小麦品种之间(吸收高效H1和利用高效H2)尽管在磷的吸收和利用特征上表现明显不同,但在叶片的光合碳同化特性及其内在生理机制上表现相似,表明控制小麦磷素吸收与利用的遗传基因位点可能与控制光合器官结构与功能的遗传位点不存在紧密连锁。在低磷胁迫条件下,充分利用杂种F1在光合碳同化特性上的杂种优势,对于改善小麦对磷素的吸收和利用以及促进子粒产量的增加具有潜在的应用价值。  相似文献   

15.
A potassium fertilizer field trial was carried out on a coarse silty loamy soil, low in exchangeable K+ in the Zhejiang Province (People's Republic of China). Potassium fertilizer applications increased the leaf area, the chlorophyll concentration, and the CO2 assimilation of cotton grown on this K+ deficient soil. Potassium increased the activity of the cytochrome oxidase and nitrate reductase, increased the stomatal conductance and decreased the transpiration. The leaf tissue of K+ deficient plants was flaccid, the cuticle of leaves poorly developed and contrasted much with the leaves well supplied with K+ which were characterized by a full turgor and a well developed cuticle. According to these physiological effects of K+, potassium fertilizer application increased lint yield and improved cotton and seed quality.  相似文献   

16.
The objective of this study was to determine drought tolerance characteristics of dryland wheat genotypes based on leaf gas exchange and water-use efficiency in order to identify promising genotypes for drought tolerance breeding. Physiological responses of ten genetically diverse wheat genotypes were studied under non-stressed (NS) and water stressed (WS) conditions using a 2?×?10 factorial experiment replicated 3 times. A highly significant water condition?×?genotype interaction (P?<?0.001) was observed for photosynthetic rate (A), ratio of photosynthetic rate and internal CO2 concentration (A/Ci), ratio of internal and atmospheric CO2 (Ci/Ca), intrinsic (WUEi) and instantaneous (WUEinst) water-use efficiencies suggesting genotypic variability among wheat genotypes under both test conditions. Principal component analysis (PCA) identified three principal components (PC’s) under both test conditions accounting for 84% and 89% of total variation, respectively. Bi-plot analysis identified G339 and G344 as drought tolerant genotypes with higher values of A, T, gs, A/Ci, WUEi and WUEinst under WS condition. The current study detected significant genetic variation for drought tolerance among the tested wheat genotypes using physiological parameters. Genotypes G339 and G344 were identified to be drought tolerant with efficient A, T, gs, A/Ci and water-use under water stressed condition.  相似文献   

17.
以大铃、中铃和小铃3个不同铃重棉花基因型为材料,通过在盛花期测定棉株中部主茎和果枝叶面积及叶面积指数,并用14CO2饲喂中部主茎叶,研究了14CO2同化物在棉株不同层次"铃-叶系统"中的分配特征。结果表明,盛花期中部主茎和果枝单叶面积与铃重呈正相关。小铃基因型棉花群体盛花期叶面积指数最大;大铃基因型棉花蕾铃比中、小铃基因型表现出更强的库活性。主茎叶片产生的同化物除主要输送到对应的果枝外,还向上部、下部的库器官及主茎生长点输送;而流向其对应果枝的同化物,主要供应第一果节蕾铃。  相似文献   

18.
采用营养液培养方法,研究了添加不同浓度的精胺(Spm)对NO3-胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长、叶片抗氧化酶活性及光合作用的影响。结果表明,140 mmol/L NO3-胁迫下,外加1 mmol/L Spm,10 d后,黄瓜幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性显著增加,电解质渗漏率和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低;气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和净光合速率(Pn)显著升高,气孔限制值(Ls)显著降低。说明1 mmol/L Spm处理能增强黄瓜幼苗对活性氧的清除能力,降低膜脂过氧化程度;降低气孔关闭,改善叶片的气体交换,幼苗生长势增加,对高浓度NO3-胁迫的抗性增强。当Spm浓度高达1.5~2 mmol/L时,与1mmol/L Spm相比,SOD、POD、APX、CAT活性均开始降低,电解质渗漏率和MDA含量增加,Gs、Ci和Pn显著降低,黄瓜幼苗生长受到抑制。可见,外加一定浓度的Spm可通过提高抗氧化酶活性、降低膜脂过氧化程度及改善光合作用来缓解NO3-胁迫对黄瓜幼苗的影响。  相似文献   

19.
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of silicon (Si) for alleviating Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation stress based on changes in biomass, physiological attributes and photosynthetic characteristics of two soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivars, Kenjiandou 43 (‘K 43’) and Zhonghuang 35 (‘ZH 35’). The cultivars were raised with and without Si in the greenhouse, and then subjected to ambient, ambient + 2.7 kJ m?2d?1and ambient + 5.4 kJ m?2d?1of UV-B radiation. Depending on cultivar, plants suffered severe growth limitations under UV-B radiation, but the application of Si alleviated the adverse effects on growth and development by increasing the stem length, net photosynthetic rate (PN) and leaf chlorophyll content. Concurrently, it decreased the stomatal conductance (Sc) and intercellular carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration (Ci). In response to the UV-B radiation stress, the antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased by 41.2–72.7%, peroxidases (POD) by 49.5–85.7%, malodialdehyde (MDA) by 6.7–20.4% and soluble protein by 4.2–7.6%. The overall results indicated that media treatment with Si might improve soybean growth under elevated UV-B radiation through positive changes in biomass and some physiological attributes that were dependent on cultivar.  相似文献   

20.
Plant genotypes within species differ widely in tolerance to excess manganese (Mn) that may occur in acid soils, or in neutral or alkaline soils having poor aeration caused by imperfect drainage or compaction. However, Mn tolerance mechanisms in plants are largely unknown. Silicon (Si) is reported to detoxify Mn within plants, presumably by preventing localized accumulations of Mn associated with lesions on leaves. Because Mn is paramagnetic, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, shows promise as a tool for characterizing toxic and non‐toxic forms of Mn in tolerant and sensitive plants. The objective of our study was to use EPR to: i) determine the chemical/ physical state of Mn in Mn‐tolerant and ‐sensitive snapbean cultivars; and ii) characterize the protective effects of Si against Mn toxicity. Manganese‐sensitive Wonder Crop 2 (WC) and Mn‐tolerant Green Lord (GL) cultivars of snapbean were grown at pH 5.0, in a greenhouse, in a modified Steinberg solution containing: Mn=0.05mg.L‐1 (optimal); Mn=1.0mgL‐1 (toxic); Mn=1.0 mg L‐1 plus Si=4 mg L‐1; and Mn=0.05 mg L‐1 plus 4 mg Si L‐1. All trifoliate leaf samples exhibited a 6‐line EPR signal that is characteristic of hexaaquo Mn2+. In both cultivars, a higher EPR Mn2+ signal‐intensity generally correlated with lower total leaf mass, higher total Mn concentrations and more pronounced symptoms of toxicity. Tolerance to excess Mn coincided with lower Mn2+ signal intensity. Silicon treatments ameliorated Mn toxicity symptoms in both genotypes, decreased total leaf Mn concentrations, and decreased EPR Mn2+ signal intensity. Results suggest that Mn toxicity is associated with reduced electron transport and accumulation of oxidation products in leaves. Amelioration of Mn toxicity by Si is regarded as connected with a reduction in this Mn‐induced process. Results indicated that EPR spectroscopy can be useful in investigating the biochemical basis for differential Mn tolerance in plants. The EPR observations might also help plant breeders in developing Mn‐tolerant cultivars.  相似文献   

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