共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 203 毫秒
1.
盐含量对餐厨垃圾好氧堆肥腐殖化过程及微生物演变的影响 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
含盐量过高会对堆肥有机质腐殖化过程产生抑制作用,但作用规律仍不清楚。该研究以餐厨垃圾为研究对象,以不添加盐分的处理为对照,设置添加食用盐的处理作为试验组（添加质量分数分别为0.5%、1%和1.5%）,进行好氧堆肥,研究不同盐分含量对基本腐熟度指标、有机质组成、腐殖质（Humus,HS）的影响,并结合微生物群落结构和相关性统计分析阐明其作用规律。结果表明,4个处理温度、碳氮比（C/N）、有机质组成等达到腐熟要求,但盐分添加提高了堆体电导率（Electrical Conductivity,EC）,添加比例达到1.5%时,高温期缩短至13 d,种子发芽指数（seed Germination Index,GI）降低至65.5%,总有机物降解率降低6.5%,有机质腐殖化过程受到限制。高通量测序和相关性分析的结果表明,添加1.5%盐分主要通过抑制高温双岐菌（Thermobifida）、糖单孢菌（Saccharomonospora）和曲霉（Aspergillus）、毛孢子菌（Trichosporon）的活性,降低总糖、木质纤维素等有机物质的降解和后续HS形成,从而限制餐厨垃圾堆肥过程中腐殖化效果的提升。本研究将为餐厨垃圾等农村有机废弃物处理技术应用提供理论指导。 相似文献
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曝气量与辅料粒径对餐厨废弃物辅热生物干化的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为解决餐厨废弃物生物干化处理周期长、脱水效率低的问题,该研究分别设置3个不同曝气量（0.4、0.6和0.8 L/(min·kg)）和不同辅料粒径（粗粒径>15.0 mm、细粒径<5.0 mm和混合粒径5.0～15.0 mm）进行析因试验,探究其对餐厨废弃物生物干化效果的影响。研究结果表明,相较于粒径而言,曝气量对于辅热生物干化温度变化和除水影响更大。0.6 L/(min·kg)曝气下升温速度较快,高温期持续时间更长,有效积温更高。除0.4 L/(min·kg)和细粒径处理,其他处理辅热生物干化过程高温期均超过7 d;0.8 L/(min·kg)和细粒径处理的除水效果最好,生物干化指数最高为4.0,最终含水率为17.0%,水分去除率为95.8%。能量和水分平衡计算表明：辅热生物干化过程中,主要的除水方式为蒸发除水,占总除水量40%～80%;主要能量来源为生物产热（63.0%～76.0%）,能量损失主要有蒸发潜热（26.0%～46.5%）和反应器热损失（28.3%～49.4%）,0.8 L/(min·kg)和细粒径处理的能量利用效率最高为65.0%。经过16 d辅热生物干化,除0.4 L/(min·kg)和细粒径处理pH值与发芽指数不能满足腐熟标准,其他处理均能完全腐熟,可满足有机肥标准。 相似文献
3.
高固体含量进料提高餐厨废弃物连续厌氧发酵性能 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
为了考察高低2种进料固体含量在餐厨废弃物中温厌氧发酵中对产气效果的影响,该文将餐厨废弃物预先配制成固体质量分数为19.0%和9.5%的2种进料,应用单相连续厌氧发酵系统并设置低、中、高3个有机负荷,考察产气效率及厌氧反应器内部固体含量、氨氮浓度和p H值的变化情况。试验结果表明,高固体含量进料组的挥发性固体产气率在3个机负荷下均明显占优,分别为634.34、623.14和550.08 m L/g,而低固体含量进料组分别为549.86、491.22和0 m L/g。此外,采用高固体含量进料的厌氧反应器内固体质量分数一直保持在10%以下,符合湿法半连续发酵工艺要求。该研究对餐厨废弃物湿法厌氧发酵的沼气生产中,如何最大化节约原料稀释用水上提供了设计参考。 相似文献
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5.
餐厨垃圾与菌糠混合好氧堆肥效果 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
分别使用玉米秸秆与菌糠作为餐厨垃圾的堆肥调理剂,进行堆肥1次发酵对比试验,旨在考察菌糠作为餐厨垃圾堆肥调理剂的可行性。通过对2种调理剂与餐厨垃圾堆肥过程中理化性质及腐熟度变化的分析,表明餐厨垃圾好氧堆肥时,菌糠是一种优于玉米秸秆的良好调理剂,餐厨垃圾与菌糠混合堆肥时升温速度快、高温期持续时间长,含水率与有机质分别下降19.6%和20.2%。同时,其混合堆料在堆肥过程中散发臭气较少,1次堆肥处理后发芽指数较高（55.6%）,基本实现腐熟。 相似文献
6.
为解决厨余垃圾等有机废弃物处理难的问题，该研究以厨余垃圾、绿化废弃物和茶叶渣为主要原料，通过控制通风方式和菌种类型在堆肥成套设备内开展中试好氧堆肥，选取温度、含水率、碳氮比（C/N）、总养分、有机质含量、种子发芽指数和卫生学特性等指标评估共堆肥系统的技术可行性和经济可行性。结果表明：选择间歇式通风方式并按质量分数1‰投加复配菌剂，堆肥在65 ℃以上高温持续7 d；经10 d发酵，物料含水率和C/N分别从63.5%和31.5降至30.1%和9.6；堆肥产物的总养分（9.8%，质量分数，下同）和有机质含量（43%）均远高于NY/T 525-2021农业行业标准（总养分≥4%，有机质含量≥30%）；堆肥产物腐熟度和卫生学特性状况良好，种子发芽指数达88.3%，粪大肠菌群数<3 个/g，产物中未发现蛔虫卵。该共堆肥系统的废物平均处置成本低至（248.67±19.89）元/t。研究结果可为实现厨余垃圾、绿化废弃物和茶叶渣的低成本、规模化处理，有效解决厨余等有机废弃物环境污染问题提供参考依据。 相似文献
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高碳源农林辅料复配是实现厨余垃圾好氧堆肥促腐提质的关键技术,但不同辅料对厨余垃圾堆肥过程腐殖化的影响及其相应的微生物驱动机制仍不清楚,从而限制了对辅料的有效筛选与利用。为此,该研究选用园林废弃物、玉米秸秆和西瓜秧3种典型高碳源农林废弃物为辅料,探究其对厨余垃圾堆肥过程有机质腐殖化的调控效果与机制。研究结果表明：相较于园林废弃物和西瓜秧,添加15%玉米秸秆（湿质量）作为辅料,能够有效调节堆体物料结构,富集功能微生物,促进厨余垃圾堆肥产物腐熟度提升,种子发芽指数可达139%。具体而言,西瓜秧蛋白质含量较高,作为辅料能够在堆肥初期促进堆体快速升温,但不利于高温期延续,且产物腐殖化程度较低。相比之下,园林废弃物和玉米秸秆添加可以在高温期和降温腐熟期富集更多Ureibacillus、Bacillus Oceanobacillus和Flavobacterium等具有木聚糖降解和纤维素降解功能的细菌,促进有机质转化为多酚、氨基酸等腐殖质前驱物,进而推动稳定的腐殖酸生成。特别是玉米秸秆作为辅料时有效增加了具有木质纤维素降解功能的细菌,从而能够加速有机质的降解,促进腐殖化提升75%,研究结果为选取适宜的辅料强化厨余垃圾堆肥产品品质提供参考。 相似文献
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为探索和优化脱水蓝藻藻泥好氧堆肥无害化处理工艺参数,利用堆肥反应器,研究了C/N分别为5（T1）、15（T2）和25（T3）的处理对蓝藻藻泥腐熟进程及微囊藻毒素（MC）降解速率的影响。结果表明,堆肥过程中各处理间的pH、总碳量及其形态、总氮量及其形态、总磷含量、总钾含量、种子发芽指数差异显著。与蓝藻自然堆置相比,添加辅料增加堆体C/N可提高蓝藻的腐熟速度。堆肥35d后,T2和T3处理的堆肥成品均已满足有机肥行业标准,种子发芽指数均高于80%;但MC-LR和MC-RR仍有较大的降解潜力,从无害化的角度考虑,蓝藻高温堆肥时间不应少于50d。C/N过高增加了氮素的损失,如何进一步降低氮素的损失,提高堆肥过程中MC的降解将是今后蓝藻堆肥研究的重点。 相似文献
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城市污泥生物干化过程的有机质转化与产水规律 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
城市污泥生物干化期间,微生物降解有机质产生水分,影响最终的干化效率。该研究采用自动控制技术进行城市污泥生物干化,测定了干化过程不同阶段的有机质组分转化,并通过水分平衡方程计算了污泥干化过程中堆体的产水量,研究了干化过程的产水规律。结果表明,第1次高温期是有机质降解最快的时期,日均降幅达6.68 kg/(t·d);生物干化完成时,有机质中的易降解有机质(易水解物和脂类)比例由49.91%降至37.94%,腐殖酸的比例由39.34%升至54.14%;堆体总产水量为61.80 kg/t,产水速率排序为:第1次高温期升温期第2次高温期降温期,其中第1次高温期日均产水速率达6.51 kg/(t·d),该时期也是有机质降解速率最大的时期。整个生物干化过程中,堆体产水量与蒸发量的比值为1:6.7,产水量远低于蒸发量,各阶段的产水量变化可为优化生物干化工艺提供参考。 相似文献
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城市污泥与调理剂混合堆肥过程中有机质组分的变化 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1
【目的】研究城市污泥堆肥过程中各项有机质组分及碳、 氮在堆肥过程中的形成与转化,以期改善堆肥的生物有效性,促进其土地利用。【方法】在工厂规模化下,以城市污泥、 蘑菇渣锯末以及返混料按照6∶3∶1的质量比混合形成堆肥物料,辅以强制通风措施和翻抛,进行为期18 d的高温堆肥试验。堆肥期间定期采样,测定指标包括温度、 C/N值、 pH、 含水率、 有机质降解率、 水溶性组分、 半纤维素、 纤维素和木质素,研究堆肥期间不同阶段堆肥物料中有机质组分的动态变化。【结果】堆体温度随着发酵时间的延长呈现先升高后降低的趋势,最高温度达到71.3℃; 含水率由60.7%降低到51.4%,pH呈现先升高后降低的趋势,总体处于6.0~7.5之间; 总有机碳含量持续下降,氮素含量表现为高温期持续下降随后呈上升的趋势; 初始阶段,堆肥物料中四种成分含量分布为: 水溶性组分纤维素半纤维素木质素,至堆肥结束变化为: 纤维素水溶性组分木质素半纤维素,经过堆肥之后水溶性组分及半纤维素含量分别由39.5%和20.1%下降为27.9%和14.4%,纤维素含量由初始的21.8%上升至29.5%,木质素含量相对稳定不变。物料经过堆肥化处理后达到腐熟标准,水溶性组分和半纤维素含量分别降低了38.6%和38.8%,纤维素和木质素含量在高温期分别降解了11.7%和18.5%; 物料总量降低了9.8%。水溶性组分的主要降解阶段为高温期,期间降解部分占总降解量的65.5%; 半纤维素的主要降解阶段为稳定期,稳定期降解部分占总降解量的69.1%,且有继续降解的趋势; 纤维素和木质素仅在高温期有少量降解; 氮素则表现为高温期铵态氮的损失及稳定期硝态氮的积累。【结论】堆肥化处理在实现污泥减量化基础上,污泥中有机质得到了稳定化,有利于城市污泥的土地利用。 相似文献
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城市污泥的生物干化及产物农用已引起越来越多的关注。本研究探讨了不同调理剂对生物干化堆体温度和产物含水率的影响,分析了干化过程中有机物的降解,及干化产物生物稳定性和重金属含量的变化趋势。结果表明：以稻草为调理剂的堆体最高温度可达67℃,干化产物含水率可从73%降至52%,产物4日耗氧呼吸速率降至10mgO·2g-1DM,显示了较好的稳定性。生物干化过程中,蛋白质和腐殖质含量逐渐降低,而多糖含量比较稳定。生物干化后产物重金属含量有所提高,除Zn部分超标外,其余重金属均未超出《农用污泥中污染物控制标准》（GB4284—1984）规定的限值。 相似文献
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This study was conducted to develop a ready‐to‐eat extruded food using a single‐screw laboratory extruder. Blends of Indian barley and rice were used as the ingredients for extrusion. The effect of extrusion variables and barley‐to‐rice ratio on properties like expansion ratio, bulk density, water absorption index, hardness, β‐glucan, L*, a*, b* values, and pasting characteristics of extruded products were studied. A central composite rotatable design was used to evaluate the effects of operating variables: die temperature (150–200°C), initial feed moisture content (20–40%), screw speed (90–110 rpm), and barley flour (10–30%) on properties like expansion ratio, bulk density, water absorption index (WAI), hardness, β‐glucan, L*, a*, b* values, and sensory and pasting characteristics of extruded products. Die temperature >175°C and feed moisture <30% resulted in a steep increase in expansion ratio and a decrease in bulk density. Barley flour content of 10% and feed moisture content of <20% resulted in an increased hardness value. When barley flour content was 30–40% and feed moisture content was <20%, a steep increase in the WAI was noticed. Viscosity values of extruded products were far less than those of corresponding unprocessed counterparts as evaluated. Rapid visco analysis indicated that the extruded blend starches were partially pregelatinized as a result of the extrusion process. Sensory scores indicated that barley flour content at 20%, feed moisture content at 30%, and die temperature at 175°C resulted in an acceptable product. The prepared product was roasted in oil using a particular spice mix and its sensory and nutritional properties were studied. 相似文献
13.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(5):357-373
Abstract The dry matter yield and nitrogen content of marigold (Tagestes erecta), petunia (Petunia hybrida nana compacta) and forget‐me‐not (Myosotis alpestris) plants growing in a range of peat‐based container media amended with different proportions of either sand, perlite, pumice, sawdust, bark chips or soil were studied under glasshouse nursery conditions. Plant responses differed between species as manifested by their different correlations with measured moisture and aeration characteristics of the media. Marigold and petunia were adversely affected by excessive moisture content as demonstrated by their negative correlation with micropore water and container capacity. However, forget‐me‐not, being adapted to relatively high moisture regimes, responded adversely to increased aeration. 相似文献
14.
收获时期对四川春玉米机械粒收质量的影响 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
开展收获时期对玉米机械粒收质量影响的研究,对确定玉米适宜机械粒收时期和粒收技术的推广应用具有重要意义。本文以四川4个主栽玉米品种为材料,研究不同收获时期(7月31日、8月7日、8月13日、8月19日、8月25日、8月31日)对四川春玉米机械粒收质量的影响,并分析籽粒含水率与机械粒收质量之间的关系。结果表明:随收获日期推迟,玉米籽粒含水率逐渐降低,破碎率先快速降低后略有升高,杂质率快速降低并趋于稳定,而落穗损失率显著增加,落粒损失率变化规律不明显。机械粒收损失主要为落穗损失,占总损失率的比例平均为76.34%。随收获日期推迟籽粒破碎率和杂质率在品种间的差异逐渐减小,而落穗损失和总损失率在品种间的差异逐渐增大。籽粒含水率是影响机械粒收质量的关键因素,破碎率与籽粒含水率拟合方程为y=0.032 9x2-1.332 8x+15.529(R2=0.55**),含水率为10.76%～29.76%,破碎率低于5%;杂质率与籽粒含水率拟合方程为y=0.031 8e0.118 5x (R2=0.71**),含水率低于38.37%,杂质率低于3%;落穗损失率与籽粒含水率拟合方程为y=2 083.3/x2.135(R2=0.68**);籽粒总损失率与籽粒含水率拟合方程为y=911.02/x1.769(R2=0.68**),含水率高于18.96%,籽粒总损失率低于5%。推迟收获有利于降低籽粒破碎率和杂质率,但增加落穗风险和籽粒总损失率。本试验播期条件下,玉米适宜机械粒收的籽粒含水率范围为18.96%～29.76%,适宜机械粒收时间在8月7—19日,较传统收获日期推迟10～15 d。 相似文献
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Seung-Gun Won Ji-Young Park Md Mukhlesur Rahman Kyu-Hyun Park 《Compost science & utilization》2016,24(1):42-53
The treatment of livestock fatalities caused by epidemic diseases must be timely. Simultaneously, the contaminated excreta and bedding materials must also be treated on site without removal. The composting of manure with bulking materials is widely used on the farm, and the temperature during the composting reaches over 60°C under appropriate conditions of moisture and oxygen, with a suitable carbon to nitrogen ratio. These characteristics of composting can be applied to the degradation of dead livestock. Hence, this study was conducted to evaluate the degradability of mortalities during composting with bulking material comprised of swine manure and sawdust. The laboratory and field studies were conducted using mimic swine mortalities (MSM) and real swine mortalities, respectively. The sawdust to swine manure ratios of 20:80, 40:60, 70:30, and 100:0 were treatments identified as T1, T2, T3, and T4. In the laboratory study, high degradation of the mortalities (>85%) occurred in all treatments, except the T1 treatment. The T2 treatment obtained high degradation at a desirable level. In the field study, the degradation of the soft tissues of the mortalities in the T2 and T1 treatments reached 99.7 and 84.5%, respectively. The final C/N ratio of treatment T2 (17.5) was higher than treatment T1 (16.8). The addition of swine manure helped to develop relatively rapid temperature homogeneity between the mortality and the bulking materials, and the sawdust to swine manure ratio of 40:60 proved best for swine carcass degradation. 相似文献
16.
不同有机材料覆盖对土壤保水效果的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
[目的]研究不同有机材料覆盖对土壤水分蒸发量、土壤含水量的影响,并筛选出保水效果最佳的材料。[方法]以木片、树皮及经过堆腐的园林废弃物为研究对象,进行模拟蒸发及桶装控制试验。[结果]不同粒径的园林废弃物覆盖均能降低土壤水分日蒸发量,日蒸发量从大到小依次为CK,3～5 cm粒径(M_3)、0～1 cm粒径(M_1)、1～3 cm粒径(M_2)。在连续蒸发14 d后,M_2,M_1,M_3和CK的土壤水分累积蒸发量分别为193.0,269.5,304.0和1 037.0 g,与CK相比,分别减少了81.4%,74.0%,70.7%;不同有机材料覆盖均能提高土壤含水量。除了雨季之外,不同土层土壤含水量从高到低依次表现为:木片覆盖(M_4)树皮覆盖(M_5)1～3 cm粒径园林废弃物覆盖(M_2)CK。土壤含水量的年变化整体呈现出双峰趋势,一年中4—5月含水量较低,6—8月含水量较高,不同土层土壤含水量的年变化趋势基本一致。M_4,M_5,M_2和CK的0—40 cm土层土壤年平均含水量分别为32.9%,30.3%,27.4%,26.8%。[结论]木片为保水效果最好的有机材料,其次是树皮和园林废弃物。 相似文献
17.
Louise Hénault-Ethier Terrence H. Bell Vincent J. J. Martin 《Compost science & utilization》2016,24(2):117-135
Vermicomposting is a bio-oxidation process mediated by epigeic earthworms, which act synergistically with microbes to stabilize organic matter. Vermicompost bins are popular in homes and classrooms, but we know little about how physicochemical and bacteriological characteristics of vermicompost evolve with regular feed addition or upon feed interruption. Temperature, moisture, pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and labile and total carbohydrates were measured in twenty-four small-scale bins amended with fruit, vegetable, and coffee wastes for 266 days. Monitoring was maintained for 240 days following the last waste input. A canonical correspondence analysis with forward selection of explanatory parameters revealed that pH (p = 0.0100), organic C (p = 0.0140), and labile carbohydrates (p = 0.0110) significantly affected the composition of cultured bacteria through time. Through culture on different media for isolation and amplification (polymerase chain reaction) and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, several Bacillaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonadaceae were observed in both active and maturing vermicompost, but Actinobacteria, Xanthomonadaceae, and Aeromonadaceae were most abundant after feeding interruption. Three phases of vermicomposting were observed in this semi-batch experiment: initiation, active degradation, and, following final feed addition, a phase akin to maturation. Our culture-based approach yields a subset of all microbes present in vermicompost, but provides further knowledge on which media are most useful for isolating vermicompost bacteria. This data will be helpful for low budget tracking (e.g., domestic or university operations), and cultivated vermicompost bacteria can also be characterized for their ability to efficiently metabolize organic waste. 相似文献
18.
An industrial-scale composting plant has been designed for producing organic fertilizers from olive mill waste using the windrow pile system. Materials to be composted, two phase olive mill waste (TPOMW) and sheep litter (SL), were characterized and made into three piles consisting of different proportions of each. Throughout the composting process, temperature (T), moisture (M), organic matter (OM), total organic carbon (Corg), total nitrogen (NT), germination index (GI), pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were monitored. The potential agronomic value of the final composts was ascertained by analyzing the bulk density, OM and Corg concentration, pH, EC, macro and micronutrient content (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, B), the concentration of humic and fulvic acids and inorganic nitrogen (NH4+,NO2?,NO3?). Each compost was applied to an area of one hectare within a six year-old olive plantation. Four months after application, the soils showed an increased OM concentration and cationic exchange capacity (CEC). 相似文献
19.
The effect of different residual bulking agents (paper, cardboard, grass clippings, pine needles, sawdust and food wastes) in mixtures with sewage sludge (1:1 dry weight) on the growth and reproduction of Eisenia andrei, Bouché 1972 was studied in smallscale laboratory experiments with batches of sixty earthworms. The maximum weight achieved and the highest growth rate were attained in the mixture with food waste (755±18 mg and 18.6±0.6 mg day−1 respectively) whereas the smallest size and the lowest growth rate was achieved in the mixture of sewage sludge with sawdust (572±18 mg and 11±0.7 mg day−1 respectively). The earthworms showed much higher reproductive rates in the paper and cardboard mixtures (2.82±0.39 and 3.19±0.30 cocoons earthworm−1 week−1 respectively) compared to the control with sewage sludge alone (0.05±0.01 cocoons earthworm−1 week−1). 相似文献