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《中国油料作物学报(英文)》2020,5(4):174-179
Southern stem rot, caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., is a destructive soil fungal disease of peanut in China and other countries. To evaluate resistant germplasm, a total of 256 peanut accessions were investigated on their resistance to southern stem rot in 3 environments by artificial inoculation. Variance analysis indicated that disease index was significantly influenced by environment, genotype and genotype × environment interactions. Peanut accessions of var. vulgaris type exhibited higher resistance to southern stem rot. Disease index was significantly negatively correlated with linoleic acid content, while positively correlated with oleic acid content. Six resistant accessions were identified, including Hua 28, Shandongzai, ICG 6326, Quanhua 7, Quanhua 9 and Guihua 836, with their disease indexes under 40 and mortality were less than 30% in the three environments. The identified resistant accessions showed the great potential to be applied in resistant peanut breeding, and would be good genetic resources for enhancing the resistance to southern stem rot. 相似文献
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《中国油料作物学报(英文)》2020,5(1):48-53
Soil suppressiveness to Fusarium root rot of soybean had been observed in a black soil field after a long-term fertilization with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer combined with pig manure as organic amendment (NPM), rather than that with only nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer (NP) or no fertilizer (NF). To determine the microbial role on this suppressiveness, fungal and bacterial community characteristics in NPM, NP and NF treatments were investigated by qPCR and DGGE. Compared with the similar bacterial community characteristics among 3 treatments, fungal community, especially Fusarium population size and community composition in NPM treatment were different with those of NP and NF groups. Based on the isolation and pathogenicity test, pathogenic F. oxysporum, F. graminearum, F. verticillioide and F. lateritium absolutely dominated Fusarium community in NF and NP groups. Nonpathogenic F. avenaceum, F. equiseti, F. culmorum, F. redolens, F. solani and F. tricinctum dominated Fusarium community in NPM group. Isolation rate of pathogenic Fusarium in NPM reduced from 100% to 38% in NF. These results suggested that the dominance of soil non-pathogenic Fusarium population induced by organic amendment might play an important role on suppressing Fusarium root rot in the tested field. 相似文献
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Peanut fields are monitored for pod rot, which is typically caused by Pythium spp. and Rhizoctonia solani, in order to determine need, and the type and timing of fungicide applications. Pod rot can lead to damaged peanut kernels and when damage exceeds 2.49%, substantial price reductions occur. Nine fields or tests were sampled weekly for pod rot during the 2009 through 2012 growing seasons. The sampling was conducted on fields treated uniformly with fungicides for pod rot or within large research plots with various fungicide treatments. Pythium myriotylum was the most frequently identified pathogen species, although Rhizoctonia spp. were also recovered from diseased pods at all sites. Pod rot incidence was related to percent damaged kernels at harvest in 3 of 5 sites. Collection of 304 samples (sample unit = 46 cm of row) in a field was required to estimate 1% pod rot accurately (CV = 20%). There was a linear relationship between average % pod rot in a field, and the percentage of sampling units (absence/presence) with pod rot at low disease incidences. Scouting for pod rot of peanuts to make in-season fungicide applications will be hampered by high sample number, destructive sampling of plants, frequent sampling (due to rapid increase of disease), and the poor relationship between disease during the season and kernel damage at harvest. Making one preventative application at 60–70 days after planting may be a better practice than timing the initial fungicide application based on sampling for disease. 相似文献
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Fungi of the genusFusarium Link isolated in Perú from potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. subsp.andigena Juz. & Buk.) affected by: i) wilt, ii) dry rot of stored tubers, iii) secondary rot in tubers affected by “cork” disease (potato mop-top virus?), caused dry rot when inoculated to tubers of Renaacimiento variety. The identification of some of theseFusaria suggests thatFusarium solani Snyder & Hansen is associated with wilt and dry rot, andFusarium oxysporum Snyder & Hansen with rot secondary to cork disease. Tubers of eight potato varieties inoculated with fourFusaria representative of those isolated showed a great range in levels of susceptibility to colonization by theseFusaria, Sapa being the most susceptible variety, and Mantaro appearing to be the most resistant. These results suggest that useful levels of resistance toFusarium tuber rot are available in the Peruvian germ-plasm. 相似文献
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There are numerous studies evaluating biocontrol of root rot by using the antagonistic effects of either arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) or rhizobacteria, but usually independently. Fewer studies, although growing in number, report on evaluating the effectiveness of concurrent fungi–bacteria inoculation in combating root rot; and furthermore, there are none to date reported with papaya. In this study, an indigenous Pseudomonas sp. (PPV3) was isolated from roots of papaya (Carica papaya L. cv. Maradol) and used with an AMF complex (MTZ01) consisting of four fungi Glomus intraradices, Glomus mosseae, Glomus etunicatum and Gigaspora albida to inoculate roots of papaya in order to determine their antagonistic effects against Fusarium oxysporum, individually and in combination. It was found that with inoculation with PPV3 and MTZ01 protection was highest (85%) and had reduced disease (10%) as well as reducing F. oxysporum colonization in papaya seedlings. Inoculations with MTZ01 or PPV3 showed an efficacy of 54 and 60%, with a level of disease severity of the 38 and 22%, respectively. The combination of the AMF complex (MTZ01) with rhizobacterial Pseudomonas sp. (PPV3) modified the effects of F. oxysporum and provided increased protection for C. papaya than either acting alone. These results suggest that rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi acting together formed a mutualistic relationship that enhances disease control against F. oxysporum and stimulates growth in C. papaya. 相似文献
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通过形态学和分子生物学方法对2016年采自吉林省36个村镇的玉米根腐病样品进行镰孢菌分离和鉴定,并通过田间试验筛选有效药剂。结果发现,共分离获得84株镰孢菌,主要包括尖孢镰孢、禾谷镰孢、拟轮枝镰孢、层出镰孢、三线镰孢等11种镰孢菌,其中尖孢镰孢平均分离频率最高,为45.2%;其次是禾谷镰孢,平均分离频率为20.2%。从分布区域看,尖孢镰孢是白城、吉林、辽源和通化地区玉米根腐病的主要致病菌,分离频率分别为75%、54.5%、85.7%和45.5%;禾谷镰孢是松原和四平地区玉米根腐病的主要致病菌,分离频率分别为41.7%和41.7%。田间试验表明,5种药剂的防治效果为16.35%～81.26%,药种比为10 g/kg的10%咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂对玉米根腐病防治效果最好,防效达81.26%。吉林省玉米根腐病的主要病原菌为尖孢镰孢,药种比为10 g/kg的10%咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂可用于玉米根腐病的田间防治。 相似文献
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采用自然病圃鉴定法，对76个花生品种（系）进行了花生果腐病抗性评价，以期为抗病育种及田间病害防
治提供理论依据和抗性材料。结果表明，不同花生品种间对花生果腐病的抗性存在着显著差异，供试76份花生品
种（系）中未发现对果腐病免疫的品种，获得高抗品种2个，抗病品种7个，中抗品种12个，感病品种21个，高感品种
33个。聚类分析结果表明，分支I中的9个品种（尤其是花育9115）抗性较好，可进一步加以利用。花生对果腐病的
抗感性与荚果鲜重之间不存在显著相关。 相似文献
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Yi Zhang Jun Mu Yan Feng Yue Kang Jia Zhang Peng-Juan Gu Yu Wang Li-Fang Ma Yan-Hua Zhu 《Marine drugs》2009,7(2):97-112
In the search for new marine derived antibiotics, 43 epi- and endophytic fungal strains were isolated from the surface or the inner tissue of different marine plants and invertebrates. Through preliminary and secondary screening, 10 of them were found to be able to produce broad-spectrum antimicrobial metabolites. By morphological and molecular biological methods, three active strains were characterized to be Penicillium glabrum, Fusarium oxysporum, and Alternaria alternata. 相似文献
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Fusarium wilt is a disease that restricts carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) yield worldwide. Efficacies in reducing the Fusarium wilt of carnation (FWC), of various types of organic amendments (fresh or pelletized poultry manure, pelletized Brassica carinata and olive residue compost) combined with soil solarization, were compared in two biennial field trials conducted in a greenhouse with a history of carnation monoculture over 8 years. Soil treatments combining organic amendments and soil solarization significantly reduced disease incidence (86–99%) and increased the number of commercial carnation stems by 5–9 times compared to non-treated plots. Twenty-one Fusarium spp. isolates, with different colony morphologies were recovered from soil samples taken in the greenhouse, before the application of treatments in June 2013. Nineteen of them were morphological and molecularly characterized. Additionally, two pathogenicity tests with 17 isolates recovered from greenhouse soils and two isolates recovered from organic amendments were performed. Fusarium species associated with carnation cultivation were identified as Fusarium oxysporum (43%), Fusarium proliferatum (24%), and Fusarium solani (33%). The phylogenetic analysis of the translation elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1α) region distinguished highly aggressive isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi, from low aggressive isolates. The pathogenicity tests showed that FWC has a complex etiology, with several Fusarium spp. identified as causal agents. F. proliferatum and F. solani are associated with carnation wilt for the first time in Spain. 相似文献
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花生果腐病是一种重要的土传病害,一旦发生会造成荚果腐烂落果,重病田可致绝收。群结腐霉菌(Py thium myriotylum)是引起花生果腐病最主要的病原菌。为寻找防治花生果腐病的有效药剂,本研究对6种化学药剂进行室内筛选,实验结果表明,96.8%的咯菌腈对引起花生果腐病的群结腐霉有较好的抑菌效果,EC50为3.16×10-5 mg/L,较低浓度的药剂就可以达到很好的抑制效果。盆栽接种后,用6种杀菌剂进行灌根,待荚果成熟后对病害发病情况进行调查统计,结果表明96.8%咯菌腈是防治花生果腐病最有应用潜力的药剂品种。 相似文献
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Fusarium basal rot (FBR) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae (Foc) is one of the most significant production constraint to shallot. Field experiment was conducted in a naturally Foc infested soil at Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center during 2006 and 2007 cropping seasons to evaluate the level of resistance of sixteen shallot genotypes against FBR disease. Treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design with four replications. The genotypes significantly varied in their susceptibility to FBR and yield. They were grouped into tolerant, moderately and highly susceptible types. Five genotypes (DZ-Sht-168-1A, DZ-Sht-157-1B, Huruta, Negelle and DZ-Sht-169-1b) were identified to be tolerant as they had reduced disease severity levels from 26.8 to 32.5% and increased mean yield by more than 5 t ha−1 compared to highly susceptible genotypes (DZ-Sht-076-4, DZ-Sht-201-1C and DZ-Sht-054-3A). Among the tolerant genotypes, DZ-Sht-169-1b had greatly reduced bulb rot incidence by 48% in ground storage and 30% in wire mesh shelf as compared to highly susceptible genotype DZ-Sht-201-1C. The tolerant genotypes have high yielding characteristic, and farmers could adopt them for cultivation where FBR is a problem. 相似文献
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Fusarium basal rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae is an economic disease of shallot. Field experiments were conducted at Debre Zeit during 2006 and 2007 cropping seasons to determine effective fungicides and their method of application for the management of fusarium basal rot of shallot. The field was naturally infested with F. oxysporum f. sp. cepae and treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design in four replications. Five fungicides, Mirage 50 WP, Folicur 25 EC, Seed plus 30 WS, Penncozeb 80 WP and Ridomil Gold 68 WG were evaluated as seed bulb dressing and bulb dip treatments against basal rot in the field and storage. Bulb dressing with Mirage, and dip treatment in Seed plus reduced the disease incidence by 40% and 43%, respectively over control. These fungicides also resulted in a significant reduction in severity, basal rot affected cull bulbs on shallot. Bulb rot during three months of storage on concrete ground floor and on wire mesh shelves was also reduced by seed bulb treatment over control. The highest increase in yield was obtained from bulb dressing with Mirage (42%) and Seed plus (45%) and from bulb dip treatment in Seed plus (44%) over control. Fusarium basal rot caused 45% loss in yield and 12-30% of bulb loss in the storage. The study showed that basal rot of shallot can be managed effectively by seed bulb dressing or dip treatment in Mirage or Seed plus. 相似文献
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吉林省玉米茎腐病病原菌组成、分布和优势种研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
1991～1995年在吉林省六个地区主要栽培品种上采集1016个病株标样．经分离、鉴定及致病性试验重分离验证，明确在吉林省玉米茎腐病病原菌由(Fusarium sp.)和(Pythium sp.)组成．其中(Fusarium graminearum)是吉林省的优势种．其次为(Fusarium moniliforme)和(Pythium sp.)。病原菌的组成、分布存在区域间和年度间的差异。在吉林地区是以(Pythium sp.)为优势种。提出玉米茎腐病的研究工作应立足于本生态区内进行，以求达到控制和减少该病害发生危害的目的． 相似文献
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Veerubommu Shanmugam Nandina KanoujiaMarkandey Singh Sukhjinder SinghRamdeen Prasad 《Crop Protection》2011,30(7):807-813
Talc-based formulations of plant growth promoting rhizobacterial strain S2BC-2 (Bacillus atrophaeus) and strain mixture, S2BC-2 + TEPF-Sungal (Burkholderia cepacia), inhibitory to the growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli (FOG), were developed for corm dressing and soil application in gladiolus. In comparison to the individual strain, the strain mixture recorded maximum spike and corm production of 100 and 150%, respectively with less vascular wilt and corm rot incidences of 73.6 and 54.8% reduction over the pathogen control in greenhouse when inoculated with FOG. Reduction in disease incidence under greenhouse conditions occurred through induction of defence gene products such as chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. Besides disease suppression, treatment with strain mixture promoted plant growth in terms of enhanced corm and cormel production and flowering. In field experiments, the strain mixture recorded less vascular wilt and corm rot incidences of 48.6 and 46.1% mean reduction over the non-bacterised control, and was almost comparable with that of fungicide (51.5 and 47.1%, respectively). The treatment also recorded increased spike and corm yield with average increases of 58.3 and 27.4%, respectively, relative to the control. 相似文献
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Mycorrhizal associations imply a remarkable reprogramming of functions in both plant and fungal symbionts. This consequent alteration on plant physiology has a clear impact on the plant responses to biotic stress management. As a consequence, a pot experiment was conducted to study the interactions between the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus fasciculatum and the two pathogens Fusarium oxysporum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and subsequent effect on growth, disease tolerance and the changes in antioxidative ability in cyclamen plants under growth chamber condition were investigated. At plant maturity, inoculation with F. oxysporum and C. gloeosporioides, responsible for Fusarium wilt and anthracnose of cyclamen respectively, significantly reduced shoot and root dry weights, increased both the disease incidence percentage and showed lower antioxidative activity viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), ascorbic acid (AA) and polyphenol contents in plants. In contrast, the growth response and biomass production of cyclamen plants inoculated with AMF was significantly higher than the nonmycorrhizal control plants, both in the presence and absence of the pathogens. Mycorrhization enhanced plants to reduce the Fusarium wilt and anthracnose incidence compared to nonmycorrhizal controls. In every case, without and with pathogen association, plants inoculated with AMF increased the antioxidant (SOD, APX, AA and polyphenol) production compared to control plants. The results demonstrate that AMF have the ability to induce resistance against Fusarium wilt and anthracnose in cyclamen by increasing the antioxidative activity in plants, which promoted plant growth, biomass production and drastically reduced the disease incidence in cyclamen. 相似文献
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S. Landschoot K. Audenaert W. WaegemanB. Pycke B. BekaertB. De Baets G. Haesaert 《Crop Protection》2011,30(10):1297-1305
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating wheat disease and is influenced by weather conditions and agronomic factors. Since FHB is a mostly monocyclic disease, the quantity of primary inoculum is a key factor influencing its incidence. To investigate the connection between the primary Fusarium inoculum and the final population on wheat ears, naturally occurring populations of Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium poae and Microdochium nivale were studied at eight locations in Flanders, Belgium during the growing seasons of 2008-2009 and 2009-2010. To determine the composition of the primary inoculums in November, weeds, wheat and maize residues as well as soil samples were examined. At the end of the growing season, in July, the population on wheat ears was determined. In both growing seasons, the population was characterized by a large complexity and a differential composition at each location and for each type of sample. Nevertheless, some clear correspondences were observed: F. culmorum was a predominant species in crop residues and in soil samples in November, while the population on wheat ears in July consisted mainly of F. graminearum and F. poae, with only a lower frequency of F. culmorum, indicating that soil is not an important source of primary inoculum. The presence of M. nivale was restricted to weeds, crop residues and soil samples in November, and was nearly absent in July at the majority of locations. Finally, our results also indicate that the Fusarium population in July is more complex than the population at the beginning of the season in November. The information of the primary inoculum and the composition of the FHB population at the end of the growing season is important to predict FHB incidence and to implement control strategies for FHB. 相似文献
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Antifungal activity of leaf extracts from South African trees against plant pathogens 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The antifungal activity of acetone, methanol, hexane and dichloromethane leaf extracts of six plant species (Bucida buceras, Breonadia salicina, Harpephyllum caffrum, Olinia ventosa, Vangueria infausta and Xylotheca kraussiana) were evaluated for antifungal activity against seven plant pathogenic fungal species (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus parasiticus, Colletotricum gloeosporioides, Penicillium janthinellum, Penicillium expansum, Trichoderma harzianum and Fusarium oxysporum). These plant species were selected from 600 evaluated inter alia, against two animal fungal pathogens. All plant extracts were active against the selected plant pathogenic fungi. Of the six plant species, B. buceras had the best antifungal activity against four of the fungi, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values as low as 0.02 mg/ml and 0.08 mg/ml against P. expansum, P. janthinellum, T. harzianum and F. oxysporum. Some of the plant extracts had moderate to low activity against other fungi, indicating that the activity is not based on a general metabolic toxicity. P. janthinellum, T. harzianum and F. oxysporum were the most sensitive fungal species, with a mean MIC of 0.28 mg/ml, while the remaining four fungi were more resistant to the extracts tested, with mean MICs above 1 mg/ml. The number of active compounds in the plant extracts was determined using bioautography with the listed plant pathogens. No active compounds were observed in some plant extracts with good antifungal activity as a mixture against the fungal plant pathogens, indicating possible synergism between the separated metabolites, B. salicina and O. ventosa were the most promising plant species, with at least three antifungal compounds. Leaf extracts of different plant species using different methods (acetone, hexane, DCM and methanol) had antifungal compounds with the same Rf values. The same compounds may be responsible for activity in extracts of different plant species. Based on the antifungal activity, crude plant extracts may be a cost effective way of protecting crops against fungal pathogens. Because plant extracts contain several antifungal compounds, the development of resistant pathogens may be delayed. 相似文献
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Commercial compost is a renewable resource widely used in horticulture as an organic amendment, though its suppression against soil-borne plant pathogens remains limited. Preliminary studies conducted on the disease suppression effect of the biomass waste obtained in a steam explosion plant demonstrated positive results. Steam-Exploded Biomass (SEB) of Miscanthus sinensis var. giganteus, a herbaceous perennial energy crop, is a multifunctional renewable energy resource, which could also be useful in crop protection to find valid alternative to the compost use in horticulture. The purpose of this work was to assess the suppressiveness of SEB against five plant pathogenic fungi that are important in many Italian horticultural cropping systems. Analyses of the microbial inhibitors (furfurals, organic acids and lignosulfonates) present in the SEB were performed by the High Performance Liquid Chromatography technique. Assessment of toxic effect of the furfurals present in the SEB (furfuraldehyde and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural), added to a growing medium at the different concentration ranges, was carried out in vitro on Phytophthora nicotianae, Pythium ultimum, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis and Rhizoctonia solani. The suppressiveness of SEB, added to a potting soil used in horticulture at the different doses, was tested in vivo on tomato/P. nicotianae, cucumber/P. ultimum, lettuce/F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae, melon/F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis and bean/R. solani. The results showed that furfuraldehyde, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, lignosulfonates, acetic and formic acid were detected at a concentration of 2.93, 0.28, 4.12, 10.07 and 1.88 g/kg SEB, respectively. The P. nicotianae, P. ultimum and R. solani fungi were highly inhibited by the addition of 3.2 g/L furfuraldehyde and 0.48 g/L 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Moreover, the inhibitory effect was found not adequate against F. oxysporum at the same concentrations. The SEB increased significantly the suppressiveness level of the peat substrate on P. ultimum in cucumber and R. solani in bean in all the trials. For P. nicotianae in tomato, the SEB addition showed a significant suppression at the 20 and 30% doses, but the change was not significant at the 10% dose. In case of F. oxysporum f. sp. lactucae in lettuce and F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis in melon, the SEB addition showed no suppressive effect with respect to compost in all the trials. In conclusion, the SEB could be used against some soil-borne fungal diseases in place of compost in the potting soil, and its suppressiveness could be related to the concentration of the microbial inhibitors produced during the processing of fresh biomass in the steam explosion plant. 相似文献