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1.
L C Case G V Ling C E Franti A L Ruby F Stevens D L Johnson 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1992,201(1):129-133
One hundred and seven cystine-containing urinary calculi from 1 female and 101 male dogs were analyzed. Cystine-containing calculi accounted for 2% (107 of 5,375) of all canine urinary calculi submitted to the urinary stone analysis laboratory from July 1981 through December 1989. Male dogs that formed cystine calculi were compared with 3 other canine populations to determine whether certain breeds were apparently at increased or decreased risk for cystine calculus formation. In one or more of 3 population comparisons, significantly increased risk of cystine calculus formation was found in Mastiffs, Australian Cattle Dogs, English Bulldogs, Chihuahuas, Bullmastiffs, Newfoundlands, Dachshunds, Basenjis, Australian Shepherd Dogs, Scottish Deerhounds, Staffordshire Terriers, Miniature Pinschers, pitbull terriers, Welsh Corgis, Silky Terriers, and Bichon Frises. Significantly low risk of cystine calculus formation was found in German Shepherd Dogs, Poodles, Schnauzers, and mixed-breed dogs. 相似文献
2.
Rawlings CA Mahaffey MB Barsanti JA Canalis C 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2003,222(6):759-61, 737
Urinary calculi were removed by means of laparoscopic-assisted cystoscopy in 3 dogs. Two small abdominal incisions were made--1 for a laparoscope and 1 for placement of a Babcock forceps to aid in grasping and lifting the urinary bladder to the abdominal wall. A cystoscope and instruments for calculi removal were passed through a small cystotomy. Biopsy of the urinary bladder or other abdominal organs could also be performed by use of this technique. Laparoscopic-assisted cystoscopy was minimally invasive and provided clear images of the mucosal surface of the urinary bladder and proximal portion of the urethra for easy retrieval of urinary calculi. An imaging procedure should be performed to ensure complete removal of calculi. 相似文献
3.
A. Defarges M. Dunn 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2008,22(6):1267-1273
Background: Electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL) has been used as an alternative to cystotomy in human medicine to remove urinary calculi. This prospective study evaluated the efficacy and safety of EHL to remove urinary calculi in dogs. Hypothesis: EHL is an efficient and safe method of treatment of bladder and urethral calculi in dogs. Methods: Dogs presented between January 1, 2005 and June 1, 2007 with lower urinary tract calculi diagnosed by radiographs or ultrasound examination were included in the study. Physical examination, CBC, biochemistry, urinalysis, and urine culture were performed at presentation. EHL and voiding urohydropulsion were performed under general anesthesia. Patients received IV fluids for 12 hours after which they were rechecked by ultrasound examination and discharged with antibiotics and anti‐inflammatory drugs for 5 days. All patients were reevaluated 1, 3, and 6 months after presentation by physical examination, urinalysis, and ultrasonography. Results: Twenty‐eight dogs (19 males, 9 females) presented with bladder or urethral calculi or both underwent lithotripsy. Their median weight was 8.3 kg. Calcium oxalate calculi were present in 22 dogs, struvite in 4, and mixed calculi in 2. Fragmentation was done in the bladder (23 dogs) and in the urethra (12 dogs). Calculus‐free rate was higher for urethral than for bladder calculi in males and higher for bladder calculi in females than in males. No major complications were reported. Twelve dogs relapsed within 6 months. Conclusions: Results of this study support the use of EHL as a minimally invasive treatment for bladder calculi in females and for urethral calculi in male dogs. 相似文献
4.
P P Calle P T Robinson 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1985,187(11):1149-1153
Urine from one female and 2 male Asian small-clawed otters (Aonyx cinerea) with bilateral renal calculi, one female with unilateral calculi, and one nonaffected male were evaluated for abnormal urinary crystalloid excretion. One otter with bilateral renal calculi had cystic calculi composed of calcium oxalate monohydrate and dihydrate. The 2 affected males were littermates, as were the 2 affected females, but the 2 litters were from different parents. At the time of the study, the otters did not have clinical signs of disease. Hematologic and serum biochemical, electrolyte, and enzyme values were normal. The urinary excretion of calcium, oxalate, uric acid, phosphate, citrate, and amino acids in otters with renal calculi was similar to that of the nonaffected otter. The 4 otters with renal calculi had glucosuria but the nonaffected otter did not have glucosuria. The glucosuria, in the absence of hyperglycemia, suggested a renal tubular transport defect for glucose. Other renal abnormalities were not found. 相似文献
5.
A. Hesse 《The Journal of small animal practice》1990,31(12):599-604
The incidence of canine urolithiasis was found to lie between 0–5 to 1 per cent of the canine population. Epidemiological and analytical data were collected for 1731 urinary stones, and causal relationships investigated. Calculi were found in 72 breeds. While they were relatively common among dachshunds, dalmatians, cocker spaniels, Pekingese, bassets, poodles, schnauzers and small terrier breeds, urinary stones were relatively rare among German shepherd dogs, boxers, collies, chow chows, old English sheepdogs, spitz and rottweiler breeds. Struvite, which was found in 55-6 per cent of all calculi, proved to be the most common constituent, followed by cystine (22-5 per cent) and ammonium urate (6-6 per cent). Xanthine calculi were rare (six cases), while silicium dioxide calculi were present in only one case. The likelihood of calculi in male animals was twice that of bitches, although the latter were found to be more prone to infection of the urinary tract. Adiposity was present in 29 per cent of all dogs with calculi. The average age of the animals was seven years. In 98-7 per cent of all cases the calculi were found in the lower urinary tract, and surgical removal of the stones was required in 87-5 per cent of cases. The main types of calculi appear among specific breeds, which indicates that a careful breeding programme may help to reduce the frequency of urinary calculi. 相似文献
6.
Cystotomy, partial cystectomy, and tube cystostomy 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Cornell KK 《Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice》2000,15(1):11-16
Knowledge of the regional anatomy and healing characteristics of the urinary bladder are crucial to successful surgical intervention in common disorders of the bladder. Innervation and blood supply enter the neck region of the bladder on the dorsal surface. Surgical approach to the bladder is via a ventral midline incision. Cystotomy is most commonly performed on the ventral surface of the bladder and the incision is closed using absorbable suture material in a single-layer, appositional closure. Removal of urinary calculi is the most common indication for cystotomy and should be accompanied by mucosal biopsy and culture. After cystotomy for removal of calculi, a lateral radiograph should be made to confirm removal of all calculi. Partial cystectomy is indicated for bladder trauma, neoplasia, patent urachus, and urachal diverticula. A large percentage of the bladder wall can be excised with gradual return to near normal function when the trigone region is preserved. Complete cystectomy is not recommended because of the patient morbidity and client dissatisfaction with these procedures. Tube cystostomy is performed routinely for temporary or permanent urinary diversion. Temporary diversion may be performed concurrently with surgical repair of urethral trauma or to relieve acute urethral obstructions. Permanent cystostomy may be performed in cases of neurogenic bladder atony or bladder cancer. 相似文献
7.
Structure and composition of canine urinary calculi 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The chemical constituents of 171 specimens of canine urinary calculi have been analysed by infrared spectroscopy. The analysis revealed that 46 per cent of the total contained struvite as the major component; 26 per cent contained cystine; 16 per cent were found to be composed of whewellite and, or, weddellite; 8 per cent of urates; 3 per cent of calcium phosphate (apatite and, or, brushite) and 1 per cent of silica. A series of selected samples was also studied by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). This examination revealed structures similar to human stones. Potassium and complex urates containing two or more cations were commonly found in many areas of ammonium urate and sodium urate calculi. Moreover, EDAX analysis detected a calcium enriched urate in several zones of urate calculi. 相似文献
8.
Hoppe A Denneberg T 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2001,15(4):361-367
The purpose of this study was to summarize 14 years of clinical experience with medical treatment of 88 cystinuric dogs. Of special interest was evaluation of recurrence rate of cystine uroliths and adverse effects during long-term tiopronin treatment. Twenty-six different breeds were recognized, and the most common breeds were Dachshunds, Tibetan Spaniels, and Basset Hounds. In 76 of 88 treated dogs (86%), re-formation of cystine uroliths was prevented. Recurrence rate of cystine uroliths changed from 7 months before to 18 months during tiopronin treatment. On 28 occasions, bladder stones were found, and in about 60% of the dogs, the uroliths dissolved. Quantitative measurement of the urinary excretion of cystine showed a significantly (P < .03) higher excretion of cystine in dogs with recurrent urolith formation than in dogs with only 1 urolith episode. Another finding was a significant (P = .02) decrease in urinary cystine excretion in older (>5 years) than in younger (<5 years) dogs. Adverse effects were found in 11 dogs, and the most severe signs were aggressiveness and myopathy. All signs disappeared when tiopronin treatment was stopped. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the importance of an individual strategy for lifelong treatment of cystinuria. In addition to increasing water intake, chemical modification of the cysteine molecule into a more soluble form by means of tiopronin is useful. In dogs with re-formed cystine uroliths, dissolution may be induced by increasing the tiopronin dosage to 40 mg/kg body weight per day. In dogs with a low urolith recurrence rate and low urinary cystine excretion, the tiopronin dosage may be decreased or treatment discontinued. 相似文献
9.
Cannon AB Westropp JL Ruby AL Kass PH 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2007,231(4):570-576
OBJECTIVE: To determine trends in urolith composition in cats. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. SAMPLE POPULATION: 5,230 uroliths. PROCEDURES: The laboratory database for the Gerald V. Ling Urinary Stone Analysis Laboratory was searched for all urolith submissions from cats from 1985 through 2004. Submission forms were reviewed, and each cat's age, sex, breed, and stone location were recorded. RESULTS: Minerals identified included struvite, calcium oxalate, urates, dried solidified blood, apatite, brushite, cystine, silica, potassium magnesium pyrophosphate, xanthine, and newberyite. During the past 20 years, the ratio of calcium oxalate stones to struvite stones increased significantly. When only the last 3 years of the study period were included, the percentage of struvite stones (44%) was higher than the percentage of calcium oxa-late stones (40%). The most common location for both types of uroliths was the bladder. The number of calcium oxalate-containing calculi in the upper portion of the urinary tract increased significantly during the study period. The number of apatite uroliths declined significantly and that of dried solidified blood stones increased significantly, compared with all other stone types. No significant difference in the number of urate stones was detected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The increasing proportion of calcium oxalate uroliths was in accordance with findings from other studies and could be a result of alterations in cats' diets. However, the decreased percentage of calcium oxalate calculi and increased percentage of struvite calculi observed in the last 3 years may portend a change in the frequency of this type of urolith. 相似文献
10.
Urinary acidification in the prevention and treatment of feline struvite urolithiasis 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
G F Taton D W Hamar L D Lewis 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1984,184(4):437-443
Two groups of 12 cats were fed ad libitum an experimental dry expanded ration high in magnesium (0.37%, dry matter basis) and similar to most commercial dry cat foods in all other nutrients. The diet of one of the groups contained 1.5% ammonium chloride, which was added to the diet before processing. Urethral obstruction developed twice in 7 of the 12 cats fed the ration without ammonium chloride. Of the 5 remaining cats in that group, 2 had calculi in the urinary bladder and urethra at necropsy. In contrast, only 2 of the 12 cats fed the ration containing ammonium chloride had urethral blockage once; neither cat had another blockage. Both cats had been catheterized twice as paired controls before urethral obstruction. One of these 2 cats died from a urinary tract infection apparently introduced through the indwelling catheter, and at necropsy there were 2 small calculi in the urethra. At the end of the study, only 1 other cat fed the ammonium chloride diet had a calculus in the urinary bladder at necropsy; this cat had not had a urethral obstruction throughout the study. After each cat had 2 urethral blockages, its diet was changed. Four cats were fed the ration containing ammonium chloride and 3, a dry, commercial ration. Of the 4 cats fed the diet containing ammonium chloride, none developed another urethral obstruction within 6 months, and at necropsy, no calculi were in the urinary bladder or urethra. Two of the 3 cats fed the commercial ration experienced urethral blockage within 3 months. These 2 cats were then fed the diet containing ammonium chloride.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
11.
12.
B. I. Wallerström T. I. Wågberg† C. H. Lagergren‡ 《The Journal of small animal practice》1992,33(2):78-84
During 1970 to 1990, 134 cases of obstructive cystine calculi were diagnosed in Sweden; it was estimated that at least two out of 10,000 male dogs in Sweden had this condition. The disease was found especially in the dachshund, basset hound and Welsh corgi (0–2 to 04 per cent). The study showed that obstructive cystine calculi occur in male dogs of all ages, but not in females or pups. Most cases (53 per cent) were detected at the age of three to five years. Recurrence was common (38 per cent), but was rare in older dogs. Eight dogs which originally had cystine calculi suffered recurrent stones consisting of magnesium ammonium phosphate. Surgery was performed in 40 per cent for the first time (n=122) during the first quarter of the year and in 71 per cent during January to July. Since this condition affects only male dogs after sexual maturity, it was assumed that the formation of cystine calculi involved the sex hormone(s). 相似文献
13.
Urinary bladder neoplasia in the dog; a review of seventy cases 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The history, presenting signs, clinical and histopathological diagnosis, and outcome of seventy cases of urinary bladder neoplasia in the dog are described. Sixty-two cases had primary tumours, 44 being transitional cell carcinomas and none survived post-operatively for more than a few weeks. Several cases of papillomas were incidental findings at cystotomy for calculi. Factors in the poor prognosis included metastases, progressive uraemia associated with mechanical obstruction of the bladder neck or ureters due to site and size of the lesions and increasingly severe urinary tenesmus and haematuria. 相似文献
14.
W T Clark 《The Journal of small animal practice》1974,15(7):437-444
The composition of urinary calculi was determined in 110 cases of canine urolithiasis and it was found that phosphate was the main constituent in 44% of cases, oxalate in 32%, cytsine in 22% and urate in 2%. Magnesium ammonium phosphate calculi were frequently found in female dogs while in male animals calculi composed of calcium salts or cystine were common. The mean age of dogs with calculi composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate was 6 years while for calcium calculi the mean age was 8-6 years and for cystine calculi 4–9 years. Recurrence of urolithiasis was studied in sixty dogs and further calculi were found in thirty-two animals when examined radiographically although only nineteen of these showed clinical signs. Recurrent calculi developed in 75% of cases where the calculi were composed of calcium or cystine but in only 30% of cases with magnesium ammonium phosphate. The recurrent stones usually had a similar composition to the initial calculi. Résumé. On a précisé la composition de calculs urinaires dans 110 cas d'urolithiase canine et or trouvé que le phosphate était le principal constituant dans 44% des cas, l'oxalate dans 32%, cystine dans 22% et l'urate dans 2%. On a fréquemment trouvé des calculs de phosphates d'amrr nium magnésium chez les chiens femelles tandis que chez les animaux mâles les calculs composés sel de calcium ou de cystine étaient communs. La moyenne des âges des chiens avec des calculs coi posés de phosphate d'ammonium magnésium était de 6 ans, alors que pour les calculs de calcium moyenne des âges était de 8,6 ans et pour les calculs de cystine de 4,9 ans. On a étudié une recurren d'urolithiase chez soixante chiens et on a trouvé d'autres calculs chez trente-deux chiens quand i les a examinés à la radiographie bien que dix-neuf seulement aient montré des signes cliniqui Des calculs récurrents se sont développés dans 75% des cas oà les calculs se composaient de cystine i de calcium mais dans seulement 30% des cas avec du phosphate d'ammonium magnésium. L pierres recurrentes avaient généralement une composition semblable à celle des calculs initiaux. Zusammenfassung. Die Komposition von Harnsteinen wurde in 110 Fällen von Hunde-Har steinen bestimmt und man fand, dass Phosphat der Hauptbestandteil in 44% aller Fälle war, Oxal in 32%, Cystin in 22% und Urat in 2%. Magnesiumammoniumphosphatsteine wurden häufig weiblichen Hunden gefunden, während in männlichen Tieren Steine die aus Kalziumsalzen od Cystine zusammengesetzt waren, gewöhnlicher waren. Das Durchschnittsalter von Hunden ir Harnsteinen die aus Magnesiumammoniumphosphat bestanden belief sich um 6 Jahre während fi Kalziumharnsteine das Durchschnittsalter 8,6 Jahre war und für Gystinharnsteine 4,9 Jahre. Ma studierte das Wiederauftreten von Harnsteinen in sechzig Hunden und weitere Harnsteine fande sich in zweiunddreissig Tieren, als sie radiographisch untersucht wurden, obwohl nur neunzehn vo diesen klinische Symptôme zeigten. Emeute Harnsteine entwickelten sich in 75% aller Fälle in dene die Harnsteine aus Cystine oder Kalzium zusammengesetzt waren aber in nur 30% von Fällen m Magnesiumammoniumphosphat. Die erneut auftretenden Steine waren gewöhnlich von ähnlichi Komposition wie die anfänglichen Harnsteine. 相似文献
15.
Tôrres CL Backus RC Fascetti AJ Rogers QR 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2003,87(9-10):359-372
Taurine (Tau) deficiencies have been associated with the feeding of commercial lamb-meal and rice diets to dogs. We hypothesized that the poor digestibility of some lamb-meals may limit sulphur amino acids availability for Tau synthesis and/or increase of Tau degradation in the gut. Growing dogs were fed either a lamb-meal-based (Diet A) or poultry by-product-based (Diet B) commercial diet. Plasma, whole blood and urinary Tau were measured for 22 weeks. Plasma and whole blood Tau concentrations were similar between the groups throughout the study. Urinary excretion of Tau in dogs fed diet A was 3.2 times greater than that from dogs fed Diet B, suggesting greater renal reabsorption and the need for conservation of Tau in the Diet A group. Food restriction affected Tau status as indicted by a positive correlation of food intake and urinary Tau. Dogs fed Diet A were given antibiotics to inhibit bacterial activity in the gut. Increases in breath hydrogen, indicative of increased bacterial activity, correlated negatively with urinary Tau. Urinary Tau increased by 54% when methionine (Met) was supplemented to Diet A, supporting the suggestion of a low bioavailability of sulphur amino acids and/or an increased fecal loss of Tau in dogs consuming Diet A. 相似文献
16.
May KA Pleasant RS Howard RD Moll HD Duesterdieck KF MacAllister CG Bartels KE 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2001,219(7):957-61, 939
Holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) laser lithotripsy was attempted in a mare and a gelding with calculi in the urinary bladder. The procedure was unsuccessful in producing adequate fragmentation of the calculi. In the gelding, pulsed dye laser lithotripsy was subsequently used to fragment the urolith. Manual removal of the urolith via the urethra was performed in the mare. 相似文献
17.
Prevalence of canine uroliths. Minnesota Urolith Center 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
C A Osborne C W Clinton L K Bamman H C Moran B R Coston A P Frost 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice》1986,16(1):27-44
Uroliths obtained from 839 dogs were evaluated by quantitative methods. Struvite was the most prevalent mineral detected; newberyite, calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, uric acid, sodium and ammonium urate, cystine, and silica were detected much less frequently. Seven per cent of the uroliths had an identifiable nucleus and one or more surrounding layers of different mineral types. Although uroliths were found in all parts of the urinary tract, the urinary bladder was most common. Uroliths of different composition were encountered in a variety of breeds of both sexes and different ages. 相似文献
18.
The composition and structure of 48 canine cystine urinary stones were determined by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electron dispersive X-ray analysis. The infrared analysis showed that about 45% of the specimens were composed of pure cystine. The remainder also contained calcium oxalate (mono and/or dihydrate), magnesium ammonium phosphate hexadydrate (struvite), calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (brushite) and complex urates (ammonium, ammonium potassium and/or potassium enriched ammonium urate). The infrared study of several samples heated at 620 degrees C and 750 degrees C revealed the presence of apatitic calcium phosphate. This compound was difficult to detect in the spectrum of the original samples due to the small proportion of phosphate contained in the calculi and to band overlapping. The examination of a series of selected samples by means of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis complemented the infrared results. 相似文献
19.
A 10-month-old, intact male chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) was diagnosed with urolithiasis, unilateral hydroureter, and hydronephrosis secondary to ureteral obstruction confirmed by radiography and ultrasonography. Nephrectomy and cystotomy were performed, and the urolith was suspected to be a semen-matrix calculus (mineralized copulatory plug) based on the discovery of sperm within the renal pelvis of the nephrectomized kidney on histopathology; this was later confirmed through a postmortem examination. Three months after initial presentation the chinchilla was diagnosed with recurrent urolithiasis, hydroureter, and hydronephrosis of the remaining kidney and ureter, and euthanized due to poor prognosis. Necropsy confirmed the presence of semen-matrix calculi in the ureter and urinary bladder. Veterinary clinicians should consider semen-matrix calculi as a differential diagnosis for radiopaque calculi within the bladder or urethra of male chinchillas. Pathogenesis may be formation of a coagulum secondary to retrograde ejaculation. 相似文献
20.
Growing barrows and female pigs of 3 liveweight ranges (20-30 kg, 50-60 kg, 80-90 kg) were used to study the true digestibility of protein and essential amino acids from 4 cereal species and 4 high-protein concentrate using the fecal analysis method and regression techniques. No significant differences were found between the females and the barrows in the true digestibility of the protein and most of the amino acids from the protein carriers under study. In the 3rd liveweight range, the true digestibility of some amino acids of the cereals proved somewhat lower in tendency with female animals. In comparison with the true digestibility of protein, in the cereals under study that of lysine gave significantly lower, and that of cystine, arginine, phenylalanine and histidine significantly higher values. The relative values (protein = 100%) were 85.0, 110.6, 106.8, 106.5 and 105.5 for lysine, cystine, arginine, phenylalanine and histidine, respectively. The true digestibility of the remaining amino acids is comparable to that of protein. 相似文献