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1.
为筛选获得对青稞具有促生性能的联合固氮菌,从西藏不同地区青稞根际采集土壤样品,以Ashby无氮培养基进行菌株分离,利用凯氏定氮法测定分离物的固氮量,通过培养皿纸上萌发法测定其对青稞种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,根据菌株形态、理化特性和16SrDNA序列分析进行固氮菌株的鉴定。结果表明：从西藏高寒地区青稞根际分离获得的72株联合固氮菌,和CK相比,氮增量为0.30～26.07 mg·L-1,其中有10个菌株的固氮量较高,氮增量为17.01～26.07 mg·L-1。种子萌发和幼苗生长试验表明：10株菌中6株菌的综合促生效果较好,即菌株20-2、22-5、23-3、26-1、35-2和39-5。和CK相比,种子萌发率提高了-7.14%~25.00%,茎粗提高了1.53%~13.74%,株高提高了-9.52%~7.60%,根长提高了9.41%~38.09%,须根数提高了-11.26%~12.57%,鲜重提高了-4.97%~57.73%。经过多相分类鉴定,这6株菌分属于根瘤菌属、类芽孢杆菌属、无色杆菌属和假单胞菌属。  相似文献   

2.
The effects of seven fungicides, seven herbicides and six insecticides on nitrogen fixation and nodulation by the dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv “Bonus”) were investigated. All pesticides examined were found innocuous to nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) except bentazone, a post-emergence herbicide. Bentazone at 3 × label rate (6.7 kg ha?1) consistently depressed nitrogen fixation rates within 48 h after application. However, rates recovered and were comparable to those of control plants after 6 days. No effects were observed on nodulation from any of the pesticides (3 × or label rate) applied.  相似文献   

3.
Angular leaf spot (ALS), an important disease of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), is caused by the fungus Pseudocercospora griseola. This pathogen has a wide genetic variability and, therefore, poses a challenge to integrated disease management. The use of resistant cultivars is difficult; hence, the application of fungicides has been a common practice in common bean cultivation. P. griseola strains were morphophysiologically characterized and their sensitivity to common fungicides used to control ALS was studied. The strains were evaluated for sporulation capacity and a representative sample of 34 strains was bioassayed to determine their sensitivity to commercial concentrations of five fungicides, namely pyraclostrobin, mancozeb, pyraclostrobin + metconazole, chlorothalonil and tebuconazole. Another sample of 29 strains was studied for conidial germination and dimensions. Sporulation capacity ranged from 0.88 to 27.67 × 104 conidia/ml and germination percentage ranged from 39% to 72%. The large differences among strains suggest a wide genetic variability among the strains. A wide variability in aggressiveness of P. griseola was observed, which has consequences for breeding programmes aimed at resistance. The behaviour of pathogen strains differed in every fungicide evaluated, even in a population that has not been under selection pressure in the field. These results confirm the need for further studies and may guide future research with this pathogen.  相似文献   

4.
BACKGROUND: Sterol 14α‐demethylase (CYP51), a key target of azole (DMI) fungicides, can be expressed in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Green mould of citrus, caused by Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) Sacc., is a serious post‐harvest disease. To develop specific and more effective fungicides against this disease, the characteristics of the interaction between sterol 14α‐demethylase from P. digitatum (PdCYP51) and possible new fungicides were analysed. The cyp51 gene of P. digitatum was cloned and expressed under different conditions in Escherichia coli (Mig.) Cast. & Chalm., and the binding spectra of PdCYP51 were explored by the addition of two commercial azoles and four new nitrogen compounds. RESULTS: The yield of soluble protein (PdCYP51) was largest when expressed in Rosetta (DE3) induced by 0.5 mM IPTG for 8 h at 30 °C. Compound B (7‐methoxy‐2H‐benzo[b][1,4]thiazine‐3‐amine) showed the strongest binding activity of the four new nitrogen compounds, with a Kd value of 0.268 µM . The Kd values of the six compounds were significantly correlated with their EC50 values. CONCLUSION: The spectral analysis and bioassay results could be used to screen the new chemical entities effectively. Compound B, selected by virtual screening from a commercial chemical library, is a candidate for a new DMI fungicide. These results provide a theoretical basis and new ideas for efficient design and development of new antifungal agents. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

5.
The influence of 1 and 50 mg active ingredient (AI) kg-1 soil of 17 fungicides on transformations of urea nitrogen in soil was studied by determining the amounts of urea hydrolysed and the amounts of nitrate and nitrite produced when samples of two coarse-textured and two fine-textured soils were incubated aerobically for various times after treatment with urea. When applied at the rate of 1 mg AI kg-1 soil, anilazine, benomyl, captan, chloranil, mancozeb and thiram retarded urea hydrolysis in the two coarse-textured soils and maneb retarded urea hydrolysis in all four of the soils used. Most of the fungicides tested retarded nitrification of urea nitrogen in the two coarse-textured soils when applied at the rate of 1 mg AI kg-1 soil, but only etridiazole markedly retarded nitrification of urea nitrogen in all of the soils used when applied at this rate. When the fungicides were applied at the rate of 50 mg AI kg-1 soil, anilazine, captan, chloranil, fenaminosulf, folpet, maneb, mancozeb and thiram retarded urea hydrolysis in the four soils studied, and all fungicides tested except chloroneb, fenarimol and iprodione retarded nitrification of urea nitrogen in these soils. One-way analysis of variance and correlation analyses indicated that the inhibitory effects of the 17 fungicides tested on nitrification of urea nitrogen in soil increased with decrease in the organic-matter content and increase in the sand content of the soil. © of SCI.  相似文献   

6.
Botrytis cinerea is an ubiquitous pathogen which causes severe losses in many fruit, vegetable and ornamental crops. The pathogen infects leaves, stems, flowers and fruits. The complexity of diseases caused by B. cinerea in greenhouses makes this pathogen one of the most important diseases of vegetable crops in greenhouse in many countries. In general, epidemics occur in cool and humid conditions, which favour infection and may also predispose the host to become susceptible. High relative humidity in the greenhouse and free moisture on plant surfaces are considered the most important environmental factors which influence infection by B. cinerea. In this review we specify the factors affecting the development of diseases incited by B. cinerea and discuss different approaches for its suppression. Chemical and non-chemical controls are outlined and their integration is discussed. Finally, achievements, gaps in knowledge, and future needs are indicated. The most common means for disease management is by application of chemical fungicides. Both spraying of fungicides and application of fungicides directly to sporulating wounds is practiced. However, high activity of several fungicides is being lost, at least in part, due to the development of resistance. As fungicides still remain an important tool for control of epidemics caused by B. cinerea, it is important to monitor populations of the pathogen for their resistance towards potential fungicides. Cultural measures can be a powerful means to suppress plant diseases in greenhouses where the value of crops is high and the farmers make considerable efforts during long cropping seasons. Such measures are usually aimed at altering the microclimate in the canopy and around susceptible plant organs, prevention of inoculum entrance into the greenhouse and its build up, and, rendering the host plants less susceptible to diseases. Calcium loading of plant tissues and alteration of nitrogen fertilization reduce susceptibility to Botrytis. Cultivars resistant to B. cinerea are not available. Another alternative methods to control B. cinerea is by means of biological control agents. At least one preparation is already available in the market and in many cases it was as effective as the conventional fungicides. A decision support system was recently developed for integration of chemical and biological controls. Adaquate suppression of B. cinerea diseases in greenhouse crops is an attainable goal. In our opinion this goal can be reached by considering the ecology of the pathosystem in its broader sense and by integration of all possible control measures. This implies optimization of plant nutrition, microlimate and control (cultural, biological, physiological and, if necessary, chemical) measures. Moreover, Botrytis management must be incorporated in a more holistic system that is compatible with insect control, crop production systems and profitability of the crop.  相似文献   

7.
The effects of fungicides containing mancozeb or copper oxychloride, as principal active ingredients, on phytoseiid mites were investigated in a vineyard comprising four varieties (Prosecco, Cabernet Franc, Pinot gris and Merlot) and located in north-eastern Italy. Phytoseiid colonisation was different among the four varieties: Amblyseius andersoni and Kampimodromus aberrans were dominant on Pinot gris and Merlot, respectively, while Typhlodromus pyri was more common than the above species on Prosecco and Cabernet Franc. Applications of mancozeb fungicides significantly affected K. aberrans populations. Concerning T. pyri, a significant effect was observed on Cabernet but not on Prosecco. The effects of mancozeb fungicides on A. andersoni were less clear. The response of phytoseiids to fungicides containing mancozeb appeared to be mediated by the variety. Therefore, the choice of one or two varieties as a standard reference for field tests is recommended. These results also suggest that the side effects of fungicides on predatory mites should be studied on different phytoseiid species and, possibly, on susceptible and resistant strains in order to gain useful insights.  相似文献   

8.
The effects of the sterol biosynthesis inhibitor (SBI) fungicides fenarimol, fenpropimorph, imazalil, prochloraz, propiconazole and triadimenol on growth and sterol composition of Ustilago maydis, Botrytis cinerea and Pyrenophora teres, grown from spores or sporidia in liquid culture, were determined. Growth of U. maydis was only slightly inhibited by SBI fungicides at concentrations which caused considerable changes in both sterol content and composition. Conversely, in B. cinerea and P. teres, growth was strongly inhibited under conditions where ergosterol was still the predominant sterol, suggesting that, in these two fungi, growth may be more sensitive to SBI fungicides than overall sterol production. Demethylase inhibitor fungicides behaved as a homogeneous group in their effects on growth and on sterol profiles of the three fungi studied.  相似文献   

9.
甲氧基丙烯酸酯类和三唑类杀菌剂对斑痣悬茧蜂的毒性   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为明确甲氧基丙烯酸酯类(嘧菌酯、醚菌酯、肟菌酯)和三唑类(粉唑醇、腈菌唑、戊唑醇、己唑醇及戊菌唑)杀菌剂对寄生性天敌斑痣悬茧蜂Meteorus pulchricornis的毒性风险,在室内分别采用药膜法和摄入法测定了上述8种杀菌剂对斑痣悬茧蜂存活的影响。结果表明,处理方法对结果有明显影响。在药膜法处理中,肟菌酯表现出最高的触杀毒性,其致死中时间(LT50值)为1.18d;戊菌唑次之,其LT50值为1.98d;粉唑醇的毒性最低,LT50值长达52.58d。在摄入法处理中,供试杀菌剂的LT50值均大于15d。除粉唑醇药膜处理和己唑醇摄入处理外,其余处理斑痣悬茧蜂的寿命均显著缩短。因此,在实际生产中应关注甲氧基丙烯酸酯类和三唑类杀菌剂,尤其是肟菌酯和戊菌唑对斑痣悬茧蜂等寄生蜂天敌的安全性。  相似文献   

10.
Two bioassay methods are described which use detached tobacco leaves to measure the sensitivity of Peronospora tabacina to systemic fungicides. Tobacco leaves (13–15 cm2), treated with fungicides before or after detachment from the plant, were inoculated with sporangia in water drops and, after incubation in beakers and Petri plates, the disease severity and/or production of sporangia was determined 4–7 days after treatment with the fungicides. Of 15 systemic fungicides applied to detached leaves, eight N-phenylamides at 0.066?1.0 μg ml?1 controlled blue mould; metalaxyl was the most effective fungicide. Isolates of P. tabacina, collected in the field from tobacco plants grown in soil treated with metalaxyl, were not resistant to the fungicide applied to detached leaves prior to inoculation. The fungicide, applied to leaves before detachment, was used to measure the efficacy of five systemic N-phenylamide fungicides sprayed on the basal and unsprayed distal portions of the leaves. Blue mould was controlled on the basal portion of the leaf by all the fungicides at 0.66?1.0 μg ml?1, but it required the application of 3–30 times more chemical on the basal portion to achieve comparable blue mould control on the distal part of the leaf.  相似文献   

11.
香蕉枯萎病田间发病株的高效灭菌方法筛选   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
为筛选有效防控香蕉枯萎病菌扩散蔓延的灭菌方法,采用含毒介质培养法测定咪鲜胺和多菌灵不同配比对枯萎病菌的毒力作用以筛选最佳混配液,比较最佳混配液与生石灰、草甘膦、咪鲜胺的平板抑菌和大田灭菌效果,并研究了大田不同施用方式对最佳混配液灭菌效果的影响。结果表明,咪鲜胺与多菌灵体积比为10∶1时得最佳混配液,可显著提高对香蕉枯萎病菌的抑制效果,增效系数为1.53,EC50值最小,为0.025 mg/L;4种药剂的EC50值由大到小为草甘膦生石灰咪鲜胺最佳混配液。1 000 mg/L最佳混配液喷施于大田病株5 d后根际土壤病菌含量下降了95.93%,10 d后球茎病菌含量减少了71.88%,综合灭菌效果显著优于其它处理。此外,应用打孔灌药法可显著提高最佳混配液对大田病株的灭菌效果,施用5 d后球茎病菌含量减少了95.95%。表明以打孔灌药法施用1 000 mg/L最佳混配液灭菌效果显著且操作便捷,易于推广应用。  相似文献   

12.
There are several fungicide chemistries used for disease control on pecan (Carya illinoinensis), but there is little or no knowledge of subtle short‐ or long‐term side effects of these chemistries on host physiological processes, including net photosynthesis (Pn). This study quantifies the impact of several fungicides used to control scab on Pn and other gas exchange characteristics of pecan foliage and provides much‐needed insight to ensure proper usage in commercial pecan operations. Multiple field experiments found that certain fungicide chemistries have the potential to reduce Pn, stomatal conductance (Cs), transpiration rate (Tr) and water use efficiency (Ew; Pn/Tr), whereas others are benign. For example, neither triphenyltin hydroxide nor the triazoles tested had a negative impact on gas exchange characteristics, regardless of when measurements were taken or the number of spray applications. However, dodine, phosphorous acid, ziram and certain strobilurins were capable of suppressing gas exchange, especially Pn, up to several weeks after a single treatment. Suppression of Pn by some fungicides was relatively short term, but was long term or permanent for other fungicides. In certain cases, leaf Pn was suppressed by as much as 50–80% for at least several weeks after a single exposure. These studies suggest that use of fungicides in commercial pecan orchards might result in negative side effects that need to be taken into consideration when determining how best to use these fungicides in pecan disease management.  相似文献   

13.

BACKGROUND

A reduction in chasmothecia, an important inoculum of grape powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator Schwein.), is essential for disease control in vineyards; the use of fungicides during the formation of chasmothecia on vine leaves, late in the growing season, may accomplish this. Inorganic fungicides, such as sulphur, copper, and potassium bicarbonate, are very useful for this purpose because of their multisite mode of action. The aim of this study was to evaluate chasmothecia reduction using different fungicide applications late in the growing season in commercially managed vineyards and in an exact application trial.

RESULTS

Chasmothecia on vine leaves were reduced in commercial vineyards by four copper (P = 0.01) and five potassium bicarbonate (P = 0.026) applications. The positive effect of potassium bicarbonate was also confirmed in the application trial, where two applications showed lower chasmothecia numbers than the control (P = 0.002).

CONCLUSION

The application of inorganic fungicides reduced the amount of chasmothecia as the primary inoculum source. Potassium bicarbonate and copper are of further interest for disease control as these fungicides can be used by organic and conventional wine growers. The application of these fungicides should be carried out as late as possible before harvest to reduce chasmothecia formation and, consequently, the potential for powdery mildew infestation in the subsequent season. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.  相似文献   

14.
BACKGROUND: Phoma stem canker, caused by the coexisting related fungal pathogens Leptosphaeria maculans (Des.) Ces. & de Not and L. biglobosa Shoemaker & H Brun, is a major disease of winter oilseed rape in the UK. Annually, over 90% of UK crops receive at least one foliar application of fungicide, but little is known about the sensitivity of the more damaging L. maculans and the less damaging L. biglobosa to these fungicides. The effects of flusilazole, tebuconazole and Methyl Benzimidazole Carbamate (MBC) fungicides (benomyl and carbendazim) on the germination of ascospores, conidia and germ tube growth of both species were examined. Isolates collected from different oilseed rape crops in England and Wales were assessed for their mycelial growth on fungicide‐amended medium, and ED50 values were calculated. RESULTS: Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa differed in their sensitivity to fungicides. Conidial germination of L. maculans was more sensitive to these fungicides than that of L. biglobosa. Isolates of L. maculans had smaller ED50 values for mycelial growth for all fungicides tested than isolates of L. biglobosa. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that fungicide applications might affect the structure of L. maculans/L. biglobosa populations in UK winter oilseed rape crops. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

15.
哈茨木霉菌与5种杀菌剂对番茄灰霉病菌的协同作用   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  
采用对峙法、菌丝生长速率法和离体叶片法分别测定了哈茨木霉菌Trichoderma harzianum与5种不同作用机制杀菌剂联用对番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea的抑制作用。结果表明,联用可增强哈茨木霉菌及啶酰菌胺、嘧菌酯、咯菌腈、氟啶胺和啶菌噁唑5种供试药剂对番茄灰霉病菌的抑制作用,即具有协同作用,因此可考虑将杀菌剂与木霉菌联合用于番茄灰霉病的防治。  相似文献   

16.
BACKGROUND: A range of botryosphaeriaceous species can cause dieback and cankers in grapevines; however, different species most commonly affect the grapevines in different grape‐growing regions and countries. They infect through wounds and sporulate on woody stems and green shoots throughout the year, so wound protection is the recommended control strategy. This research evaluated fungicides for their ability to reduce mycelial growth and conidial germination of three botryosphaeriaceous species and to protect pruning wounds against infection. RESULTS: In vitro experiments showed that nine out of 16 tested fungicides were effective at reducing mycelial growth and/or conidial germination of three isolates each of Neofusicoccum australe, N. luteum and Diplodia mutila. The species differed in their response to the fungicides, although N. luteum was usually the least sensitive. When nine selected fungicides were sprayed on cane pruning wounds on potted and field grapevines and subsequently inoculated with N. luteum conidia, some effectively protected them from infection. The most effective fungicides were flusilazole, carbendazim, tebuconazole, thiophanate‐methyl and mancozeb, as they prevented the inoculated pathogen from infecting healthy wood in 100, 93, 87, 83 and 80% of field vines, respectively. CONCLUSION: This research has demonstrated that fungicides applied after winter pruning can protect vines from infection by conidia of three botryosphaeriaceous species. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

17.
Tomato and strawberry are the most important protected crops in Lebanon and are seriously affected by grey mould disease, caused by Botrytis cinerea. In the present study, the fungicide sensitivity assays revealed medium to high frequencies of B. cinerea isolates resistant to benzimidazoles, dicarboximides, and anilinopyrimidines on tomato and strawberry. Fludioxonil- and boscalid-resistant mutants were uncommonly found at generally low frequency on both crops. Resistance to fenhexamid was detected in only one site on tomato but in most sites on strawberry with high frequencies, and the occurrence of resistance to QoI fungicides was ascertained on both crops. The majority of the tested isolates (>90%) exhibited multiple fungicide resistance, and isolates resistant to the seven antibotrydial fungicide classes were detected on strawberry in three locations. A high level of resistance was shown by B. cinerea mutants resistant to boscalid, fenhexamid, and QoI fungicides, while two levels of moderate and high resistance to anilinopyrimidines were identified. Genetic analysis revealed point mutations in the target genes commonly associated with resistance in B. cinerea isolates, with all mutants resistant to dicarboximides, fenhexamid, boscalid, and QoI fungicides carrying single-nucleotide polymorphims in BcOS1 (I365S/N, Q369P, and N373S), Erg27 (F412V/I), SdhB (H272R/Y), and cytb (G143A) genes, respectively. The general incorrect use of fungicides has caused the development and spread of fungicide resistance as a widespread phenomenon on protected tomato and strawberry in Lebanon. The implementation of appropriate antiresistance strategies is highly recommended.  相似文献   

18.
采用离体叶段法,分别测定了从河北、河南、湖北、陕西和四川5省分离的53个小麦白粉病菌单孢菌株对苯菌酮和喹氧灵的敏感性,并分析了白粉病菌对三唑酮和苯菌酮以及喹氧灵之间的 交互抗性。结果表明:小麦白粉病菌群体对苯菌酮和喹氧灵的平均EC50值分别为(0.001 9±0.000 6) 和(0.013 1±0.002 0) mg/L,苯菌酮比喹氧灵具有更高的抑菌活性;小麦白粉病菌对三唑酮和苯菌酮与喹氧灵之间均不存在交互抗性(R2值分别为0.102 6和0.491 9);室内盆栽试验结果显示:接种前1 d和接种后1d施药,苯菌酮和喹氧灵对小麦白粉病的保护与治疗作用防效分别为92.21%、84.25%和82.43%、70.25%,表明这2种药剂不仅具有优异的保护作用,同时还具有较好的治疗作用。  相似文献   

19.
四种杀菌剂对两种赤眼蜂的毒性分析及敏感性比较   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
采用药膜法分别测定了95%三唑酮、99.5%肟菌酯、96.2%咪鲜胺和95%申嗪霉素4种杀菌剂对玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae和松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura的急性毒性。结果表明,4种供试杀菌剂对玉米螟赤眼蜂的直接接触毒性LC50值分别为0.822 0、48.70、12.94和24.25 mg/L, 对松毛虫赤眼蜂的LC50值分别为10.55、180.3、218.1和240.3 mg/L。 即4种杀菌剂对两种赤眼蜂的风险性存在差异,供试药剂对松毛虫赤眼蜂相对较为安全。由于玉米螟赤眼蜂比松毛虫赤眼蜂对供试杀菌剂更为敏感,因此以玉米螟赤眼蜂作为评价农药对赤眼蜂风险的供试生物更为适宜。  相似文献   

20.
Articles on chemigation with fungicides targeting foliage have been reviewed. They included 23 fungicides tested on 10 crops. Many studies compared chemigation to a check treatment, while others also included conventional methods. Chlorothalonil, followed by mancozeb, fentin hydroxide and captafol were the most studied fungicides, while peanut (Arachis hypogaea), potato (Solanum tuberosum), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum ), and dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were the most studied crops. Center pivot, followed by solid set, were the irrigation systems most frequently used. The minimum volume of water applied by some center pivots (25 000 litre ha−1 ) is 25 times the maximum volume of water used by conventional ground sprayers. The reduction of fungicide residue on foliage caused by the very large volume of water used by chemigation might be offset by the following factors: (1) fungicide application at the time of maximum leaf wetness when fungi are most active, (2) complete coverage of plants, (3) reducing greatly the inoculum on plant and soil surface, (4) better control of some soil pathogens, and (5) more uniform distribution of fungicides by center pivot. Furthermore, chemigation avoids mechanical damage and soil compaction. Additionally, some systemic fungicides seem to be absorbed rapidly by the leaves, by root uptake from the soil, or by both. In general, all fungicides applied through irrigation water can lessen disease severity. However, when compared to conventional methods, chemigation with fungicides can be less, equally or more effective depending on crop, pathogen, disease severity, fungicide and volume of water. For Cercosporidium personatum control on peanuts, application of protectant fungicides through irrigation water is less effective than conventional methods, but the results with some systemic fungicides mixed with non-emulsified oil and applied through a relatively low volume of water (2.5 mm) are encouraging. Important diseases of potato and tomato can be controlled nearly as well by chemigation as by conventional methods without impairing yield. The main advantage of chemigation for these crops is avoiding a large number of tractor trips through the field and reduced costs of fungicide application. Chemigation has also been shown to be a good option for control of white mold [ Sclerotinia sclerotiorum] on dry beans. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

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