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采用室内饲养观察法、饵木诱集观察法、样木解剖调查法和诱捕器诱集调查法,对松墨天牛在恩施市海拔400～1 200 m处的发生期进行了调查研究。结果表明:松墨天牛成虫在恩施市发生期为4月下旬末～10月中旬;随着海拔的升高,成虫羽化高峰期逐渐推迟,海拔400～600、600～800、800～1 000 m、1 000～1 200 m天牛羽化高峰期分别在6月下旬、7月上旬、7月中旬、7月下旬。不同海拔高度该虫均为1年发生1代,都以低龄幼虫和老熟幼虫分别在韧皮部和木质部的虫道内越冬,但在不同海拔高度条件下该虫各虫态发生期不同,低海拔400m处各虫态的发生期要比高海拔1 200 m处提前30 d左右。恩施市为典型的盆地气候,松墨天牛成虫发生期差异显著,防治适期不一,该研究为该市松墨天牛的防治和预测预报提供了可靠的理论依据。 相似文献
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以引种的‘香玲’核桃为试材,对襄阳市保康县不同海拔区域的核桃生长结果习性进行调查研究,结果表明:在相同的生长年限下,引种的‘香玲’核桃平均树高、平均地径在海拔700~800 m呈现最大值,单株冠幅面积和单株结果数量在600~700 m呈现最大值,700~800 m产量最不稳定,病果率在海拔600~700 m最低;在海拔800 m以上,随着海拔的升高,树体平均高度、树体平均地径、单株冠幅面积和单株结果数量均呈现下降的趋势。因此,保康县600~800 m区域是最适宜‘香玲’核桃引种的区域。 相似文献
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金佛山方竹垂直分布及低海拔异地引种后笋产量和品质 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1
文章实地调查了大娄山山脉金佛山方竹的垂直分布，并探索其在低海拔异地发展的可能性。2008年至2020年，以单竹丛为单位，对栽种在海拔2 000、1 356、1 352、1 130、1 080、720和658 m的金佛山方竹出笋情况进行逐年观测，比较其笋产量及笋营养元素含量与原生地的差异。结果表明：1）大娄山脉金佛山方竹天然资源主要分布在大娄山山脉海拔1 600~2 200 m，上线海拔2 227 m （柏芷山），下线海拔1 400 m左右，每年自然繁衍海拔下延1~3 m，个别植株通过山体滑坡及沟谷流水瀑布等外力带至海拔1 350 m或1 150 m处，并小面积蔓延；2）在海拔1 356~658 m的原生地低海拔区及异地引种金佛山方竹，除海拔658 m处的笋产量和氨基酸含量低于原生林外，其他引种地的笋产量和笋品质指标均与原生林差异不大。研究结果表明，通过选择优良单株，可以在海拔658 m以上沟谷背阴地的疏林下发展金佛山方竹。 相似文献
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选取武夷山国家级自然保护区内5个海拔(1 200、1 400、1 600、1 800和2 000 m)的黄山松样地，对近地面大气(0～12 cm)和土壤(-6～0 cm)温度进行17个月的连续监测，以期揭示近地面大气和土壤温度的时空变化规律和温度梯度变化特征。结果表明：土壤温度显著高于大气温度(P<0.05),土壤和大气温度存在月份和季节变化规律。土壤和大气温度在不同海拔中存在显著差异(P<0.05),在海拔1 200 m最高，分别为12.85±5.15和12.45±7.25℃;海拔2 000 m最低，分别为10.26±4.99和9.58±6.56℃。土壤和大气年平均温度梯度变化分别为3.24和3.59℃。不同季节存在不同的温度变化特征，并且黑夜的土壤和大气温度梯度变化高于白天。土壤和大气温度存在时空变化规律，并且不同季节和昼夜变化对温度梯度变化存在影响。 相似文献
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以毛竹林冠下种植的多花黄精根茎繁殖苗为研究对象,探讨不同海拔梯度(150~300、300~450、450~600、600~800、800~1000、1000~1200 m)对多花黄精生长及多糖含量的影响。结果表明:不同海拔梯度对多花黄精生长影响较为显著,多花黄精的生长量和多糖含量随海拔升高呈逐渐下降趋势,以海拔150~600 m范围内多花黄精的生长量和根茎质量较高,2年生多花黄精的保存率、地径、高度、根茎总产量、根茎多糖含量的平均值分别达91.6%、0.57 cm、62.5 cm、6109.29kg·hm-2、13.5%;选择海拔600 m以下区域范围内的毛竹林冠下种植多花黄精较适宜。研究结果对多花黄精最适栽培区域选择具有一定参考价值。 相似文献
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通过不同海拔固定样地实测调查研究,分析不同样地天然更新苗径级结构、种群密度、林分郁闭度、群落结构等指标,结果表明:(1)青海云杉(Picea crassifolia Kom.)不同海拔高度天然更新密度差异显著(p0.05)。天然更新幼苗密度低海拔地区最高,高海拔次之,中间海拔较低;(2)青海云杉不同海拔梯度更新苗平均基径为2.47cm,海拔2 500m平均胸径最小为1.63cm,海拔2 900m最大为3.8cm。(3)海拔2 500m草类青海云杉天然更新株数1 800株/hm~2为更新良好,2 700m、2 800m藓类青海云杉天然更新株数分别为1 975、1 375株/hm~2为更新一般,2 900 m、2 930 m、3 000m草类青海云杉更新株数为300、50、275株/hm~2为无天然更新能力。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and
also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the
amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter
bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K
was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed
significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week−1 for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week−1 for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed
during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly
between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species
provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient
enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Astra Zaluma Lauma Bruna Darta Klavina Natalija Burnevica Kristine Kenigsvalde Andis Lazdins Talis Gaitnieks 《Forest Pathology》2019,49(6)
Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):118-130
The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
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本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
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Steven Maranz Amadou Niang Antoine Kalinganire Djeneba Konaté Bocary Kaya 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(3):231-239
Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional
data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral
contents and B1 and B2 vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising
germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B1 88 mg 100 g−1, B2 187 mg 100 g−1, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal
diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties
to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations. 相似文献
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《Wood material science & engineering》2013,8(2):76-84
Abstract Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists. 相似文献