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1.
BACKGROUND
Helicoverpa armigera is a major pest of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan). Efforts to develop pigeonpea varieties resistant to H. armigera attack have been met with limited success, despite reports of high levels of resistance to H. armigera in wild relatives of pigeonpea and reports of low to moderate levels of resistance in cultivated varieties. Here we examined H. armigera oviposition preference and larval performance on whole plants of three cultivars of short-duration pigeonpea: a susceptible control (ICPL 87) and two cultivars with purported host–plant resistance (ICPL 86012 and ICPL 88039).RESULTS
In our no-choice oviposition experiment, H. armigera laid similar numbers of eggs on all three cultivars tested, but under choice conditions moths laid slightly more eggs on ICPL 88039. Larval growth and development were affected by cultivar, and larvae grew to the largest size (weight) and developed fastest on ICPL 86012. Moths laid most of their eggs on floral structures, sites where subsequent early instar larvae overwhelmingly fed. Experimentally placing neonate larvae at different locations on plants demonstrated that larvae placed on flowers experienced greater survival, faster development, and greater weight gain than those placed on leaves. The type and density of trichomes (a potential resistance trait) differed among cultivars and plant structures, but larvae selected to feed at sites where trichomes were absent.CONCLUSION
Future work examining host–plant resistance against H. armigera should incorporate the behavioural preference of moths and larvae in experiments using whole plants as opposed to bioassays of excised plant parts in Petri dishes. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. 相似文献2.
We investigated the sub-lethal influences of spinosad, chlorpyriphos, endosulfan, acephate and cypermethrin on the oviposition responses of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) to cotton plants, under cage and laboratory conditions. The rank order of toxicity (LC50 values as a per cent) of test insecticides against third instar larvae using the leaf disc method was: spinosad > chlorpyriphos > endosulfan > acephate > cypermethrin. On whole plants, females laid more eggs on acephate LC50-, acephate LC30- and cypermethrin LC50-treated cotton plants than on the control. The chlorpyriphos-treated plants were least preferred for oviposition. When excised cotton leaves from different treatments were used in a multiple-choice test, cypermethrin LC50- and endosulfan LC30-treated leaves received more eggs than the control. The repeated application of sub-lethal concentrations of different insecticides reduced plant height in the case of acephate LC30 and cypermethrin LC50, while plant spread and upper canopy leaf area were reduced in both treatments of acephate and cypermethrin. Reduced plant spread, upper canopy leaf area followed by plant height were found associated with oviposition preference by H. armigera females. 相似文献
3.
The effects ofCitrus reticulata Blanco (tangerine) foliage age on larval survival and performance of the lappet mothStreblote panda Hübner (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), a polyphagous Mediterranean species, were studied. Larvae were reared under controlled
laboratory conditions on young and mature excised leaves of tangerine. Survival, duration of development, and post-ingestive
indices of larval growth were determined. Mature leaves significantly reduced survivorship of early instar larvae. Larvae
which were fed on mature leaves grew more slowly and were less efficient at utilizing plant biomass and nitrogen than larvae
fed on young leaves. Growth rates were 30% higher on young leaves, overall efficiency of conversion of ingested food was greater
also, as consequence of an increase of 46% in the assimilation efficiencies, whereas the efficiency of conversion of digested
matter into larval biomass was similar in both food treatments. The rate of consumption of biomass was higher in mature leaves,
but that of nitrogen was similar, indicating that mature leaves restricted growth primarily by restricting the efficiency
of utilizing this nutrient. The nitrogen utilization efficiency was reduced more than 20%, and the relative accumulation rate
of nitrogen was suppressed 30% for larvae on mature leaves, which may explain the protracted development time of larvae fed
on mature leaves. Survival was consistently higher when larvae were fed with young leaves although no differences were found
for mature larvae or pupae. No differences were found in pupal mass (a fecundity correlate) between food treatments. Our results
confirm the bibliographic records ofCitrus spp. like host plants ofS. panda in Spain, but also suggest that much variation must be expected in the temporal and spatial incidence of this insect, depending
upon the cultivated species, associated plant phenology and management techniques employed in the culture.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Aug. 28, 2005. 相似文献
4.
Differences were observed in the sensitivity of three wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars to chlorsulfuron. Shoot dry weight was reduced by foliar applications of chlorsulfuron to a greater extent in cv. Rongotea than in cvs Lancer and Kotare. There was no difference between these cultivars in the specific activity of acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme extracted from leaves or roots. Moreover, chlorsulfuron inhibited ALS from the wheat cultivars to the same extent in?vitro. ALS measurement in vivo showed that after 15 h of incubating excised leaf tissues with chlorsulfuron, there was a greater reduction in ALS enzyme activity in Rongotea than in the other cultivars. Furthermore, 1 day after a foliar application of chlorsulfuron, in vitro ALS activity in leaves was reduced more in Rongotea than in Lancer or Kotare. Recovery of the enzyme activity following chlorsulfuron application was quicker in Kotare than in Lancer or Rongotea. It is concluded that differences in sensitivity of these wheat cultivars to chlorsulfuron are not due to differential ALS sensitivity or level, but may be due to differential rates of herbicide metabolism. 相似文献
5.
The response of natural and planted stands of Allium vineale L. to chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron was determined in field experiments in Illinois, U.S.A., in 1982 and 1983. In natural stands very low rates of either herbicide controlled A. vineale. Chlorsulfuron, applied in the spring at 20 g ha?1, reduced aerial bulblet production by 99% but when it was applied in the fall it reduced aerial bulblet production by only 59%. All rates of metsulfuron (5–20 g ha?1), at both times of application, effected better than 94% reduction in plant density and yield of aerial bulblets. In a glasshouse experiment, plants derived from aerial bulblets were more susceptible to chlorsulfuron than plants derived from soft offset bulbs. Soft offset bulbs were, therefore, used to establish a uniform stand of A. vineale in the field. In this experiment, non-linear regression analysis showed that metsulfuron was two to three times more active than chlorsulfuron. GR95 values calculated from the computed regression equations show that metsulfuron and chlorsulfuron, applied in April at 5 and 15 g ha?1, respectively, reduced aerial and underground bulb production by 95%. 相似文献
6.
Previous work had shown that the sulfonylurea herbicide chlorsulfuron affected the survival of a herbivorous insect species dwelling on a sub-lethally exposed host plant. Further experiments have been conducted to establish whether this negative effect was a single occurrence characteristics for the specific insect-plant interaction and the specific herbicide tested. Three insect-plant interactions were tested for the effects of selected sulfonylurea herbicides, i.e. metsulfuron-methyl, chlorsulfuron and tribenuron-methyl. The species pairs tested were Pieris brassicae/Brassica napus, Gastrophysa polygoni/Fallopia convolvulus and Sitobium avenae/Triticum aestivium. No significant effects on survival and relative growth rate of P brassicae or G polygoni were found when treating the host plants with sulfonylurea herbicides. However, the host plants had a significantly reduced root and shoot growth rate when treated with herbicide. Treating T aestivium with the recommended field rate of metasulfuron-methyl did not cause any change in development time, growth rate or fecundity of S avenae feeding on the host plants. The data presented suggest that the increased mortality observed for G polygoni larvae feeding on chlorsulfuron-treated host plants observed earlier was characteristic for this herbicide and for the specific plant-insect interaction only. 相似文献
7.
Julien Sérandour Patrick Ravanel Michel Tissut Guy Lempérière Muriel Raveton 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》2011,101(2):65-70
Coquillettidia mosquitoes are not efficiently controlled by the conventional chemical practices which are known to be satisfactory against the larvae of other mosquito species. A research project was undertaken to conceive a new management strategy using plants as pesticide vectors to reach the Coquillettidia aquatic larvae. Therefore, larval mortality was measured in the presence of plants treated with phloem-translocated pesticides. The herbicide glyphosate at sub-lethal concentrations induced root epidermal cell lyses in maize plantlets cultivated in aqueous media, which clearly decreased larval fixation. Therefore, such herbicide strategy might operate through disturbing the larval physiological activities depending on fixation. The dimethoate insecticide did not affect root viability but at low concentrations seemed to disturb the plant–insect interactions. Larvae showed a lower attraction for roots and a considerable decrease in the root fixation rate. These larval behavior modifications were sufficient to induce mortality, probably due to a lack of fixation on plant roots. The effectiveness of plant foliar treatment with glyphosate or dimethoate under laboratory conditions suggested that it might be the basis for an efficient control strategy for Coquillettidia larvae and mosquitoes having the same living conditions in ponds and for which fixation on macrophyte roots is an absolute requirement (e.g.Mansonia, Mimomyia). 相似文献
8.
An accession of Camelina microcarpa suspected to be resistant to sulfonylurea herbicides was identified in Oregon in 1998 field experiments. Greenhouse research confirmed that the putative resistant biotype was resistant to chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron on a whole plant level. Compared with the resistant (R) biotype, the susceptible (S) biotype was 1000 and 10 000‐fold more sensitive to metsulfuron and chlorsulfuron respectively. The R biotype was also resistant to other sulfonylurea, sulfonylaminocarbonyl‐triazolinone, imidazolinone and triazolopyrimidine herbicides. An in vivo enzyme assay indicated that acetolactate synthase (ALS) from the R plants required 111 times more chlorsulfuron to inhibit activity by 50% compared with the amount required to have a similar effect on ALS from S plants. Analysis of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences demonstrated that a single‐point mutation from G to T in the als1 gene conferred the change from the amino acid tryptophan to leucine at position 572 in the resistant biotype. This research confirmed that ALS inhibitor resistance in an Oregon accession of C. microcarpa is based on an altered target site conferred by a single‐point mutation. 相似文献
9.
P. C. SCHEEPENS 《Weed Research》1987,27(1):43-47
The potential of the endemic fungus Cochliobolus lunatus as a biological control agent against Echinochloa crus-galli was investigated. Under appropriate conditions the fungus produced leaf necrosis on E. crus-galli resulting in death of young seedlings. However, plants with more than two leaves mostly recovered after some time. Bean, barley, maize, oat, rye, tomato and wheat were highly resistant to the fungus. In experiments in a climate room or in a glasshouse E. crus-galli with more than two leaves could effectively be controlled by C. lunatus in combination with a sub-lethal dosage of atrazine as low as 2.5 mg m?2 due to a positive interaction between fungus and herbicide. 相似文献
10.
Experiments were conducted to examine the up take, translocation and metabolism by S. vulgaris of two distinctly different herbicides: 2,4-D, a phenoxyalkanoic acid with growth regulator activity to which this species exhibits complete tolerance, and chlorsulfuron, a sul-fonylurea to which S. vulgaris is highly sensitive. Despite their structural dissimilarities 2,4-D and chlorsulfuron was readily absorbed by S. vulgaris with 65 and 69%, respectively, of the applied dosage being absorbed within 72 hours after treatment. Approximately 35% of the 2,4-D and 10% of the chlorsulfuron label was translocated out of the treated leaf after 72 hours. Neither herbicide accumulated in the terminal bud. Seventy-two hours after treatment 63% of the recovered 14C remained as unaltered 2,4-D in S. vulgaris, while in tomato, a 2,4-D sensitive species, 65% of the recovered 14C remained as intact herbicide. In S. vulgaris approximately 86% of the radioactivity remained as intact chlorsulfuron 72 hours after treatment compared to 12% in the tolerant wheat. The tolerance of S. vulgaris to 2,4-D could not be accounted for by limited absorption, translocation nor metabolic degradation of the herbicide. The sensitivity of S. vulgaris to chlorsulfuron would appear to be related to the inability of this species to metabolize the herbicide molecule. 相似文献
11.
Timely detection of herbicide resistance at an early stage of crop cultivation is essential to help farmers find alternative solutions to manage herbicide resistance in their fields. In this study, maximum quantum yield of PS II [Fv/Fm = (Fm – Fo)/Fm] was measured at the 4–5 leaf stage to discriminate between herbicide‐resistant and susceptible biotypes of Echinochloa species. The differences in Fv/Fm between herbicide‐resistant and susceptible Echinochloa spp. were consistent with the whole‐plant assay based on I50 (herbicide doses causing a 50% inhibition of Fv/Fm) and GR50 (herbicide doses causing a 50% reduction in plant fresh weight) values and R/S ratios (herbicide resistance index), regardless of the mode of action of the tested herbicides. A PS II inhibitor caused the fastest inhibition of Fv/Fm, compared with ACCase and ALS inhibitors, after herbicide treatment. The required time for discrimination between herbicide‐resistant and susceptible Echinochloa spp. was 64 h after PS II inhibitor treatment, much shorter than those of ACCase and ALS inhibitor‐treated plants, which required 168 and 192 h respectively. The leaf chlorophyll fluorescence assay provided reliable diagnostics of herbicide resistance in Echinochloa spp. with significant time savings and convenient measurement in field conditions compared with the conventional whole‐plant assay. 相似文献
12.
棉株施用缩节胺后能减少棉铃虫(Heliothis armigera Habner)在棉株上的落卵量48.8%—88%,田间虫量减少39.5%—77.3%,取食嫩叶、花蕾后的2龄幼虫体重下降、发育历期延长,死亡率增加,化蛹率和羽化率都有下降,总的生存率降低了57.62%。测定表明施用缩节胺后,棉株各部组织内棉酚有增加趋势,以蕾内增加较多,为49%—92.1%,铃壳次之,为13.8%—65.5%,叶内较少,为3.6%—39.7%。而单宁量除大铃壳内有增外,大多下降。施用次数与剂量的增加,与棉酚量的提高有共同趋势。花蕾期施用,棉酚量的增加高于花铃期。 相似文献
13.
室内测定了转慈姑蛋白酶抑制素(API)基因棉对棉铃虫幼虫的抗虫活性及对中肠蛋白酶活性的影响。结果表明，以转基因棉饲养棉铃虫，对幼虫拒食率24h达76．49％，72h达80．57％，试虫体重在取食48h后显著下降，72h后较对照低54．04％。试虫取食转API基因棉后，中肠的强碱性胰蛋白酶和类胰凝乳蛋白酶活性显著降低，取食24、48h后的强碱性胰蛋白酶酶活性分别只有对照组的68．1l％和55．89％；类胰蛋白酶活性分别为对照组的85．87％和64．61％；对弱碱性类胰蛋白酶活性不明显。显示转API基因棉对棉铃虫幼虫中肠蛋白酶的抑制作用与对棉铃虫生长发育的阻滞有良好的相关性。 相似文献
14.
Victor G. Breeze 《Pest management science》1990,29(1):9-18
Uptake of [14C-phenyl]2,4-D-butyl by 4- to 6-week-old tomato plants was measured for vapour concentrations in the range 0.3–19 ng litre?1, for an exposure period of 4 h. Calculation of boundary layer thicknesses at the surface of the leaves, and depletion of the vapour concentration due to uptake by the plants, suggested that the plants experienced concentrations very close to the nominal values. Relationships between external vapour concentration and plant uptake, expressed in terms of fresh weight, leaf area, or on a whole plant basis, were linear in all cases. Twenty-four hours after the commencement of exposure, leaves contained 63–93% of the total herbicide in the plant; the proportion retained by the leaves was greater at low vapour concentrations. The largest amount of herbicide was present in leaves from the mid-position on the stem, but in terms of leaf area, the amount was greatest in leaves at the apex and decreased basipetally. It is not known whether this was due to a greater uptake rate per leaf area at the apex, or to translocation. As visible symptoms of phytotoxicity usually develop at the apex, both of these processes, together with the preferential retention of herbicide in leaves at low vapour concentrations, may all contribute to the development of vapour damage. 相似文献
15.
为探讨转cry1Ab/cry2Aj玉米对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)的抗性,采用室内生测和田间人工接虫鉴定方法评价了6个转cry1Ab/cry2Aj玉米品系对亚洲玉米螟的杀虫效果,并利用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定了Cry1Ab蛋白在各品系主要组织的表达水平.结果显示,亚洲玉米螟幼虫取食转基因玉米各品系雄穗、苞叶、花丝和雌穗48 h后死亡率在90％左右,取食心叶的死亡率在70％左右,96h后大部分幼虫死亡,而取食非转基因玉米的死亡率为3.3％～8.7％;春播和夏播田转基因玉米叶片、茎秆、雌穗基本没有被害,而对照玉米叶片、茎秆、雌穗被害严重,春播和夏播玉米平均每株分别有2.9、2.3头幼虫和蛹,2.8、3.4个蛀孔,隧道长度为7.5、14.2 cm,雌穗被害级别为5.3和5.1;6个转基因玉米品系中Cry1Ab蛋白在心叶、雄穗、花丝、苞叶和雌穗中稳定表达.综合评价认为,转基因玉米各品系在整个生育期内对亚洲玉米螟有很好的抗性,其中N50品系抗虫效果最佳,可以作为抗虫转多基因玉米育种的备选材料. 相似文献
16.
When Aspergillus niger or a Penicillium sp. were grown in potato dextrose broth supplemented with chlorsulfuron, the herbicide concentration decreased by 97–99% within 78–96 h and the pH of the medium fell from 7.2 to between 2.4 and 3.1. If, during growth, the pH was maintained at or near neutrality, no decrease in herbicide concentration occurred. When sterile medium containing the herbicide was titrated with acid to mimic acid formation during fungal growth, the herbicide concentration again declined. Precipitation was not responsible for the observed decrease. The data indicate that, in laboratory media, these fungi do not directly metabolise the herbicide as previously thought. Chlorsulfuron degradation in perfused soil cores was not enhanced by inoculation with A. niger. Our results show that A. niger and a Penicillium sp. do not degrade chlorsulfuron. 相似文献
17.
为明确新入侵农业害虫草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda对药用植物金银花Lonicera japonica的潜在为害风险,采用室内饲养观察法比较取食玉米Zea mays和金银花叶片后草地贪夜蛾的种群特征,并采用室内生测法测定取食2种植物幼虫体内消化酶和解毒酶的活性。结果显示,草地贪夜蛾在金银花上能完成完整的世代发育。取食金银花叶片的草地贪夜蛾幼虫发育历期为24.08 d,显著长于取食玉米的幼虫发育历期（18.47 d）;取食金银花叶片的幼虫存活率为63.67%,较取食玉米叶片幼虫的存活率78.00%明显降低;取食金银花叶片的草地贪夜蛾雌、雄蛹重分别为197.98 mg和198.78 mg,显著大于取食玉米叶片时;取食金银花和玉米叶片的草地贪夜蛾成虫的繁殖力与寿命均无显著差异。取食金银花叶片的草地贪夜蛾5龄幼虫中肠中的淀粉酶、脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和细胞色素P450酶的活性均较取食玉米叶片时显著降低,但羧酸酯酶活性较取食玉米叶片时显著升高。表明草地贪夜蛾在金银花上能较好地生长发育和繁殖,这对金银花的安全生产构成潜在威胁。 相似文献
18.
F. J. Simmonds 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(1):41-43
A survey was conducted to gain insight into the perceptions of Lesotho's farmers with regard to insect pests of maize and sorghum, to identify management practices that could impact on stalk-borer numbers and to shed light on other farming practices such as variety selection and crop residue management. Field studies were conducted to determine the incidence and distribution of Busseola fusca (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae in sorghum and maize residues and to determine the effect of certain crop residue management practices on stalk-borer survival. Results indicated that farmers regard stalk-borers as important pests that sometimes need to be controlled. However, most farmers never apply control measures, mainly due to lack of resources. Residues of maize and sorghum plants are largely used as animal fodder with maize being cut and fed to animals after harvest. Sorghum crop residues are largely left on fields after harvest to be used by free-grazing animals. While stacks of maize stalks were not important in the winter survival of B. fusca larvae, stacking of sorghum ensures winter survival of C. partellus larvae. Detasselling of maize plants is commonly done at plant senescence and the upper halves of plants are fed to animals. Detasselling of maize plants had no effect on the number of borer larvae in plants at harvest. 相似文献
19.
A herbicide bioassay based on tissue cultures of Brassica napus L. was evaluated with selected sulfonylurea herbicides. Data were analysed by fitting the results to a log-logistic dose–response model. Within an experiment, the non-linear regression models were fitted simultaneously to the individual dose–response curves. The results obtained showed good response to even low concentrations of herbicide, with detection limits in the range 0.008–0.69 nmol L?1 for chlorsulfuron and 0.02–0.13 nmol L?1 for metsulfuron. The reproducibility of the assays, on the basis of coefficient of variation of the ED50 values, was found to be 44% for chlorsulfuron and 48% for metsulfuron measurements. Assay of herbicide dissolved in aqueous soil extract showed significant interference from this matrix on the response, requiring a five times dilution of the extract to overcome this matrix effect. 相似文献
20.
寄主植物对甜菜夜蛾生长发育和消化酶活性的影响 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
通过室内饲养和生化测定,研究了甜菜、玉米和黄瓜3种寄主植物的营养物质及其对甜菜夜蛾幼虫发育、成虫产卵及5龄幼虫体内蛋白质和总氨基酸含量、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力的影响.结果表明:与取食玉米和黄瓜的个体相比,取食甜菜的甜菜夜蛾,其幼虫期和蛹期较短,分别为11.4天和5.6天;蛹期存活率最高,达100%;成虫寿命较长,为26.3天;单雌产卵量最高,为301.8粒.取食3种寄主植物,甜菜夜蛾5龄幼虫体内的蛋白质含量无差异,但总氨基酸含量差异显著,此外,幼虫体内淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力也存在显著差异,取食甜菜的个体>取食玉米的个体>取食黄瓜的个体.取食不同寄主植物,甜菜夜蛾幼虫的消化酶和脂肪酶活力与其发育适合度呈正相关. 相似文献