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1.
Summary Twenty-one genotypes of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), comprising landraces and varieties, were grown in 22 photothermal environments in Nigeria and Niger, West Africa, and a stability analysis of days from sowing to flowering (f) was carried out. Cowpeas are rarely insensitive to photoperiod; they are typically quantitative shortday plants wherein f is delayed when photoperiod (P) is longer than the critical photoperiod (P
c
). Therefore, in order to quantify genotypic variation in temperature sensitivity, genotype f was regressed against the mean trial f in circumstances where P
c
(i.e. approximately 13 hd-1) and mean temperature (T) was between 19° and 28° C. Correspondingly, in order to assess genotypic variation in photoperiod sensitivity, trials where T was near optimal (25°–28° C) but where P ranged from 10–14.5 hd-1 were used. These stability analyses detected no significant differences (P>0.05) between genotypes 9n temperature sensitivity but revealed significant differences (P<0.001) in photoperiod sensitivity. Regression coefficients from the stability analysis were strongly correlated (r=0.94, 19df) with a photoperiod sensitivity constant, c, determined from a photothermal flowering model. A stability analysis of f from field trials can therefore identify and quantify genotypic variation in response to temperature and photoperiod in cowpea.Abbreviations
f
days from sowing to flowering
- P
mean photoperiod
- P
c
critical photoperiod
- P
ce
ceiling photoperiod
- T
mean temperature
- T
b
base temperature
- T
o
optimum temperature
- SDP
short-day plant 相似文献
2.
Summary F2 and BC1 progenies from crosses between tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) varieties differing for growth capacity at low temperature were produced under controlled conditions by hand pollination under two temperature regimes (22°C D/15°C N, normal temperature (N), and 15°C D/8°C N, low temperature (L)) with pollen formed under both regimes, resulting in four pollination treatments: NN, NL, LN and LL. Vegetative growth of the offspring was compared under a rather low temperature regime (19°C D/10°C N). Populations from different treatments within the progeny of a particular F1 often differed significantly for average dry weight of 7 weeks old plants, the average of the NN population always being higher. Variances for dry weight were sometimes larger for LN populations, but this never resulted from a larger number of vigorous plants. Differences between populations within each progeny seemed to result in part from differences in the conditions for embryo development. Pollen selection at low temperature did not appear to be efficient for sporophyte breeding in this experiment. 相似文献
3.
D. L. Visser 《Euphytica》1977,26(2):273-277
Summary The influence of temperature on self-incompatibility of six S-homozygous clones of Brussels sprouts was studied. The clones were treated with constant temperatures of 14°, 17° and 20°C and alternating day and night temperatures of 17/14°, 20/14°, 23/14° and 26/14°C. To determine the degree of incompatibility the mean number of pollen tubes per style after selfing was calculated.The clone with the weak S-allele S-5 was less self-incompatible in the 23/14° and 26/14°C treatments than in the other treatments. The other clones with the weak S-alleles S-15 and S-45 remained sufficiently self-incompatible during all treatments. The clone with the rather strong S-39 showed the highest level of self-incompatibility at 26/14°C.In the two weakly self-incompatible clones with S-5 and S-39 a clear difference in self-incompatibility was found between young and old flowers. The strongly SI clones with S-39 showed no difference and in the two clones with S-15 the differences were small and significant in one case only. 相似文献
4.
Summary Photoperiod response of flowering in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is thought to be controlled by the genes Ppd and Hr. However, cultivars also vary in the degree that cooler temperatures reduces their sensitivity to photoperiod. To examine the inheritance of this temperature sensitivity, crosses of cvs. Gordo x de Celaya and Flor de Mayo × Rojo 70 were evaluated at two sites differing in mean temperature and using 12.5-h natural photoperiod or 18-h artificially extended photoperiod. Under 18-h photoperiod at the warmer site, Palmira, no plants of the parents or of the F2 populations flowered, confirming that the parents were sensitive to photoperiod. Under 12.5-h photoperiod at the cooler site, Popayan, the parents for each cross flowered at similar dates and no segregation for days to flower was observed. However, under 18-h photoperiod, de Celaya and Rojo 70 and the F1 populations did not flower within 100 days after planting, while the F2 and F3 populations showed segregation that was consistent with single gene inheritance, late flowering being dominant. Late flowering at Popayan under 18-h photoperiod indicates a lack of temperature sensitivity, so temperature insensitivity of the photoperiod response was dominant to sensitivity. The name Tip, for temperature insensitivity of photoperiod response, is proposed for this gene, with the recessive form of this gene conditioning earlier flowering at cooler temperatures with long daylengths. It is recognized that the observed segregation patterns could represent the effect of multiple alleles at the Ppd or Hr loci, and studies are proposed to test this possibility with molecular markers and recombinant inbred lines. 相似文献
5.
水稻的感光性、感温性与光温诱导雄性不育性之间的相关研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
以农垦58S等10个光温敏不育系为材料,研究了感光性、感温性与光温诱导雄性不育的相关关系。试验表明：光温敏核不育系同时存在光敏不育性与温敏不育性,它们之间呈显著的负相关;感光性与光敏不育性表现极显著正相关,与温敏不育性表现显著负相关;感温性与光敏不育性及与温敏不育性均无相关关系;不育期内同穗颖花间花粉育 相似文献
6.
以光周期处理与分期播种试验综合鉴定大豆品种的光温反应 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
设置短日照(12 h)和长日照(16 h)两种光周期处理,并以春播模拟低温、夏播模拟高温条件,形成长日+低温、长日+高温、短日+低温、短日+高温4种光温组合。2007年对近年育成的10个北方春大豆[Glycine max (L.) Merr.]品种(系)和18个黄淮海夏大豆品种(系)进行了光温反应特性鉴定。2008年对50份材料进行了光周期反应鉴定。结果表明,不论在低温(春播)还是高温(夏播)条件下,短日照均加快大豆的发育进程,导致开花提前;不论在长日照还是短日照条件下,高温均减少出苗至初花的日数。光周期和温度对大豆的发育存在明显的互作,随着温度的升高,短日照促进大豆发育的效应有所加强;随着日照的缩短,高温加快发育的作用也有所增大。供试大豆品种生态类型在光周期反应敏感度(PRS)、温度反应敏感度(TRS)及光温综合反应敏感度(PTCRS)等方面均存在显著差异。北方春大豆品种的上述3个指标均小于黄淮海夏大豆品种,但前者在不同光照条件下的温度反应敏感度差值和在不同温度条件下的光周期反应敏感度差值均较后者高,说明北方春大豆品种光温互作效应较强。 相似文献
7.
Summary The inheritance of flowering time and its component processes, vernalization and photoperiod response, were studied in two crosses of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) using a field sowing and four controlled environment sowings with different combinations of vernalization and photoperiod. Time to flowering was under polygenic control and was highly heritable. For both vernalization and photoperiod response, there was dominance for a low response, or earliness. A simple genetic control was indicated for photoperiod response. The results for vernalization response were not clear cut, although the character appeared to be under polygenic control. An interaction between vernalization and photoperiod response was evident in three of the four cultivars studied. This made it impossible to separate the effect of these two component processes and complicated the study of their inheritance. Node of first flower on the main stem was closely related to flowering time and its use led to similar conclusions in the inheritance studies. 相似文献
8.
Summary Low power heating wires insulated in a flexible plastic strip were used to heat the shoot meristematic region of grass-dwarf genotypes to a precise temperature. The results indicate that the shoot apical meristem is the region requiring 26°C for the initiation of reproductive development in these genotypes. A secondary effect of the reproductive growth induced by high temperature treatments, was a reduction in the high levels of peroxidase enzymes found in vegetative grass-dwarf plants. The heating wire provides a precise method to identify Type I, II and III grass-dwarf genotypes according to their temperature requirements, of 26°C, 21°C and 16°C respectively, for reproductive growth under the same temperature (16 C) and photoperiod (12 hours). 相似文献
9.
Summary Five strains of mungbeans were grown at 8-, 12-, 13-, 14-, 15-, and 16-hour photoperiods in plant environmental chambers. The strains did not differ in days to flower at the 8- and 12-hour photoperiods, but flowering was delayed and plant height increased differentially when the photoperiod was increased beyond 12 hours. Two strains exhibited only slight sensitivity over the range of photoperiods studied. Two strains failed to flower within a 180-day period at the 16-hour photoperiod. The results corroborate observations in the First International Mungbean Nursery in which 28 strains grown at low latitudes (short photoperiods) had a narrow range in days to flowering, with the range becoming wider at the higher latitudes (longer photoperiods). The results provide evidence that response to photoperiod is important in the adaptation of mungbean strains in different latitudes.Contribution No. 6890 from the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station. 相似文献
10.
Induction of fertile flowers in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) by silver thiosulphate anionic complex
Summary The effect of gibberellic acid containing mixtures, silver thiosulphate and extended photoperiod on flowering induction in 16 non-flowering potato genotypes and on flowering enhancement in 14 normally potato flowering genotypes was studied in sub-tropical plains of India during short-day autumn crop season of 2000–2001 and 2001–2002. Extended photoperiod alone was not successful in induction of flowering. Silver thiosulphate in combination with extended photoperiod effectively induced flowering in 16 potato genotypes studied for flowering induction. Induced flowers of some genotypes were male fertile. Normal berry setting was observed on induced flowers and seeds obtained from such berries germinated normally. Gibberellic acid containing treatments were not very effective in flower induction as they induced some flowering only in few genotypes. In the normally flowering genotypes silver thiosulphate enhanced maximum flowering and duration of flowering to a great extent. 相似文献
11.
Summary Studies were made of days to ear emergence under the constant temperatures of 9, 14, 19 and 25°C and 16 h photoperiod in three sets of wheat lines each possessing genotypes differing for developmental responses.Days to ear emergence in three near-isogenic lines of the wheat cultivar Triple Dirk, which differed for vernalization response, increased as the strength of the response increased. At the four temperatures Triple Dirk D (Vrn 1 vrn 2) was not significantly different from normal Triple Dirk (Vrn 1 Vrn 2) but Triple Dirk B (vrn 1 Vrn 2) was significantly (P=0.01) later than normal Triple Dirk at each temperature. This indicates that the vrn 1 allele confers stronger vernalization response than vrn 2 over the range of temperatures (9–24°C). However, Triple Dirk C (vrn 1 vrn 2) failed to head after 120 days at each temperature indicating strong interaction between vrn 1 and vrn 2 with each other (and possibly the Triple Dirk back-ground) to give a much stronger vernalization response than predictions from additivity of their individual effects.The second set comprised the four Chinese Spring/Thatcher chromosome substitution lines CS/T 3B, 6B, 7B and 5D, plus Chinese Spring and Thatcher, and were grown in the unvernalized condition. CS/T 5D was similar in days to ear emergence as Chinese Spring at all four temperatures but the other three lines were earlier to ear emergence, particularly as the temperature increased. Days to ear emergence was fastest at 14°C in all lines, except CS/T 3B, in which it decreased progressively from 9 to 24°C.The third set of Chinese Spring and Thatcher and the homoeologous group 2 chromosomes of Thatcher substituted in Chinese Spring, the group which is considered to be involved in the control of photoperiod sensitivity. The three substitution lines responded differently to temperature compared with Chinese Spring and with each other, with chromosome 2D being the least, and chromosome 2B the most, responsive to temperature. 相似文献
12.
Igor G. Loskutov 《Euphytica》2001,117(2):125-131
This paper presents the results of a six year field study of wild Avenaspecies and their response to vernalization and photoperiod. The accessions of twenty one wild and weedy species were tested under 12-hr and 18-hr daylength and cold temperatures (for 40 days at +2 °C) treatments and without it (as a control). The results demonstrate that for the majority of species evaluated, cold temperature requirements had a greater influence on heading date and the duration of the vegetative period than daylength. Genotypes with neutral, weak and strong reactions to all treatments were found and spring and winter types were selected. The results further demonstrated that daylength-insensitive forms occurred in the south Mediterranean region and adjacent southern territories. 相似文献
13.
Summary In vitro pollen germination at 10°C, 14°C and 22°C of four groups of two pure line tomato varieties was compared with their plant growth at 19°C D/10°C N under controlled environmental conditions. Generally, pollen germination was slow at 10°C but after 6 h the percentage of germination was similar to that at 22°C. Maximum germination was obtained at 14°C already after 4 h. The longest pollen tubes occurred at 22°C. The two varieties within each group differed significantly from each other for percentage of pollen germination. For one group, this difference was greater at 10°C than at 22°C. The varieties in two groups also differed significantly for pollen tube growth. These differences in pollen tube growth rate were greater at 22°C than at 10°C. There was no clear relationship between pollen germination, pollen tube growth and plant growth in any of the four pairs of varieties. The results are discussed with regard to the possibility of pollen selection at low temperature in order to improve the efficiency of breeding for growth at low temperature. 相似文献
14.
油菜生育期动态模拟模型的构建 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在13个不同熟期甘蓝型油菜品种的2年大田试验中,调查不同播期条件下各品种的生育进程及发育状态。依据油菜生理发育时间恒定原理、生理生态理论及各生育阶段与温度、光周期等外部环境关系,采用Logistic曲线描述油菜光周期效应,谐波分析法分析气温昼夜变化,分段正弦指数函数分析热效应和低温春化效应,结合上述因素构建油菜生育期动态模拟模型;确定模型光周期敏感因子、温度敏感性、生理春化时间和角果期因子4个遗传参数;模型的检验分析表明,对不同播期模拟值与观测值的根均方差平均值为2.67 d,对不同品种模拟值与观测值的根均方差平均值为3.74 d;4个遗传参数值对13个油菜品种聚类分析的结果符合品种特性。因此,该模型在一定范围内可准确揭示油菜对温、光的反应规律,具有较强的可靠性和预测性。 相似文献
15.
Summary Development in wheat is strongly controlled by sensitivity to vernalization and photoperiod, and to a lesser degree by non-vernalizing temperature and intrinsic earliness. A method to measure effect of vernalization in wheats with winter habit is described. Twenty seven wheats with winter habit and eight with spring/facultative habit were studied, comprising breeding lines and cultivars with maturities suited to south-central New South Wales. Effect of vernalization on the development of these wheats was quantified by integrating responses to vernalizing treatments of differing duration. Intrinsic earliness was measured as time for vernalized seedlings to grow to ear emergece in an 18h photoperiod with day/night temperature of 21/16°C, and response to photoperiod as the difference in time to ear emergence between 9 and 18h daylengths. Integrated response to vernalization is sensitive to both cumulative and thresh-hold responses and is applicable to wheats of all habit type. Integrated response to vernalization and intrinsic earliness were positively associated within wheats with winter habit. Wheats were largely of restricted origin, so that there were few allelic differences at Vrn loci to disrupt this association, which suggests intrinsic earliness may modify response to vernalization. Though integrated response to vernalization was measured with artificial treatments, it was strongly associated with ear emergence for wheats with winter habit when grown at a site in New South Wales. 相似文献
16.
Floral traits of three Japanese and one European buckwheat varieties were studied in a phytotron under three photoperiods (short-day 10/14 h, long-day 14/10 h, extreme long-day 18/6 h) and two thermoperiods (25/20, and 15 °C constant temperature). The Japanese varieties showed a strong delay in flowering under prolonged day length, whereas one European variety reacted almost day-neutral. Also affected by the photoperiod were the number of flower clusters as well as their sizes. A constant low temperature of 15 °C led to a strong delay in flowering under short- and long-day in all the varieties tested. In particular, the Japanese varieties were sensitive to temperature, developing more flower clusters under high temperature. Furthermore the experiments revealed complex genotype/pliotopenod/thermoperiod interactions. The study, conducted to investigate the causes of low seed-set observed in buckwheat, offered some suggestions for new breeding strategies. Insensitive genotypes, showing less sensitivity to photoperiod as well as to thermoperiod, should be included in further buckwheat improvement. 相似文献
17.
A. Tikader K. Vijayan M. K. Raghunath S. P. Chakroborti B. N. Roy T. Pavankumar 《Euphytica》1995,84(2):115-120
Summary Sex expression in mulberry (Morus spp.) was recorded in 301 varieties, collected from diverse geographical origins, evolved varieties and polyploids maintained at Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Berhampore, West Bengal. India (24°6'N and 88°15'E) during 1991–93. Out of total varieties, 49 (16%) male, 161 (53%) female, 52 (17%) monoecious and 39 (13%) were bisexual. Parameters on flowering time, anthesis, floral characters, sex expression and sex reversal were recorded. The indigenous, evolved and polyploids showed early flowering (Jan–Feb) and exotic showed late flowering (Jan–April). The pollen grain viability, seed setting % and other floral behaviour were recorded. 相似文献
18.
Intrinsic earliness and basic development rate assessed for their response to temperature in wheat 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The related concepts of basic vegetative period, intrinsic earliness and basic development rate in wheat are examined. These concepts have the common assumption that, if plants are vernalised fully and then grown at long daylength in order to remove any responses to vernalisation and photoperiod, the calendar or thermal time then taken to anthesis will be a characteristic of a genotype that will be heritable. Thus, regardless of temperature, early genotypes will always be earlier than late genotypes (providing there are no vernalisation and photoperiod responses).Using four genotypes, exposed to 50 days of vernalisation, and then grown at 18 h photoperiod under six temperature regimes ranging between 10 and 25°C, it is shown that; (1) no genotype had an absolute basic period as, depending on temperature, durations to anthesis for any one genotype varied by more than 50 days; (2) no genotype had an absolute value for intrinsic earliness (to anthesis), ranging for any genotype by more than 300°Cd depending on temperature; (3) basic development rate was not a single value for a genotype but varied with stage of development; (4) some genotypes changed their ranking for earliness depending on the temperature regime; and (5) genotypes were differentially sensitive to temperature for the subphases prior to anthesis. 相似文献
19.
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is a grain legume primarily used for animal feed and human food grown in a range of environments, globally. Time of flowering in faba bean is critical for adaptation to specific environments and is controlled largely by factors such as ambient temperature and photoperiod. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic control of flowering time and the responses of flowering time to ambient temperature and photoperiod in faba bean. A bi-parental recombinant inbred line population (Icarus × Ascot) was evaluated over three years in field trials and three different controlled environments with varying temperatures and photoperiods. QTL analysis identified eight regions of co-localised QTLs associated with days to flowering, thermal time to flowering and node of first flower; on Chr-I.A/III/V, Chr-I.B.3, Chr-III.1, Chr-III.2, Chr-V.1 and Chr-V.2. Two of the detected regions are common with previously detected QTLs, up to two more are possibly common and the remaining four appear to be novel. For the first time, the associations of these QTLs with ambient temperature and photoperiod response were described. Candidate genes for some of the QTLs were identified using the associations with ambient temperature and photoperiod response together with knowledge extended from other legumes that have a syntenic relationship with faba bean. 相似文献
20.
A. H. Eenink 《Euphytica》1981,30(1):71-76
Summary For the production of inbred lines and F1 hybrids in witloof-chicory information is wanted on characteristics such as the incompatibility system. These characteristics can only be studied properly if the influence of temperature and physiological status of the plant on pollen germination and seed production is known. Investigations were carried out with 9 self-incompatible (SI) and 6 self-compatible (SC) clones in glasshouses of the IVT phytotron at constant temperatures of 10, 14, 17, 20, 23 and 26°C. In general, in vivo pollen germination percentages were rather low after self pollination with an optimum for germination around 17–20°C. No seeds were formed at the lowest temperature (10°C) while seed production for SC clones was usually (rather) good at higher temperatures. At 26°C seed production in some clones decreased. Both pollen germination and seed production decreased at the end of the flowering period. There was a rather positive relationship at e.g. 17 and 20°C between pollen germination after selfing and seed production. When no pollen germination was observed, no seed formation occurred. When pollen grains did germinate, seed development would not necessarily occur in all cases. So this relationship only enables negative mass selection for SC. 相似文献