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1.
Assessment of canine palatability is important for both the pet food and pharmaceutical industries; however, the current palatability assessment protocols are limited in their utility. The most common technique, the two-pan test, does not control for the satiating effects of food and may not be useful for long-term palatability analysis because nutritional or caloric characteristics of the diets may interfere with the results. Furthermore, the large quantities of foods consumed may be detrimental to the health of animals that do not self-limit their food intake. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a cognitive protocol could be used to determine food palatability in dogs. Five beagle dogs were trained on a three-choice object-discrimination learning task. After establishing object preferences, the preferred object was associated with no reward, a second object was associated with the dog's normal laboratory diet (Purina Agribrands Canine Lab Chow No. 5006; Agribrands Purina Canada, Inc., Woodstock, ON, Canada), and the third object was associated with a commercial (Hill's P/D; Hill's Pet Nutrition Inc., Topeka, KS) diet. In the discrimination-training phase, dogs were trained until they learned to avoid the no-reward object. They were subsequently given an additional 20 test sessions, which were used to determine food preference. In the reversal phase, which involved reversal learning, the object-food associations were modified, such that the object that was previously associated with Hill's P/D diet was now associated with the normal laboratory diet and vice versa. Once the dogs learned to avoid the no-reward object, they were tested for an additional 20 sessions. All subjects learned to avoid the no-reward object during the initial learning, and the number of choices to the object associated with the Hill's P/D diet was greater than the number of choices to the objects associated with the dry laboratory diet (P < 0.05) and no reward (P < 0.05), indicating a strong preference for the Hill's P/D diet. The object preferences were reversed in only three of five dogs when the food-choice associations were reversed, although the two phases did not differ significantly from one another. The protocol in the present study provides a robust measure of food palatability and circumvents many of the limitations associated with other palatability assessment techniques. The present protocol should be useful as a replacement or adjunct to other tests of palatability, but requires further validation by comparing the assessment of more similar and novel foods directly with other palatability tests.  相似文献   

2.
OBJECTIVE: To compare preferences of dogs for 2 similar foods by use of 2 distinct methods (the cognitive palatability assessment protocol [CPAP] and the 2-pan test). ANIMALS: 13 Beagles. PROCEDURE: 6 dogs were trained in a 3-choice object-discrimination-learning task in which their nonpreferred objects were associated with a reward of a lamb-based or chicken-based food. The number of choices for each object was used to determine food preferences. Preference of the same foods was also assessed by use of a 2-pan test in which all 13 dogs were provided the 2 foods in identical bowls. The amount of each food consumed in 10 minutes was used to determine food preference. RESULTS: All dogs had a noticeable preference for the chicken-based food during the CPAP. Once established, preferences remained consistent and were not affected by satiety. The 2-pan test identified a preference for the chicken-based food in dogs with previous exposure to the food but only a weak and nonsignificant preference for the same food in dogs without previous exposure. Food preferences in the 2-pan test varied considerably. Total food consumption and the ability to detect a preference were reduced when dogs were fed prior to testing. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The CPAP provides a reliable measure of food preference that requires few test subjects. The 2-pan test reveals similar preferences but with variability in data that requires larger numbers of subjects and is susceptible to effects from prior exposure and feeding of the test foods to the subjects.  相似文献   

3.
Several cognitive tests have been developed to evaluate specific aspects of human and animal learning and memory. These tests have been used for early detection of cognitive deficits and to monitor the treatment of dogs with cognitive impairment. Thus, this article evaluated the feasibility of cognitive tests for use in canine neurology clinical routines and the suitability of the different tests to accomplish this aim. Fifteen healthy adult dogs were used for the cognitive tests of reward approach learning, object approach learning, object discrimination learning, reversal learning, delayed non-matched to position, and delayed non-matched to sample to assess different aspects of memory. No difference was observed between tests of delayed non-matched to position (3.13 ± 2.23 days) and delayed non-matched to sample (3.20 ± 2.40 days) (P = 0.944). However, dogs had greater difficulty in reversal learning (8.47 ± 2.61 days) than in object discrimination learning (4.60 ± 1.64 days) (P ≤ 0.001). Based on the tests performed, the delayed non-matched to position test may be performed in clinical routine if the owner and the veterinarian have time available, because this test is sensitive to evaluate dogs with cognitive impairments, but requires approximately 10 days of training. Thus, elderly dogs are excellent experimental models to study pathological aging based on their similarities with some human brain diseases, such as Alzheimer disease.  相似文献   

4.
The aim of this study was to assess the progress in operant conditioning of dogs during 3 training phases up to a level where the dogs performed a minimum of 40 correct indications without false alerts and hesitations in at least 100 trials in each phase, and to compare the training results with the working phase. Breath samples from 57, 45, and 118 patients with breast cancer, melanoma, and lung cancer, respectively, were used as patterns, with samples from 305 healthy volunteers as controls. Six dogs in 2 age-groups (20 months vs. 6 months old) were used for the training. In phase I, the dogs were trained to indicate by sitting or lying down before the breath samples taken from cancer patients (pattern odor) coupled with food odor and placed among 4 blank samples (a lineup of 5 samples). In phase II, a pattern sample without food odor was placed among blank samples. In phase III as well as in the working phase, a pattern sample was placed among control samples. Significant individual differences were found in dogs’ performance during the training. The percentage of trials with prompts to achieve self-dependent work decreased in older dogs in consecutive training phases, but increased in phase II in the younger dogs. The increasing level of challenge in consecutive training phases resulted in a higher percentage of false alerts and misses, and in younger dogs, decreased motivation for sniffing the odor samples was observed in training phase III. Nonsignificant and negative correlations between the training phases and working phase in the percentage of correct indications and false alerts show that it is difficult to predict the performance of fully trained dogs on the basis of the results achieved during the training. Fully trained dogs discriminated pattern breath samples (cancer) from healthy controls with 79% sensitivity and 78% specificity, or with 50% sensitivity at the probability of correct response by chance of 50% and 20%, respectively. The sensitivity decreased to 68% and 37%, respectively, when each sample was tested only once, although being better than by chance (P < 0.05). The percentage of false alerts and misses is difficult to reduce during the training; thus, the percentage of correct indications tended to decrease in the course of training phases II and III. Odor samples taken in hospitals may contain components of “hospital odors,” which may be a confounding factor for dogs’ indications. Using trained dogs for cancer screening on the basis of detection of odor markers still requires further study.  相似文献   

5.
Anxiety disorders in dogs are often accompanied by loss of impulse control and can result in inappropriate behaviour such as destructiveness, excessive barking and aggression. The reduction of these undesirable actions is the focus of behaviour therapy. Clomipramine and selegiline have been approved for the treatment of separation anxiety in dogs, but there are anecdotal reports that they produce inconsistent therapeutic effect. Hence, the aim of this study was to verify the efficacy of clomipramine and selegiline for regulating impulse control by using a rat model based on the delay of reward procedure. The principle is that the animal has to decide between an immediate small food reward, normally preferred by impulsive animals, and a delayed large food reward. In this study, acute effects of clomipramine (0.3-10.0 mg/kg), selegiline (0.3-3.0 mg/kg), and diazepam (1.0-3.0 mg/kg) on the impulsive behaviour of two breeding lines of rats with different anxiety-related behaviour were investigated. Neither clomipramine nor selegiline had an effect on impulse control in either breeding line. However, motor activity was decreased by clomipramine and increased by selegiline. Diazepam led to an increase in impulsive behaviour of one rat line concomitant with an increase in motor activity. The results of this rat model for studying impulsive behaviour suggest that a single administration of selegiline and clomipramine has no influence on impulsive behaviour.  相似文献   

6.
In human food allergy, with or without concurrent atopy, there may be significant increases in serum allergen-specific IgE. Serological methods have been tried but are not currently recommended for diagnosis of suspected food allergy in dogs. The aim of this study was to investigate humoral immune responses to food antigens in dogs. Serum IgG and IgE antibodies specific for food antigens were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using polyclonal anti-dog IgG and IgE reagents. Antigens tested were beef, chicken, pork, lamb, chicken, turkey, white fish, whole egg, wheat, soybean, barley, rice, maize corn, potato, yeast and cow's milk. Three groups were examined: normal dogs, dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD); and dogs with one of four types of gastrointestinal (GI) disease: small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), food-responsive disease, and infectious diarrhoea. Statistically significant differences in food-specific antibodies were not detected between the GI subgroups. There were statistically significant differences in the IgE concentration between the normal dogs, and dogs with atopic or GI disease, for all of the antigens tested. There were statistically significant differences in the average IgG concentrations between the normal dogs, and dogs with atopic or GI disease, for all of the antigens tested, except egg and yeast. The relationship of antigen responses for pooled data was analysed using principle component analysis and cluster plots. Some clustering of variables was apparent for both IgE and IgG. For example, all dogs (normal and diseased) made a similar IgG antibody response to chicken and turkey. Compared with other groups, atopic dogs had more food allergen-specific IgE and this would be consistent with a Th(2) humoral response to food antigens. Dogs with GI disease had more food allergen-specific IgG compared with the other groups. This may reflect increased antigen exposure due to increased mucosal permeability which is a recognised feature of canine intestinal disease.  相似文献   

7.
A retrospective study was carried out on 71 dogs to determine the parameters influencing the quality of service provided by service dogs and to modify the dog training and selection. The questionnaires were mailed 3 years after placing the dogs with disabled people. Two co-joined medical and veterinary studies were carried out. The questionnaires covered the quality of life and service evaluation of the dogs and owners. The response rate was 76%. Two classes of dogs were set up according to the capacity of carrying out the commands and then crossed with dog and owner characteristics to determine any correlation. No dog characteristics correlated with the quality of response to commands. The human population was very heterogeneous and the mobility of some owners was very restricted. However, the quality of service only correlated with the vocal capacity of the owners and did not correlate with the physical capacity of the owner. The study emphasizes the importance of nonverbal communication and voice strength when communicating with dogs, and stresses the importance of the applicant selection process to ensure the success of the program.  相似文献   

8.
Few tests have been developed to evaluate the cognitive and motor capabilities of domestic cats, despite the suitability of cats for specific studies of neuroanatomy, infectious diseases, development, aging, and behavior. The present study evaluated a T-maze apparatus as a sensitive and reliable measure of cognition and motor function in cats. Eighteen purpose-bred, specific pathogen-free, male, neutered domestic short-haired cats (Felis catus), 1-2 years of age, were trained and tested to a T-maze protocol using food rewards. The test protocol consisted of positional discrimination training (left arm or right arm) to reach a predetermined criterion, followed by 2 discrimination reversal tests. The 2 reversal tests documented the ability of the subjects to respond to a new reward location by switching arms of the T-maze. Data were collected on side preference, number of correct responses, and latency of the responses by the subjects. Aided by a customized computer program (CanCog Technologies), data were recorded electronically as each cat progressed from the start box to the reward arm. The protocol facilitated rapid training to a high and consistent level of performance during the discrimination training. This learning was associated with a decrease in the latency to traverse the maze to a mean of 4.80 ± 0.87 seconds, indicating strong motivation and consistent performance. When the rewarded side was reversed in the test phase, the cats required more trials to reach the criterion, as expected, but again showed reliable learning. The latency to the reward in the first session of reversal increased 86% from the first to the last trial, indicating that it may provide a useful index of cognitive processing. Latencies subsequently decreased as the new reversal paradigm was learned. This paradigm provides a relatively rapid and reliable test of cognitive–motor performance that can be used in various settings for the evaluation of feline cognitive and motor function.  相似文献   

9.
Canine atopic-like dermatitis (ALD) is suspected to be associated with food allergies, particularly those mediated by lymphocytes. In this study, 54 cases were included as ALD dogs, based on the negative IgE test results. In the dogs, the percentage of activated cells in helper-T lymphocytes was measured by flow cytometry using cultured peripheral lymphocytes under food allergen stimulation. We observed that 49 of the 54 ALD dogs (90.7%) had positive lymphocyte reactions against one or more food allergens. The most common food allergen was soybean, showing positive results in 21 dogs (42.9%), while the allergen to cause the lowest number of reactions was catfish (only 5 dogs, 10.2%). These results may be useful in considering elimination diets for ALD dogs.  相似文献   

10.
OBJECTIVE: To assess whether dogs with experimentally induced type I hypersensitivity against soy protein would respond to soy hydrolysate and develop cutaneous or gastrointestinal tract reactions after intradermal and oral challenge exposure. ANIMALS: 12 na?ve Beagle pups (9 sensitized and 3 control dogs). PROCEDURE: 9 dogs were sensitized against soy protein by administration of allergens during a 90-day period. After the sensitization period, serum concentrations of soy-specific IgE were determined and an intradermal test was performed to confirm the dogs were sensitized against soy protein. An intradermal challenge test and an oral challenge test with native and hydrolyzed soy protein were conducted on 6 sensitized and 2 control dogs. RESULTS: High serum concentrations of soy-specific IgE and positive results for the intradermal test were observed for the 9 sensitized dogs after completion of the sesitization process. Sensitized dogs challenge exposed with hydrolyzed soy protein had a reduced inflammatory response after intradermal injection and no clinical response after an oral challenge exposure, compared with responses after intradermal and oral challenge exposure with native soy protein. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Soy-sensitized dogs did not respond to oral administration of hydrolyzed soy protein. Thus, hydrolyzed soy protein may be useful in diets formulated for the management of dogs with adverse reactions to food.  相似文献   

11.
Serum samples of 113 dogs visiting "outpatient clinics", 52 dogs kept in shelters and 35 animals from a military dog training centre were examined for Toxoplasma gondii specific antibodies using a latex agglutination test. Significant differences in seroprevalences were found between dogs from the training centre (8.6% of positive results) and the other populations examined (40.7% of positive seroreagents in animals visiting outpatient clinics and 44.2% in the group from shelters, respectively). Among clinic patients, dogs fed raw meat were significantly more frequently seropositive (65.2%) than those eating only commercial dry feed or cooked meat (25.7%). No statistically significant differences were noted in males compared to females and in pure breed dogs compared to crossbreed dogs. The antibodies were usually found in low titres under 60 IU/ml (69.6% of positive results). High titres (120-480 IU/ml) were detected in 2 of 3 dogs with clinical toxoplasmosis. In these dogs IFAT T. gondii specific IgM were detected and a favourable response to antiprotozoal treatment was observed. All the dogs with medium and high titres were given raw meat. Age and the presence of cats did not seem to have any influence on T. gondii seroprevalence. Neospora caninum specific antibodies in low titres ranging from 1:20-1:320 were found in 7 (9.7%) of 72 T. gondii positive seroreagents.  相似文献   

12.
This article reviews the literature on the complex and variable nature of the dog–human dyad and describes the influence of terms such as “dominance” on attitudes that humans have toward dogs. It highlights a legacy of tension between ethology and psychology and notes that some practitioners have skills with dogs that elude the best learning theorists. Despite the widespread appeal of being able to communicate with dogs as dogs do with one another, attempting to apply the intraspecific dog ethogram to human–dog and dog–human interactions may have limited scope. The balance of learning theory and ethology on our interactions with dogs is sometimes elusive but should spur the scientific community to examine skills deployed by the most effective humane practitioners. This process will demystify the so-called whispering techniques and permit discourse on the reasons some training and handling techniques are more effective, relevant, and humane than others. This article explores the mismatch between the use of nonverbal communication of 2 species and offers a framework for future studies in this domain. Technologies emerging from equitation science may help to disclose confusing interventions through the collar and lead and thus define effective and humane use of negative reinforcement. The case for a validated intraspecific and interspecific canid ethogram is also made.  相似文献   

13.
Thirteen food-allergic dogs were studied to evaluate the efficacy of feeding a commercially available egg and rice diet, intradermal skin testing, and serologic testing by ELISA for diagnosing and/or characterizing food hypersensitivity. Feeding of a home-cooked whole lamb meat and rice diet for 3 weeks, followed by challenge with each dog's regular diet, served as the standard for diagnosing food hypersensitivity. Each dog underwent provocative testing with 6 individual ingredients to determine as many of its dietary allergens as possible. Prior to skin testing and serologic testing by ELISA, most dogs had been recently exposed to the offending diet and subsequently manifested clinical signs of allergy. All dogs that tolerated the aforementioned commercial diet were exposed to it for at least 7 weeks; 84.6% of food-hypersensitive dogs ate the commercial diet with impunity. Of the 2 reactors to the commercial diet, only 1 became pruritic in response to provocation testing with chicken eggs. Low sensitivity and high specificity were found for skin testing and the ELISA, indicating a lack of true- and false-positive reactions. Neither the positive nor negative predictive values adequately predicted positive and negative reactions, respectively, for either test. On the basis of these results, the commercial diet, skin testing, and anti-IgE ELISA cannot replace an owner-prepared food elimination diet for food hypersensitivity testing in dogs.  相似文献   

14.
Adverse food reaction (AFR) is a common differential diagnosis for pruritic dogs. The only way to diagnose AFR is an elimination diet of 6-8 weeks with a protein and a carbohydrate source not previously fed. In humans, patch testing has been shown to be a useful tool to diagnose food allergies. In veterinary medicine, serum food allergen-specific antibody testing is widely offered to identify suitable ingredients for such diets. The aim of this study was to determine sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictability of patch testing with and serum antibody testing for a variety of common food stuffs. Twenty-five allergic dogs underwent an elimination diet and individual rechallenge with selected food stuffs, food patch testing and serum testing for food-antigen specific IgE and IgG. Eleven clinically normal control dogs only were subjected to patch and serum testing. The sensitivity and specificity of the patch test were 96.7 and 89.0% respectively, negative and positive predictability were 99.3 and 63.0%. For IgE and IgG the sensitivity was 6.7 and 26.7%, specificity were 91.4 and 88.3%, the negative predictive values 80.7 and 83.7% and the positive predictive values were 15.4 and 34.8%. Based on these results, a positive reaction of a dog on these tests is not very helpful, but a negative result indicates that this antigen is tolerated well. We conclude that patch testing (and to a lesser degree serum testing) can be helpful in choosing ingredients for an elimination diet in a dog with suspected AFR.  相似文献   

15.
Training programs for veterinarians seeking board certification by the American College of Veterinary Nutrition (ACVN) are structured in one of two ways: (1) as programs similar to specialty training in other clinical disciplines or (2) as graduate programs leading to advanced degrees combined with clinical training. Residency training occurs through a variety of approaches, including didactic coursework, case-based and applied learning, clinical training, teaching, research, and self-study. Challenges to successful residency and graduate training include low numbers of diplomates, particularly at veterinary schools; low numbers of applicants; small numbers of funded programs; and faculty promotion systems that do not reward residency or graduate training and program development. The mentoring of individuals seeking both board certification and a graduate degree presents additional considerations, including recruitment of individuals motivated in research and structuring a combined program that facilitates completion of both tasks in a timely fashion.  相似文献   

16.
The study of human-dog interaction has increased over the past several years. It has been demonstrated that dogs can use a number of human social cues to successfully accomplish a task, and that they do so better than apes. Many authors agree that these abilities are a result of 10,000 years of domestication by humans. Domestication may have genetically predisposed dogs to accurately recognize human communication signals. However, only a few authors have studied the performance of working dogs, implying recognition of human communication signals. Haverbeke et al. (2008) found that military working dogs do not always perform as they are expected to. To investigate this finding, we studied the performance of obedience and protection work exercises between 2 groups of dog-handler teams: a control group (CG), trained using the current training method used by the Belgian Defense, and an experimental group (EG) that underwent a new human familiarization and training program. During obedience and protection work exercises, EG teams obtained better results than CG teams and EG dogs exhibited a higher body posture than CG dogs. The results suggest that even if dogs are genetically predisposed toward the recognition of human communication signals, this aptitude alone does not explain the dogs' performance and their interactions with humans in this study. Regular training combined with positive dog-handler interaction is also required to increase the dog-handler (DH) team's performances.  相似文献   

17.
Dog (Canis familiaris) cognition research that examines whether dogs are able to use a mirror as a problem-solving tool is rare. The aim of this study was to explore whether dogs could find food that was visible only via a mirror at the beginning of the experiment. In a laboratory setting, we exposed 44 dogs to a large mirror, attached at a 90° angle to an opaque barrier for 10 minutes. Dogs were allowed complete freedom of movement. For the first minute of the exposure phase, the owner and experimenter stood against a wall, ignoring the dog; afterward, both walked around the room for 9 minutes. The dogs could observe their movements in the mirror. Then, dogs were taught to associate a bowl with food, after which the bowl was surreptitiously placed behind the barrier, and the dogs were positioned so that they could see the reflection of the food in the mirror. Dogs were pseudorandomly assigned to the experimental group (n = 22) as described or a control group (n = 22), which was identical except that the mirror was covered during the testing phase. In the testing phase, dogs that could see the mirror were more likely to find the treat than dogs that could not (P = 0.032). Although fewer dogs in the control condition found the food, those that did were just as likely as those in the mirror condition to locate it within 3 minutes. This suggests that, although dogs' food-searching behavior can be triggered by the mirror's visual cues to locate food, some dogs used other cues that we were unable to control.  相似文献   

18.
The study objective was to determine the effects of feeding food enriched in antioxidants and a program of environmental/cognitive enrichment on selected ex vivo assays of inflammatory and immune cells in healthy geriatric Beagle dogs (n=21). Four groups of dogs were tested using a 2 x 2 factorial design. The 2-year longitudinal study included both nutritional (control food or antioxidant-fortified food) and behavioral (normal level or cognitive enrichment) interventions. Behavior enrichment included increased exercise, environmental enrichment, and a series of learning tasks. Phagocytosis of opsonized latex-coated beads by peripheral blood neutrophils was measured by flow cytometry and found to be significantly increased in dogs receiving both dietary antioxidants and cognitive enrichment. Simultaneous stimulation of cells with Con A and suppression with Dex resulted in decreased lymphocyte proliferation in dogs receiving both dietary antioxidants and cognitive enrichment, compared to dogs receiving dietary antioxidants or cognitive enrichment alone. There were no significant differences between the groups of dogs for percentages of CD4 and CD8 T-lymphocyte subpopulations before or after lymphocyte stimulation with Con A. These results support our hypothesis that both dietary antioxidants and behavioral enrichment enhance host defense mechanisms.  相似文献   

19.
The great variation in morphological phenotypes displayed by dogs offers not only excellent opportunities for genetic analyses but also a challenge regarding between-breed and even within-breed variation. Also, behavioral responses may vary between individuals, and are to be taken into account in experimental situations. To our knowledge, no standardized test for scoring personality characteristics (TFPC) in dogs maintained for research under controlled conditions has yet been developed. The present article describes a protocol consisting of 9 test situations that are likely to arise in experimental contexts. The intent was to establish an easy-to-use standardized test protocol. Sixteen beagles were used, all housed in constant and controlled conditions. The results revealed considerable individual differences in response to certain stimuli. The largest within-group variation was found when being caged; the responses varied from passivity to escape attempts (score range: 2-5 in a 5-step scale). Substantial variation was also seen in locomotion and food consumption after exposure to stress (score range: 1-5 in a 5-step scale). In a new environment, the females showed more frequent changes in attention (focusing) compared with males (P < 0.01). There was an age-related reaction to sudden sounds (Spearman rsp = ?0.52, P < 0.05). We also describe application of the TFPC to a study of food intake in response to pancreatic polypeptide performed with 6 of the male dogs. A within-group rank-order procedure was used, and interesting correlations between personality characteristics and food intake behavior were identified. We discuss how the TFPC may contribute to improvement of experimental studies in dogs.  相似文献   

20.
Serum bile acid (SBA) values were obtained in 20 dogs, 2.5 to 60 months (mean, 18.6 months) after surgery for occlusion of a congenital portosystemic shunt. The SBA values obtained after food was withheld were significantly (P < 0.005) reduced at follow-up, compared with preoperative values. In 85% of the dogs (17/20), response to surgery was graded by the owners as excellent or good, although most dogs had abnormal SBA values at follow-up. Significant difference in clinical results or follow-up SBA values was not found in dogs that had complete or partial occlusion of the shunting vessel. Correlation between clinical results and SBA values also was not detected. Dogs that were > 2 years old at the time of diagnosis and surgery had a significantly (P = 0.012) poorer clinical result than that of dogs < 1 year old.  相似文献   

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