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1.
Summary Soil-borne mosaic inducing viruses, i.e., barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV), barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV), and BaYMV-2, cause one of the most important diseases of winter barley in Western Europe. Since resistance of all commercial European barley cultivars is due to a single recessive gene (ym4) which is not effective against BaYMV-2, exotic barley germplasms (Hordeum vulgare L., H. spontaneum Koch) were screened for resistance to the different viruses and analyzed for genetic diversity concerning BaMMV resistance. In these studies it turned out that resistance to BaMMV is entirely inherited recessively and that a high degree of genetic diversity concerning resistance is present within the barley gene pool at least to BaMMV. Therefore, exotic barley germplasms are a very useful source for the incorporation of different resistance genes into barley breeding lines, thereby enabling the breeder to create cultivars adapted to cultivation in the growing area of fields infested by soil-borne viruses. Furthermore, in order to obtain more information on these germplasms they were evaluated for agronomic traits and isozyme, RFLP and RAPD analyses were carried out on these varieties to detect markers linked to the respective resistance genes and to obtain information on the genetic similarity between yellow mosaic resistant barley accessions derived from different parts of the world. Actual results of these studies are briefly reviewed. 相似文献
2.
Summary To assess the possibilities offered by isozymes to locate resistance genes against barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV), the isozyme patterns of 19 barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes carrying genes different from ym4 were determined. Of the 15 isozyme systems tested, only three were polymorphic, namely aconitate hydratase, esterase, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, providing markers on four of the seven barley chromosomes. Studies of F2 progenies derived from three crosses between resistant genotypes and susceptible varieties failed to reveal linkage between resistance genes and isozymes. Another goal of the experiment was to study the linkage relationships between ym4 and the esterase locus (Est1-Est2-Est4). Our estimates of the recombination rate between these two loci (3.41 and 8.32%) were in the range of those reported between these esterases and one of the resistance genes of the Chinese variety Mokusekko 3. 相似文献
3.
Gene for Resistance to Barley Mild Mosaic Virus in German Winter Barley Located on Chromosome 3L 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In order to identify the chromosome arm carrying a gene for resistance to barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) in German winter barley cultivars, a line trisomic for the long arm of chromosome 3 (telo-trisomic 3L) was crossed to the resistant cvs. ‘Sonate’ and ‘Ogra’. Results of tests for BaMMV reaction in the F2 indicate that the gene for resistance in German cultivars is located on the long arm of chromosome 3. 相似文献
4.
RAPD-mapping of the distal portion of chromosome 3 of barley, including the BaMMV/BaYMV resistance gene ym4 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Experiments were carried out in order to identify RAPD-markers for the BaMMV/BaYMV resistance gene ym4 to facilitate efficient marker-based selection in practical breeding programmes. Linkage analysis was carried out with 283 doubled haploid (DH) barley lines out of a cross between the BaMMV/BaYMV susceptible cv. ‘Igri’ and the resistant cv. ‘Franka’. Using bulked segregant analysis, 310 RAPD-primers were screened for polymorphism between the parents. Four of these primers gave rise to specific bands linked to the resistance gene ym4. 相似文献
5.
S. Tuvesson L. V Post R. Öhlund P. Hagberg A. Graner S. Svitashev M. Schehr R. Elovsson 《Plant Breeding》1998,117(1):19-22
The aim of this investigation was to develop a procedure for the largescale molecular breeding for ym4, allowing resistance to BaMMV/BaYMV to be fixed in early breeding generations of winter barley. A codominant STS marker derived from the restriction fragment length polymorphism marker MWG838 for the ym4 resistance gene was combined with a new and easy procedure for preparing leaf samples for polymerase chain reaction (PCR), theoretically allowing one person to extract DNA from 5000 samples in a single day. In the procedure for molecular breeding for ym4, all steps, including leaf sampling, DNA extraction, PCR amplification and digestion with restriction enzyme were assembled in microtitre plates allowing multipipetting throughout the procedure, including the loading of gels. The method is amenable to further automation with the aid of a robot arm. Double haploid (DH) lines, as well as F2 and F4 breeding lines were analysed and, based on markers, homozygous and heterozygous BaMMV/BaYMV resistant plants were identified for further breeding. The winter barley breeding programmes were modified to include marker-based selection for BaMMV/BaYMV resistance on DH or on F2 individuals, which had been preselected for mildew and leaf rust resistance. 相似文献
6.
Based on the RAPD marker OP‐C04H910 which is closely linked to the barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) resistance gene rym9 derived from the variety ‘Bulgarian 347’ the marker STS‐C04H910 cosegregating with OP‐C04H910 and generating a single additional band on plants carrying the recessive resistance encoding allele has been developed. Furthermore, the simple sequence repeats (SSRs) WMS6 and HVM67 have been integrated into the genetic map of the rym9 region on chromosome 4HL. Because of their close linkage to rym9 and distinct banding pattern STS‐C04H910 and HVM67 are well‐suited for marker‐ assisted selection, enhanced backcrossing procedures and pyramiding of resistance genes. 相似文献
7.
Barley yellow mosaic virus disease caused by different strains of BaYMV and BaMMV is a major threat to winter barley cultivation
in Europe. Different resistance genes against these viruses have been mapped and suitable PCR-based markers have been developed.
In this respect doubled haploid (DH) populations proved to be advantageous as they facilitate a repeated test for resistance
against all agents of the barley yellow mosaic virus complex and besides this, dominant marker systems are as informative
as co-dominant ones in DHs due to the lack of heterozygous genotypes. Using DH populations resistance genes rym4, rym5, rym11, rym13, rym15 and the BaYMV/BaYMV-2 resistance of the barley cultivar ‘Chikurin Ibaraki 1’ have been mapped. DHs are also well suited to
pyramiding resistance genes against BaMMV and BaYMV. Since homozygous recessive genotypes are more frequent in DHs than in
segregating F2 populations, DHs can be efficiently used to create broad-spectrum resistance and to extend the usability of partly overcome
resistance genes. Results from employing two different strategies for pyramiding, based on one and two DH-steps, respectively,
combining three recessive resistance genes, i.e. rym4/rym5, rym9 and rym11, are presented. The faster strategy based on one haploidy step resulted in the identification of all three and two-way combinations
of the respective resistance genes. 相似文献
8.
C. Silvar A. M. Casas D. Kopahnke A. Habekuß G. Schweizer M. P. Gracia J. M. Lasa F. J. Ciudad J. L. Molina-Cano E. Igartua F. Ordon 《Plant Breeding》2010,129(1):45-52
The Spanish Barley Core Collection comprises 159 landrace-derived inbred lines and 16 cultivars adapted to Southern European conditions. The collection was screened for resistance to powdery mildew ( Blumeria graminis ), scald ( Rhynchosporium secalis ), leaf rust ( Puccinia hordei ), net blotch ( Pyrenophora teres f. teres ), Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV). Resistance to powdery mildew was outstanding, with 58 lines presenting mean overall resistance, among them seven landrace-derived lines resistant to all seven isolates tested. About 26% of the Spanish lines were resistant to scald. Resistance to leaf rust and to net blotch was scarce, though a few accessions showed resistance levels as good as the checks. Thirteen accessions (12 Spanish) were totally resistant to BaMMV and c. 20% of accessions showed moderate tolerance to BYDV. Landrace-derived lines from the Mediterranean Coast and Southern regions of Spain were the most resistant to powdery mildew and leaf rust, but the most susceptible to viruses. Potential sources of resistance might be preserved in some accessions subjected to selective pressure in the region of origin. 相似文献
9.
Role of male-sterile cytoplasm in resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus and Fusarium head blight in barley 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Two types of male‐sterile cytoplasm, designated msm1 and msm2, in barley were investigated to determine whether these cytoplasms confer resistance to barley yellow mosaic virus (Ba YMV) and Fusarium head blight (FHB). Alloplasmic lines and isogenic lines of two cultivars showed the same reaction to each Ba YMV as that of their euplasmic lines. This demonstrates that the barley male‐sterile cytoplasms msm1 and msm2 have no effect on resistance to BaYMV. No significant difference in reactions to FHB was recognized among fertile alloplasmic lines of ‘Adorra’, but the difference in reactions to FHB between fertile and sterile isogenic lines of ‘Adorra’ was significant. The damage caused by FHB in the male‐sterile lines that produced sterile pollen was significantly greater than the damage in a sterile line that did not produce pollen. These results suggest that pollen or anthers are important factors in infection with or spread of FHB. For production of hybrid seeds, male‐sterile lines with no pollen production, such as those with msm1 male‐sterile cytoplasm, would reduce FHB infestation. 相似文献
10.
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the concentration of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) in leaves of spring wheat Triticum aestivum L. cv. ‘Fukuhokomugi’, Leymus angustus (Trin.) Pilger (Altai wild rye) and their F1 hybrids inoculated at the 2- to 3-leaf stage. The BYDV isolate “Cloutier” (serotype PAV) was used. The results showed that L. angustus confers immunity or strong resistance to the virus. Significant multiplication of the virus occurred in ‘Fukuhokomugi’ which expressed an intermediate level of tolerance to the disease under field conditions. The F1 haploid hybrids of ‘Fukuhokomugi’×L. angustus expressed a level of resistance almost equal to that of their wild parent, with a low concentration of virus appearing 16 days after inoculation and no more afterwards. The discovery of BYDV resistance in L. angustus and the expression of this character in the F1 hybrids provide new opportunities for the enlargement of the gene pool for BYDV resistance in wheat. 相似文献
11.
The greenbug [Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)] is an extremely damaging pest of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), particularly in the southern Great Plains of the USA. Winter barley targeted for production in this region should incorporate resistance to greenbug in the form of the resistance gene Rsg1a (in ‘Post 90′) or Rsg2b (in PI 426756). This study was conducted to fully characterize the resistance profile of these two genes against important greenbug biotypes, and to determine which of the two resistance genes is most effective in protecting barley from the greenbug. Eight barley and four wheat cultivars and germplasms were challenged with six greenbug biotypes and damage ratings were recorded for each combination. In five of the six tests, ‘Post 90’ was significantly more resistant than PI 426756 to greenbug feeding damage. Based on the results presented here, we conclude that the resistance gene, Rsg1a, in ‘Post 90’ is the better choice for use in breeding programmes and will provide better protection than Rsg2b against the greenbug. 相似文献
12.
The effects of the Yd2 gene on tolerance to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and other agronomically important characters in spring barley were evaluated in a set of randomly selected doubled haploid (DH) lines of an‘Igri’/‘Atlas 68’ cross and three crosses between CIMMYT Yd2 materials and the Czech malting barley ‘Akcent’. The cleaved amplified polymorphic site (CAPS) diagnostic marker Yd2 was used for identification of the Yd2 gene and this analysis showed high agreement with the results of field infection tests. Yd2 lines exhibited significantly lower symptom scores and lower reductions of some grain yield characters, but their resistance level was not consistent over the years. The presence of secondary stresses (high temperature/drought) in 2000 led to relatively higher sensitivity to BYDV infection, strengthened by the long life cycle of genotypes. In cases where secondary stresses were mild (in 2002), the longer life cycle significantly increased sensitivity to BYDV infection only in the absence of the Yd2 gene (in susceptible genotypes). The examination of different vegetative, grain yield and malting quality characters separately for groups of Yd2 and non‐ Yd2 lines did not show any evidence of adverse effect of the Yd2 gene on any character. 相似文献
13.
The inheritance of durable resistance of selected spring barley varieties to Rhynchosporium secalis was investigated. Data from the F2 generation of a 4 × 4 diallel, without reciprocals and the F4 generation of three crosses selected out of this diallel, suggest that resistance in this sample of varieties tested is complex in inheritance. Significant additive effects were detected indicating that the resistance level of barley cultivars may be improved by the hybridisation of suitable varieties. However, the genes conferring resistance seem to be concealed by the expression of one completely dominant resistance gene in our set of varieties. These results are partly in conflict with previous results on the inheritance of resistance to R. secalis in the breeder's line ‘11258/228613A’ indicating that the effectiveness of this resistance gene may be greatly influenced by the genetic background of the current population of R. secalis. 相似文献
14.
One hundred and twenty-seven spring barley varieties grown in Denmark since 1979 were characterized for resistance genes using 30 powdery mildew isolates. The resistance genes are traced in the pedigrees to verify the results. Eleven named genes, 12 tentatively named genes/resistances and six unknown resistances were found. Resistance in many varieties was based on combinations of either known genes or of known and new factors. The following five new or relatively new resistance genes more or less effective against the present powdery mildew populations were detected: the ‘Mlo’ resistance conferred by the recessive mlo gene with the characteristic infection type 0/(4), ‘Ricardo’ and ‘Turkish’ sources having gene Mla3 in common and ‘Turkish’ with Ml(Tu2) in addition. In three varieties the new resistance Ml(IM9) was found in combination with different Mia alleles. Variety ‘Jarek’ has two new unidentified resistances. 相似文献
15.
Shanyu Chen Mengzhuo Liu Tongtong Jin Liqun Wang Ran Xu Adhimoolam Karthikeyan Guijie Zheng Haijian Zhi 《Plant Breeding》2023,142(1):66-73
Soybean mosaic virus is a severe constraint of soybean production in China. A total of country-wide 22 SMV strains (SC1-SC22) were identified. Of these, SC3 is a major strain widely distributed in Huanghuai and Yangtze River Valley region of China. Soybean cultivar ‘Qihuang-1’ contains RSC3Q locus conditioning the resistance to SC3 and is an important parental line extensively used to breed the soybean cultivars in China. The objective of this study was to elucidate the genetic pattern of SC3 resistance genes in cultivars developed from ‘Qihuang-1’ or its derivative lines. Hence, we have evaluated the SC3 resistance in 91 cultivars developed from ‘Qihuang-1’ or its derivative lines. The results showed that a total of 43 cultivars exhibited resistance to the SC3 strain. Among them, 37 cultivars were derived from ‘Qihuang-1’. Then, we have detected the RSC3Q loci in these cultivars using four SSR markers (Satt334, Sct_033, BARCSOYSSR_13_1114 and BARCSOYSSR_13_1136). It revealed that, among the 37 resistant cultivars derived from ‘Qihuang-1’, there are 20 cultivars containing RSC3Q loci. Moreover, the allelic relationship of resistance genes was analysed using the crosses from resistance × resistance between ‘Qihuang-1’ and its resistant derived cultivars. The results showed that the resistance genes of ‘Qihuang-1’ and its 20 cultivars were allelic. But it is not allelic with those of the other 17 cultivars, different from ‘Qihuang-1’, and also, RSC3Q does not condition the resistance. These results will be beneficial to exploring the transmission of resistance genes of ‘Qihuang-1’ and will be useful to the disease resistance breeding of soybean. 相似文献
16.
O. Oueslati M. Ben-Hammouda M. H. Ghorbal M. Guezzah R. J. Kremer 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2005,191(4):249-254
Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is widely cultivated in the semi-arid region of Tunisia for grain production and grazing, which often occurs during the same season. We previously demonstrated autotoxic effects of barley among varieties. The present study was conducted to test the effects of barley variety and seasonal variation on the expression of autotoxicity by barley. Four barley varieties were grown in a field experiment over three growing seasons (1999–2000, 2000–01, 2001–02). In the laboratory, germination and seedling growth bioassays were used to assess autotoxicity potential of field-harvested barley. Barley autotoxicity was fully expressed based on inhibition of radicle growth detected in seedling bioassays. Stems were often the most allelopathic plant component. Allelopathic activity of the barley varieties differed across growing seasons suggesting the influence of a seasonal effect due to the extent of water deficit during the dry season and monthly rainfall variability. The results suggest that when planning to integrate barley within cropping sequences, barley producers should carefully select appropriate barley varieties to minimize autotoxicity, which can be more severe under drought conditions. 相似文献
17.
An outline is given of results for the transfer of new resistances against leaf rust and barley mosaic viruses from Hordeum bulbosum into winter barley. Progenies from backcrosses of barley cultivars with H. bulbosum hybrids were tested both in conventional breeding trials and in additional tests under controlled conditions. Resistance to both pathogens proved to be stable and of good heritability, with differences occurring which depended on the combinations used. Lines with resistance to all leaf rust and mosaic viruses tested, or to either one, were selected. Both resistances segregated independently. 相似文献
18.
Developing resistance to powdery mildew, Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei, is a major goal of many barley breeding programmes. Several resistance genes have been tagged or mapped with molecular markers. The mlo gene confers durable resistance towards all known isolates of the pathogen. In this study, RAPD markers and bulked segregant analysis were used to determine PCR-based markers linked to the mlo-locus. Sixty doubled haploid lines from a cross between an isogenic line of ‘Ingrid’ carrying the mlo11 allele and a susceptible cv. ‘Pokko’ were used as plant material. Seven linked RAPD markers were found, the closest lying 1.6 cM away from the resistance gene. When eight barley varieties were assayed for the presence of this band, F4-980, it was found in the resistant varieties but not in the susceptible ones. The linked marker bands could be amplified from DNA-samples prepared by using three different methods, including a quick squash technique. PCR-based markers linked to the resistance gene can be used as tools for selection in breeding programmes. 相似文献
19.
Identification and validation of a quantitative trait locus associated with wheat yellow mosaic virus pathotype I resistance in a Japanese wheat variety 
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下载免费PDF全文 Hisayo Kojima Zenta Nishio Fuminori Kobayashi Mika Saito Takahide Sasaya Chikako Kiribuchi‐Otobe Masako Seki Shunsuke Oda Toshiki Nakamura 《Plant Breeding》2015,134(4):373-378
Yellow mosaic disease, caused by wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV), is one of the most serious diseases of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Japan. The three pathotypes of WYMV are distributed in different geographical areas: pathotype I is found mainly in western and central Japan (Kanto), pathotype II in northern Japan (Tohoku and Hokkaido) and pathotype III on the southern island of Japan (Kyushu). A total of 246 doubled‐haploid (DH) lines, derived from a cross between ‘Yumechikara’ (resistant) and ‘Kitahonami’ (susceptible), were evaluated for 2 years for their resistance to WYMV pathotype I. A single major quantitative trait locus, Q.Ymym, mapping to chromosome 2D was associated with resistance to pathotype I in ‘Yumechikara’. This is the first time a QTL responsible for pathotype I resistance has been identified. Fine mapping of Q.Ymym indicated that it was on a tight linkage block originating from ‘Yumechikara’, and the markers associated with this block will accelerate the development of varieties resistant to WYMV pathotype I. 相似文献
20.
不同刈割茬次与刈割时期对大麦饲草产量与品质的影响 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
大麦(Hordeum valgue L.)是一优质能量饲料作物,刈割是牧草管理的一种常规方式。为了研究刈割对大麦作为青（贮）饲的影响,以4份不同生态区具代表性的大麦新品种（系）为对象,分析了不同刈割茬次与刈割时期对大麦饲草产量与品质的影响。结果表明,所有品种第1茬饲草产量与品质均高于第2茬,重复刈割导致产草量不同程度下降,其中‘盐丰1号’降幅最小(13.0%),表现出较强的耐刈性。再次刈割,所有品种干鲜比、粗灰分含量增加,粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量下降,粗纤维、钙、磷含量变化因品种而异。分蘖期刈割大麦,营养物质含量高于灌浆期刈割,适口性好,可直接用作青饲料,且有利于植株再生。因此,2次刈割可于分蘖期开始,选用耐刈性好的大麦品种,分蘖期刈割大麦可直接用作青饲,灌浆期刈割可作为青贮饲料。 相似文献