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1.
Canopy fuel characteristics and potential crown fire behavior in Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) forests 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Canopy fuel characteristics that influence the initiation and spread of crown fires were measured in representative Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) stands in Greece. Vertical distribution profiles of canopy fuel load, canopy base height and canopy bulk density are presented. Aleppo pine canopy fuels are characterized by low canopy base height (3.0–6.5 m), while available canopy fuel load (0.96–1.80 kg/m2) and canopy bulk density (0.09–0.22 kg/m3) values are similar to other conifers worldwide. Crown fire behavior (probability of crown fire initiation, crown fire type, rate of spread, fireline intensity and flame length) in Aleppo pine stands with various understory fuel types was simulated with the most updated crown fire models. The probability of crown fire initiation was high even under moderate burning conditions, mainly due to the low canopy base height and the heavy surface fuel load. Passive crown fires resulted mostly in uneven aged stands, while even aged stands gave high intensity active crown fires. Assessment of canopy fuel characteristics and potential crown fire behavior can be useful in fuel management and fire suppression planning. 相似文献
2.
There is a lack of knowledge to identify and classify forest structures according to the risk of crown fires, especially in
Mediterranean regions. In this study, for the first time, we use real information, obtained after a wildfire that burnt under
extreme meteorological conditions, to classify forest structures of Pinus halepensis into fuel types as a function of crown fire potential. We identified fourteen forest structures which characterize many forest
types in Western Mediterranean areas depending on canopy closure, number of tree layers, percent of each tree layer and overall
tree density. By using the pattern of fire types that burnt the most numerous forest structures, we have identified four fire
hazard groups of forest structures which are considered different fuel types. The first two had the lowest risk of active
crown fires and they differed in the proportion of surface fires and passive crown fires. The third fuel type was the threshold
between structures with low and high extreme fire behavior; while the fourth had a high risk of active crown fires. Firefighters
and forest managers who are demanding this kind of schema, will test and upgrade this classification of fuel types in function
of crown fire potential during future wildfires. 相似文献
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Canopy fuel characteristics in relation to crown fire potential in pine stands: analysis, modelling and classification 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
José María Fernández-Alonso Iciar Alberdi Juan Gabriel Álvarez-González José Antonio Vega Isabel Cañellas Ana Daría Ruiz-González 《European Journal of Forest Research》2013,132(2):363-377
Crown fire occurrence and subsequent crown fire behaviour are strongly dependent on canopy fuel characteristics, especially canopy fuel load (CFL), canopy bulk density (CBD) and canopy base height (CBH). Therefore, quantification of such variables is required for the appropriate selection of silvicultural treatments aimed at reducing susceptibility to crown fire. Data from the IV Spanish National Forest Inventory and individual tree biomass dry weight equations were used to estimate the canopy fuel characteristics of four representative types of pine stands in north-western Spain. Probability of crown fire initiation and crown fire rate of spread were simulated by using the mean surface fuel load observed for each type of pine in this area and assuming different burning conditions. The results indicate that a 22.13 % of the sample plots analysed showed a rather high potential for active crown fire spread under moderate burning conditions, and this value increases to 69.27 % under extreme burning conditions. Equations relating the canopy fuel characteristics to common stand variables (stand density, basal area and dominant height) were fitted simultaneously for each pine, and weighting factors for heteroscedasticity were included. The models explained more than 93.90, 74.70 and 69.42 % of the observed variability in CFL, CBD and CBH, respectively. Basal area was the most important variable for estimating CFL and CBD while dominant height explained most of the observed variability in CBH. The use of the fitted equations together with existing dynamic growth models and fire management decision support systems will enable assessment of the crown fire potential associated with different silvicultural alternatives used in these types of pine stands. 相似文献
5.
Francisco Rodríguez y Silva Juan Ramón Molina-Martínez 《European Journal of Forest Research》2012,131(3):571-582
Fire behavior modeling systems are important in predicting wildfire risk, fire growth, and fire effects. However, simulation
software requires a new fuel modeling to include fuel treatments, prescribed fire and the transition to crown fire. The thirteen
Rothermel models are insufficient in completely representing Mediterranean ecosystems. In this sense, the new American modeling
includes five fuel types, requiring the acquisition of hybrid models made up of the mixture of grass and shrub and the grass
or shrub mixed with litter from forest canopy. Respecting meteorological conditions and shrub characteristics, field studies
have shown significant differences between American and Mediterranean models. As a consequence, the definition of new Mediterranean
models requires the adjustment of specific parameters such as fuel load by category (live and dead) and particle size class
(1-, 10- and 100-h time-lag), fuelbed depth and surface area-to-volume ratio. These new parameters were obtained in situ of
sample itineraries, prescribed fires, and forest fires. The availability of this new modeling, validated on a field of regional
scale, will facilitate preventive planning and management as well as an efficient application of suppression techniques, both
ground and aerial operations, required in defending a territory against forest fires. 相似文献
6.
森林火灾会破坏森林资源,积极开展林火扑救研究对于保护森林资源具有重要意义。林火行为研究一直是林火研究领域的重点。文中针对地下火、地表火和树冠火3种类型,从火行为和扑救技术2个方面进行综述;认为通过研究林火发生与蔓延机理,建立基于燃烧物理机制的火增长模型,是发展林火扑救技术的科学基础。林火行为未来研究的重点是,探究自然条件下的地下火蔓延机制,发展地下火探测技术;完善地表火和树冠火蔓延的物理模型,确定地表火向树冠火转换的临界条件;提升火行为预报能力和开发扑救装备,增强扑救能力。 相似文献
7.
The Angora Fire burned 1243 ha of Jeffrey pine and mixed conifer forest in the Lake Tahoe Basin between June 24 and July 2, 2007. The Angora Fire burned at unusually high severity due to heavy fuels; strong winds; warm, dry weather; and unseasonably low fuel moistures. The fire destroyed 254 homes, and final loss and suppression cost estimates of $160,000,000 make the Angora Fire one of the ten costliest wildfires in US history. The Angora Fire burned into 194 ha of fuel treatments intended to modify fire behavior and protect private and public assets in the Angora Creek watershed. The fire thus provides a unique opportunity to quantitatively assess the effects of fuel treatments on wildfire severity in an area of wildland–urban interface. We measured fire effects on vegetation in treated and adjacent untreated areas within the Angora Fire perimeter, immediately after and one year after the fire. Our measures of fire severity included tree mortality; height of bole char, crown scorch, and crown torch; and percent crown scorch and torch. Unlike most studies of fuel treatment effectiveness, our study design included replication and implicitly controlled for variation in topography and weather. Our results show that fuel treatments generally performed as designed and substantially changed fire behavior and subsequent fire effects to forest vegetation. Exceptions include two treatment units where slope steepness led to lower levels of fuels removal due to local standards for erosion prevention. Hand-piled fuels in one of these two units had also not yet been burned. Excepting these units, bole char height and fire effects to the forest canopy (measured by crown scorching and torching) were significantly lower, and tree survival significantly higher, within sampled treatments than outside them. In most cases, crown fire behavior changed to surface fire within 50 m of encountering a fuel treatment. The Angora Fire underlines the important role that properly implemented fuel treatments can play in protecting assets, reducing fire severity and increasing forest resilience. 相似文献
8.
The variation of fuel loads after a fire for three forest types,phododendron--Larix gmelinii forest,herb--Larix gmelinii forest andherb--Betula platyphlla forest, in the northern forest area of Daxing’anling region was discussed. The dynamic models were developed by gray theory
for estimating the fuels loads of arbor, shrub, herbs, grass, litter, and semi-decomposed litter, inflammable fuel and the
total fuels in each forest type. After a fire, the inflammable fuel loads inphododendron-Lxirix gmelinii forest and in the herb- -Betula platyphlla fores was estimated at 10.958 t/hm2 and 10.473 t/hm2 respectively, by 13 years later, and that was 12.297 t/hm2 inherb--Larix gmelinii forest by 7 years later. It was predicated that a big fire may occur after 10 years based on inflammable fuel biomass accumulated. 相似文献
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Using density management diagrams to assess crown fire potential in Pinus pinaster Ait. stands 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ibán Gómez-Vázquez Paulo M. Fernandes Manuel Arias-Rodil Marcos Barrio-Anta Fernando Castedo-Dorado 《Annals of Forest Science》2014,71(4):473-484
Context
Density management diagrams (DMDs) are useful for designing, displaying and evaluating alternative density management regimes for a given stand-level management objective. The inclusion of variables related to crown fire potential within DMDs has not previously been considered.Aims
The aim of this study was to include isolines of variables related to crown fire initiation and spread in DMDs to enable identification of stand structures associated with different types of wildfire.Methods
Biometric and fuel data from maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) stands in NW Spain were used to construct DMDs. Different surface and crown fire behaviour models were used together to estimate crown fire potential.Results
The crown fire potential varied greatly throughout development of the maritime pine stands. Low stands were more prone to crowning. The type of crown fire was mainly determined by stand density.Conclusion
The DMDs developed can be used to identify relationships between stand structure and crown fire potential, thus enabling the design of thinning schedules aimed at reducing the likelihood of crowning. 相似文献11.
Alicia L. Reiner Nicole M. Vaillant JoAnn Fites-Kaufman Scott N. Dailey 《Forest Ecology and Management》2009,258(11):2365-2372
Due to increases in tree density and hazardous fuel loading in Sierra Nevadan forests, land management is focusing on fuel reduction treatments to moderate the risk of catastrophic fires. Fuel treatments involving mechanical and prescribed fire methods can reduce surface as well as canopy fuel loads. Mastication is a mechanical method which shreds smaller trees and brush onto the surface fuel layer. Little data exist quantifying masticated fuel beds. Despite the paucity of data on masticated fuels, land managers desire fuel loading, potential fire behavior and fire effects such as tree mortality information for masticated areas. In this study we measured fuel characteristics before and after mastication and mastication plus prescribed burn treatments in a 25-year old ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa C. Lawson) plantation. In addition to surface fuel characteristics and tree data collection, bulk density samples were gathered for masticated material. Regressions were created predicting masticated fuel loading from masticated fuel bed depth. Total masticated fuel load prior to fire treatment ranged from 25.9 to 42.9 Mg ha−1, and the bulk density of masticated fuel was 125 kg m−3. Mastication treatment alone showed increases in most surface fuel loadings and decreases in canopy fuel loads. Masticated treatment in conjunction with prescribed burning reduced both surface and canopy fuel loads. Detailed information on fuel structure in masticated areas will allow for better predictions of fire behavior and fire effects for fire in masticated fuel types. Understanding potential fire behavior and fire effects associated with masticated fuels will allow managers to make decisions on the possibility of mastication to create fuel breaks or enhance forest health. 相似文献
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13.
Michael J. Jenkins Elizabeth Hebertson Wesley Page C. Arik Jorgensen 《Forest Ecology and Management》2008
Bark beetle-caused tree mortality in conifer forests affects the quantity and quality of forest fuels and has long been assumed to increase fire hazard and potential fire behavior. In reality, bark beetles, and their effects on fuel accumulation, and subsequent fire hazard, are poorly understood. We extensively sampled fuels in three bark beetle-affected Intermountain conifer forests and compared these data to existing research on bark beetle/fuels/fire interactions within the context of the disturbance regime. Data were collected in endemic, epidemic and post-epidemic stands of Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine and Engelmann spruce. From these data, we evaluated the influence of bark beetle-caused tree mortality on various fuels characteristics over the course of a bark beetle rotation. The data showed that changes in fuels over time create periods where the potential for high intensity and/or severe fires increases or decreases. The net result of bark beetle epidemics was a substantial change in species composition and a highly altered fuels complex. Early in epidemics there is a net increase in the amount of fine surface fuels when compared to endemic stands. In post-epidemic stands large, dead, woody fuels, and live surface fuels dominate. We then discuss potential fire behavior in bark beetle-affected conifer fuels based on actual and simulated fuels data. Results indicated that for surface fires both rates of fire spread and fireline intensities were higher in the current epidemic stands than in the endemic stands. Rates of spread and fireline intensities were higher in epidemic stands due, however, to decreased vegetative sheltering and its effect on mid-flame wind speed, rather than changes in fuels. Passive crown fires were more likely in post-epidemic stands, but active crown fires were less likely due to decreased aerial fuel continuity. We also discuss the ecological effects of extreme fire behavior. Information is presented on managing forests to reduce the impact of bark beetle outbreaks and the interplay between management, bark beetle populations, fuels and fire hazard and behavior. 相似文献
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秦岭森林潜在火行为数量分类及划分指标研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
根据秦岭林区 4 5块标准地和 2 2 5个样方的冠层易燃物最大密度 (D)、地表可燃物载量 (W )及地表可燃物绝对含水率 ( μ) 3个实测值的 1 35个数据 ,运用Dissimilarityanalysis计算认为 ,调查的 4 5块标准地明显地可聚为 6类。据类间差异性将秦岭森林潜在树冠火行为分为强度树冠火、弱度树冠火和无树冠火 3种类型 ,划分依据为冠层易燃物最大密度 ,区分指标分别为 0 1 1kg/m3 和 0 37kg/m3;地表火强度划分应用μ和W 双因素判断法 ,并将其划分为强度地表火、中度地表火和弱度地表火 3种类型 ,其区分指标分别为地表可燃物载量 1 4 0kg/m2 和地表可燃物绝对含水率 4 0 %。据此 ,秦岭林区潜在火行为共划分为 9种类型 ,分别为强度树冠火强度地表火类型 (D >0 37kg/m3,W≥ 1 4 0kg/m2 ,μ<4 0 % )、强度树冠火中度地表火类型 (D >0 37kg/m3,W≥ 1 4 0kg/m2 ,μ≥ 4 0 %或W <1 .4 0kg/m2 ,μ<4 0 % )、强度树冠火弱度地表火类型 (D >0 37kg/m3,W <1 4 0kg/m2 ,μ≥ 4 0 % )、弱度树冠火 ( 0 1 1kg/m3≤D≤ 0 37kg/m3)强度地表火类型、弱度树冠火中度地表火类型、弱度树冠火弱度地表火类型、无树冠火 (D <0 1 1kg/m3)强度地表火类型、无树冠火中度地表火类型和无树冠火弱度地表火类型 相似文献
16.
TIAN Xiaorui ZHANG Youhui YANG Sidao ZHONG Youhong .Institute of Forest Protection Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing P.R.China Tel: --- Fax: --- .Nursery of Guan County Shandong Guan County P.R.China . Forest Public Security Bureau of Guangdong Province Guangzhou P.R.China 《中国林业科技(英文版)》2005,4(2):15-23
Schima superba is a pioneer species for forestation inwildland in tropical and subtropical zones. It can growwell in arid and barren sites and has a strong power ofsprouting from stools. The species has been widelyused for fuelbreak in southern China. In China thefuelbreak is often created by planting broadleaf treesalong the ridge, which is different from the conceptdiscussed in some papers (Agee, et al, 2000; Green,1977; Omi, 1996). In these studies, the shaded fuelbreakwas created by alte… 相似文献
17.
Fire plays an important role in shaping many Sierran coniferous forests, but longer fire return intervals and reductions in area burned have altered forest conditions. Productive, mesic riparian forests can accumulate high stem densities and fuel loads, making them susceptible to high-severity fire. Fuels treatments applied to upland forests, however, are often excluded from riparian areas due to concerns about degrading streamside and aquatic habitat and water quality. Objectives of this study were to compare stand structure, fuel loads, and potential fire behavior between adjacent riparian and upland forests under current and reconstructed active-fire regime conditions. Current fuel loads, tree diameters, heights, and height to live crown were measured in 36 paired riparian and upland plots. Historic estimates of these metrics were reconstructed using equations derived from fuel accumulation rates, current tree data, and increment cores. Fire behavior variables were modeled using Forest Vegetation Simulator Fire/Fuels Extension.Riparian forests were significantly more fire prone under current than reconstructed conditions, with greater basal area (BA) (means are 87 vs. 29 m2/ha), stand density (635 vs. 208 stems/ha), snag volume (37 vs. 2 m3/ha), duff loads (69 vs. 3 Mg/ha), total fuel loads (93 vs. 28 Mg/ha), canopy bulk density (CBD) (0.12 vs. 0.04 kg/m3), surface flame length (0.6 vs. 0.4 m), crown flame length (0.9 vs. 0.4 m), probability of torching (0.45 vs. 0.03), predicted mortality (31% vs. 17% BA), and lower torching (20 vs. 176 km/h) and crowning indices (28 vs. 62 km/h). Upland forests were also significantly more fire prone under current than reconstructed conditions, yet changes in fuels and potential fire behavior were not as large. Under current conditions, riparian forests were significantly more fire prone than upland forests, with greater stand density (635 vs. 401 stems/ha), probability of torching (0.45 vs. 0.22), predicted mortality (31% vs. 16% BA), and lower quadratic mean diameter (46 vs. 55 cm), canopy base height (6.7 vs. 9.4 m), and frequency of fire tolerant species (13% vs. 36% BA). Reconstructed riparian and upland forests were not significantly different. Our reconstruction results suggest that historic fuels and forest structure may not have differed significantly between many riparian and upland forests, consistent with earlier research suggesting similar historic fire return intervals. Under current conditions, however, modeled severity is much greater in riparian forests, suggesting forest habitat and ecosystem function may be more severely impacted by wildfire than in upland forests. 相似文献
18.
The basal area and height growth of trees and saplings in silver fir–European beech single stem selection forest were studied
with regard to their social status and crown parameters of size, coverage, shading and vitality. On 24 permanent research
plots (20 m × 20 m each) all trees [diameter at breast height (dbh) ≥10 cm] and saplings (≥1.3 m tall and dbh <10 cm) were
surveyed. Repeated measurements of dbh (N = 1,608) and height (N = 1,135) 10 years apart enabled the calculation of annual basal area increment (BAI) of trees and saplings, and annual height
(HI) increment of saplings. To obtain the growth characteristics for individual trees and saplings, their social status and
crown parameters were assessed by rank. In the multivariate general linear model for BAI, social status, crown size and crown
coverage of individuals as the predictors, and dbh2 as the covariate, explained 70% of total variability. Similarly, social status, crown size, crown coverage and crown shading
had a significant impact on the HI of saplings, explaining 70% of total variability. Among the observed variables, social
status determined according to the individual’s position in vertical stand structure was, in addition to dbh, the most important
predictor for both BAI and HI. Significant differences were observed between the BAI and HI models for the main tree species
(European beech and silver fir), indicating their different growth characteristics. The applied method could be used as a
supplement to the more widely used approaches for studying basal area and height growth of individual trees in selection forest
stands. 相似文献
19.
Estimation of canopy fuel characteristics of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) forests in Greece based on common stand parameters 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Canopy fuel characteristics that influence the initiation and spread of crown fires were measured in forty representative Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) stands in Greece. Aleppo pine canopy fuels are characterized by low canopy base height (CBH) (2.0–6.5 m), while available canopy fuel load (CFL) (0.63–1.82 kg/m2) and canopy bulk density (CBD) (0.07–0.22 kg/m3) values are similar to those of other conifers worldwide. Regression equations for the estimation of canopy fuels were developed based on common stand parameters. Stand basal area was the best-fitted predictor for the estimation of CFL and CBD at stand level, explaining 77 and 74 % of the observed variation, respectively. Regression analysis failed to provide any significant estimates for the CBH. Prediction of canopy fuel characteristics based on stand basal area can be useful in fuel management and fire prevention planning since it and can be easily incorporated into existing forest inventory systems and can be used for the Kyoto protocol requirements of carbon changes in Aleppo pine forests located in Greek sites. 相似文献