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Liquid water absorption in dried Norway spruce timber measured with CT scanning and viewed as a percolation process 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Liquid flow in dried wood is complicated to study, since wood is a nonhomogeneous, hygroscopic-porous, anisotropic material. However, liquid flow is important to understand, since it has an influence on the durability of wood and on such processes like impregnation, drying, surface treatment, etc. In this study, simulations of liquid water absorption in wood as a fibre network, percolation, were compared with experimental water absorption in the longitudinal direction in spruce timber. With CT scanning, water distribution during liquid flow can be shown visually and measured by image processing. Liquid water absorption in end grain of spruce was measured with CT scanning after 1, 3, 7 and 14?days of liquid water absorption and shown as moisture content (MC) profiles in heartwood and sapwood. It was found that the amount of water absorbed could be expressed as a linear function of the square root of time. The slopes of the lines differed between sapwood and heartwood and also varied depending on the growth condition of the trees. The simulations according to the percolation method show generally good agreement with the measured results for sapwood. 相似文献
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The purpose of this study was to compare the distribution of moisture contents (MCs) along the radial direction during radio-frequency/vacuum (RF/V) drying of log cross sections of heartwood (HLC) where sapwood was removed from a green log cross section and log cross section of mixed sapwood and heartwood (MLC) prepared with debarked logs of Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis) and locust (Robinia pseudoacacia). For Japanese larch, an even distribution of MC was observed over the entire cross section in HLC not only at the initial stage of drying but also up to the completion of drying. Furthermore, the moisture gradient between the outermost slice and the adjacent inner slice was more gradual compared with that in MLC. For locust, the moisture gradient between the outermost slice and the adjacent inner slice became severe as drying progressed. It decreased after reaching the maximum during the middle stage of drying but continued until the late stage of drying. Furthermore, despite the fact that the average initial MC of mixed slice within MLC was higher compared with that in heartwood slice, this trend reversed immediately after drying started. It was suggested that the possibility of formation of border checking would be high during drying the MLC, since it would be so complicate that the sapwood and heartwood reach fiber saturation point together because of differences in their green MCs and permeability between them. 相似文献
5.
There are indications that the drying process may have negative effects on the natural durability of wood. The impact of various
drying processes on the durability of Scots pine lumber has been evaluated with mass loss in a decay test with brown rot fungus,
Coniophora puteana, as measure of the decay resistance of sapwood and inner and outer heartwood. Drying with or without steam conditioning was
performed in six different series: air drying, kiln drying at temperature ranges commonly used in Swedish sawmills at 70°C
and 90°C with two different regulation principles, and one high-temperature drying at 110°C. Durability varied considerably
both between and within boards. Sapwood showed considerable less durability than heartwood. No difference in durability was
found between inner heartwood and outer heartwood. Air-dried heartwood showed the highest durability compared to other drying
series. The lowest durability in sapwood and heartwood was found for series dried at the 90°C temperature level with high
material temperature early in drying. The interpretation is that the duration of high material temperature at high moisture
content (MC) is the critical combination for decay resistance in heartwood. Steam conditioning after drying decreased durability
in sapwood. 相似文献
6.
Characterisation of pore size distributions in variously dried Pinus radiata: analysis by thermoporosimetry 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Warren J. Grigsby Hank Kroese Elizabeth A. Dunningham 《Wood Science and Technology》2013,47(4):737-747
The pore size distribution and networks within the wood cell wall tend to decrease on drying wood from its green state having implications for water ingress and further processing such as in preservative treatment. Thermoporosity measurements using differential scanning calorimetry have been applied to determine the pore size distribution of green Pinus radiata wood and how well this pore network is retained on supercritical fluid (SCF) dewatering compared with kiln drying. Generally, in green sapwood, the majority of bound water was distributed in pore sizes less than 50 nm diameter with only a small proportion present in pore sizes between 50 and 200 nm. On SCF dewatering, most bound water was found to reside in pore sizes <20 nm, consistent with dewatered wood being at fibre saturation point (FSP). Generally, on rewetting dewatered, kiln- or oven-dried wood, proportionately less bound water was present compared with green wood, consistent with reduced pore sizes and network accessibility for water ingress. Furthermore, on rewetting, there were distinctions between earlywood and latewood (LW) sections with the LW sections having a statistically greater proportion of water occupying smaller-sized pores (<20 nm). There was also greater variability of pore size distributions on sample rewetting, inferring drying does not uniformly reduce pore size volumes. Analysis suggests the extent of variability was generally less in the rewetted dewatered wood sample compared to kiln- or oven-dried samples, which may be a consequence of SCF drying only to FSP. 相似文献
7.
Dr. J. B. Boutelje 《Wood Science and Technology》1990,24(2):191-200
Summary Nitrogen contents have been determined at different depths from the surface of dried pine (Pinus sylvestris) and spruce (Picea abies) lumber. The effects of factors such as time of felling, storage of the timber, and drying process for the lumber, have been studied. Part of the selected lumber was characterized by surfaces which were yellowish after drying. At such surfaces, to a depth of about 2 mm, a high accumulation of nitrogen was always found. Yellowing is enhanced in lumber from wet-stored timber but also occurs in other lumber. Some possible contributive factors are suggested. More research in this field is proposed. The nitrogen gradients in outer sapwood without a yellow surface and in inner sapwood and in heartwood were much weaker. The effect which enrichment of nitrogenous compounds at surfaces may have on timber with regard to its disposition towards moulding is discussed. Although attention is drawn to the fact that strong nutrient gradients may occur, it must be emphasised that in most lumber nutrient gradients are weak and probably without practical consequence for its susceptibility towards fungal attack. 相似文献
8.
Junji Matsumura Rudolf E. Booker Bradley G. Ridoutt Lloyd A. Donaldson Naoto Mikajiri Hiroshi Matsunaga Kazuyuki Oda 《Journal of Wood Science》1999,45(6):456-462
Radiata pine sapwood and heartwood were dried using high-temperature, conventional-temperature, and air drying schedules with and without pre-steaming. They were then impregnated by vacuum treatment with double-distilled water, toluidine blue, and fluorescein dye. For sapwood, there were only minor differences in uptake between drying methods and when pre-steaming was used. Using microscopy, the primary flow pathways in sapwood were found to be the resin canal network and ray parenchyma cells, which provided conduction without large resistance. In heartwood, uptake was strongly influenced by pre-steaming the green lumber. After pre-steaming heart-wood, there was an increase in uptake from all surfaces but especially from the radial surfaces. Lower extractive contents, disruption of epithelial and ray parenchyma cells, and alteration of the condition of bordered pits were also associated with pre-steaming. It was therefore possible to classify flow paths in radiata pine heartwood five ways, according to uptake values and wood anatomical features.This research was presented in part at the 48th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Shizuoka, April 1998. 相似文献
9.
In this article, a one-dimensional and a two-dimensional approach to the evaluation of local diffusion coefficients for Norway
spruce sapwood from measured moisture content (MC) values are presented. A studied wood sample was dried from the initial
green condition to about 15% mean MC, but here only the diffusive part of the drying process between approximately 25% and
15% mean MC was treated. Measured local MC values were based on nondestructive X-ray computed tomography data. Finite element
calculations were performed with two alternative diffusion coefficients to test the appropriateness of the diffusion coefficients
that were evaluated from the measured MC values. The evaluated diffusion coefficients show interesting dependence on MC and
distance from the evaporation surface. The advantage of using the methods presented is that the diffusion coefficient is calculated
on a local level without having to define a function for the diffusion coefficient’s dependency on other parameters. 相似文献
10.
Proton magnetic resonance techniques for characterization of water in wood: application to white spruce 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
C. D. Araujo A. L. MacKay J. R. T. Hailey K. P. Whittall H. Le 《Wood Science and Technology》1992,26(2):101-113
Summary Two new proton magnetic resonance techniques, relaxation spectra and relaxation selective imaging, have been used to investigate the distribution of water in samples of normal white spruce sapwood, heartwood, and juvenile wood as well as two rehydrated heartwood samples containing incipient decay and compression wood respectively. It is demonstrated that the spin-spin (T2) relaxation behavior in wood is best presented as a continuous spectrum of relaxation times. Spectra of T2 for white spruce show separate peaks corresponding to the different water environments. Bound water gives a peak with an T2 time of about 1 ms and lumen water gives a distribution of T2 times in the range of 10 to 100 ms. The lumen water T2 time is a function of the wood cell radius. Consequently, the different cell lumen radii distributions for spruce sapwood, juvenile wood, and compression wood are readily distinguishable by the shape of their T2 spectra. Water environments which are separable on a T2 spectrum may be imaged separately. Imaging has been carried out in one dimension for bound water and lumen water of a spruce sapwood sample at four different moisture contents ranging from 100% to 17%. For the first time, we demonstrate that above the fibre saturation point the moisture density profile of the bound water is largely independent of moisture content. The feasibility and utility of using these techniques for internal scanning of logs and lumber is discussed. These techniques should provide new insights into the wood drying process.We would like to thank Michael Weiss of the Biological Science Electron Microscopy Facility at the University of British Columbia for his assistance with the microscopy and image analysis. This research was supported by grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and the Canadian Forestry Service 相似文献
11.
This study deals with the development of a two-dimensional model to simulate the deformations in wood samples during the wood drying process for the evaluation of the drying quality. The samples cut from sapwood of beech were used to analyse the moisture content distribution of the samples at two different drying conditions. A new concept based on a linear difference method was developed to use the moisture content distribution of the samples for the simulation process to predict deformation due to casehardening. The real deformations of the prongs were compared with the simulated ones for further improvements. The results show that the model can be used to simulate the deformations independently from different drying times and drying conditions. A good comparison between real and simulated changes in deformation was found for the drying process at constant climate conditions. The results provide a useful basis for further investigations on the modelling and simulation of the deformation of the samples due to different drying processes. 相似文献
12.
《Wood material science & engineering》2013,8(2):45-51
Abstract A stochastic three-dimensional model for the behaviour of free water in wood, which was described in Part I, is used for the simulation and analysis of some further features of wood drying. The kiln brown stain mechanism is studied and the connection to the condition of the wood surface is pointed out. Several drying rate questions and related aspects are analysed and compared with experimental results. Finally the risk of surface checking in an early stage of sapwood drying is shown theoretically. 相似文献
13.
3种不同处理方法对木材渗透性影响的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文通过对长白鱼鳞云杉和臭冷杉生材分别进行普通气干处理和酒精置换处理以及对其气干材进行水浸处理,研究了这３种不同处理方法对木材气渗透性的影响及其影响机理。研究结果表明,长白鱼鳞云杉边材、心材和臭冷杉心村的生材经普通气干处理后,其气体渗透性较低,分别约为０．１１４、０．０４５和０．１１１ｄａｒｃｙ;长白鱼鳞云杉边材、心材和臭冷杉心材的生材经酒精置换处理后,其气体渗透性分别约为１１．７１３、０．０７４和０．１４４ｄａｒｃｙ,比普通气干处理对照组试样的平均渗透性分别增加约１０１．５倍、６２％和３０％,ｔ检验表明,前者差异非常显著,但后两者差异不显著;已气干１８个月的长白鱼鳞云杉边材、心材和臭冷杉心材经水浸处理后,其平均气体浸透性较处理前分别增加约８５％、４９％、６５．５％,ｔ检验表明差异均显著。长白鱼鳞云杉生材边材经 相似文献
14.
Juan RODRIGUEZ-RAMIREZ Sadoth SANDOVAL-TORRES Lilia MENDEZ-LAGUNAS Artemio Carrillo PARRA 《中国林学(英文版)》2011,13(4):285-289
A desorption isotherm is a very important basis in the understanding of drying process. In this study, the desorption isotherms from the sapwood of Mexican pine (Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl.) were determined by the gravimetric method (discontinuous control of sample weight) at 30℃ and 50℃. The salt method was used in the range of water activities from 0.11 to 0.89. The results show that the desorption ability of Mexican pine sapwood increased with temperature at a given relative humidity. The experimental data was further simulated with the models, i.e., BET, GAB, Oswin and Henderson models. The GAB, Oswin and Henderson models allow the representation of the entire desorption isotherms. The BET model showed a better fit for water activity lower than 0.35, with a mean relative deviation of 0.0286 at 30℃ and 0.0167 at 50℃. Simultaneously, the BET model gave a better representation of moisture content in the monolayer saturation region. Overall, the GAB model ensured the best simulation of the entire isotherm, while the Henderson model displayed the worst simulation. 相似文献
15.
Shusheng Pang 《Wood Science and Technology》1996,30(3):165-178
Summary A 2-D mathematical model was developed to simulate moisture movement and heat transfer in width and thickness directions within a softwood board during drying. The model is based on wood physiological features and behaviour observed during drying. In sapwood, liquid water movement is assumed to be a consequence of capillary action between liquid and gas phases inside the cell lumens. However, liquid flow does not occur in wood close to the exposed surfaces because at timber surfaces the wood cells are damaged during the sawing process and consequently the liquid column is broken. In heartwood, liquid flow is negligible since the pits are normally aspirated during the formation of heartwood in the growing tree. Water vapour moves under a partial vapour pressure gradient while bound water diffuses within the wood material due to differences in chemical potential. The model was solved numerically to predict moisture-content profiles. Experiments were undertaken to measure the moisturecontent gradient. Samples were removed from a tunnel dryer at intervals throughout drying, frozen overnight and then cut into slices for moisture-content determination. The experimental results were used to verify the model.This work is supported by the New Zealand Foundation of Research, Science and Technology under contract CO4415 相似文献
16.
Ikuo Momohara Shuetsu Saito Wakako Ohmura Makoto Kiguchi 《Journal of Wood Science》2009,55(6):441-445
Green Japanese cedar logs 2 m in length and 18 cm in diameter were dried to a mean moisture content of less than 30% by either
air drying or kiln drying. Dried logs were impregnated with copper azole (CUAZ) solution according to Japanese Industrial
Standard (JIS) A9002. Preservative absorption was calculated from the log weight before and after preservative impregnation.
Impregnated logs were then dried in the air and cut at the center to determine preservative penetration. The penetration area
was determined after visualizing the preservative with chrome azurol S. The visualized area indicated that the preservative
solution penetrated into the sapwood portion of almost all the air-dried logs. However, the kiln-dried logs did not show full
penetration into the sapwood portion. The visualized area of some kiln-dried sapwood showed a penetration value of less than
80%, which is the minimum requirement set by the Japanese Agricultural Standard (JAS) for sawn timber. Statistical analysis
showed that penetration in the air-dried sapwood was significantly better than that in the kiln-dried sapwood. It was concluded
that air drying is more favorable than kiln drying as the predrying method for CUAZ impregnation. On the other hand, preservative
absorption was not affected by the drying method. 相似文献
17.
对非洲花梨木的干燥基准及特性进行了初步研究。结果表明所采用的干燥基准可以对非洲花梨木的薄板进行干燥处理,不仅干燥速度快,而且板面基本没有干燥缺陷。非洲花梨木的边材和心材可采用同一种干燥基准,干燥质量均能达到国家锯材质量标准。 相似文献
18.
Jarl-Gunnar Salin 《Wood material science & engineering》2006,1(2):45-51
A stochastic three-dimensional model for the behaviour of free water in wood, which was described in Part I, is used for the simulation and analysis of some further features of wood drying. The kiln brown stain mechanism is studied and the connection to the condition of the wood surface is pointed out. Several drying rate questions and related aspects are analysed and compared with experimental results. Finally the risk of surface checking in an early stage of sapwood drying is shown theoretically. 相似文献
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This work examines the applicability of mathematical models for correlating the visco-elastic strains during kiln drying
of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) sapwood at various temperatures and moisture contents. The eventual aim is to use a mathematical model incorporating
these strains to optimise the drying schedules and minimise the degradation. Data sets from previous experiments (Keep 1998)
obtained at temperatures from 20 to 140 °C for sapwood at 5, 15 and 20% moisture contents (dry basis) were analysed. The data
were fitted for various theoretical models, namely the Maxwell, Kelvin and Burgers models, and the Bailey-Norton equation.
The parameter values and standard errors for the above models over the range of experimental data have been determined. The
results indicate that the Maxwell model did not fit the experimental data well, having only one parameter. In most cases,
the Bailey-Norton equation was inadequate, as it is a power-law model with a predicted continuous increase in creep with time
and does not predict a plateau in the creep strain, as has been observed for most of Keep's (1998) data. The Kelvin model
gave a better fit than the Bailey-Norton equation for most of the data sets. From visual inspection of the plots for the experimental
data and the model predictions with time, it was found that both the Kelvin and Burgers models fitted the data satisfactorily.
However, the three-parameter Burgers model was not a significant improvement over the two-parameter Kelvin model at the 0.01
level of significance, as shown by an analysis of variance.
Received 2 November 1998 相似文献