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1.
Five diets that contained fresh squid meat as the basic constituent and were supplemented with different amounts of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) and astaxanthin were fed to pond‐reared Penaeus monodon broodstock. Diet A was sole squid meat. Diets B and C were supplemented with astaxanthin 50 and 100 mg kg?1 respectively. Diets D and E were supplemented with HUFA 5 and 10 g kg?1 and astaxanthin 50 mg kg?1 respectively. The result showed that the group fed diet E had the best reproductive performance in all experimental groups. It had a higher proportion of spawns (71.5%), spawning rate (0.047), a shorter latency period (7.7±0.3 d), higher absolute fecundity (× 103) (361.6±5.5) and egg production/female (× 103) (597.0±18.0) than all the other experimental groups. The fatty acid composition in broodstock diets strongly affected the tissue and fecundity of broodstock. Good correlations between the content of 20:4n‐6 in eggs and the fecundity (r2=0.6109) and egg production (r2=0.9876) of broodstock were found. On the other hand, 22:6n‐3 and DHA/EPA ratio was negatively correlated with the fecundity of broodstock (r2=0.5362, 0.8702 respectively). The result also showed that the balance between n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acid families, total polyunsaturated fatty acids and total saturated fatty acid and 20:5n‐3 (EPA) and 22:6n‐3 (DHA) may play vital roles in maturation and reproductive performance of P. monodon broodstock.  相似文献   

2.
高度不饱和脂肪酸对中国对虾亲虾的产卵和卵质的影响   总被引：18，自引：2，他引：16  
季文娟 《水产学报》1998,22(3):240-246
用高度不饱和脂肪酸组成和含量不同的四种饲料饲养中国对虾亲虾以研究高度不饱和脂肪酸对中国对韪亲虾产卵及卵质的影响。试验采用脂肪酸组成模式不同的Ｔｉ鱼油,亚麻油,玉米油和猪油为脂肪源配制的饲料对产卵前的亲虾进行６０天的投喂试验,测定了不同脂及到脂肪酸组成的饲料对亲虾产卵量,孵化率和卵脂肪酸组成的影响,并经回归分析结果表明,卵脂肪中的２０：５ω３与产卵量,２２：６ω３与孵化率有相关关系,表明了ＥＰＡ,Ｄ  相似文献   

3.
Lipids and essential fatty acids, particularly the highly unsaturated fatty acids, 20:5n‐3 (eicosapentaenoic acid; EPA), 22:6n‐3 (docosahexaenoic acid; DHA) and 20:4n‐6 (arachidonic acid, AA) have been shown to be crucial determinants of marine fish reproduction directly affecting fecundity, egg quality, hatching success, larval malformation and pigmentation. In Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) culture, eggs from farmed broodstock can have much lower fertilization and hatching rates than eggs from wild broodstock. The present study aimed to test the hypothesis that potential quality and performance differences between eggs from different cod broodstock would be reflected in differences in lipid and fatty acid composition. Thus eggs were obtained from three broodstock, farmed, wild/fed and wild/unfed, and lipid content, lipid class composition, fatty acid composition and pigment content were determined and related to performance parameters including fertilization rate, symmetry of cell division and survival to hatching. Eggs from farmed broodstock showed significantly lower fertilization rates, cell symmetry and survival to hatching rates than eggs from wild broodstock. There were no differences in total lipid content or the proportions of the major lipid classes between eggs from the different broodstock. However, eggs from farmed broodstock were characterized by having significantly lower levels of some quantitatively minor phospholipid classes, particularly phosphatidylinositol. There were no differences between eggs from farmed and wild broodstock in the proportions of saturated, monounsaturated and total polyunsaturated fatty acids. The DHA content was also similar. However, eggs from farmed broodstock had significantly lower levels of AA, and consequently significantly higher EPA/AA ratios than eggs from wild broodstock. Total pigment and astaxanthin levels were significantly higher in eggs from wild broodstock. Therefore, the levels of AA and phosphatidylinositol, the predominant AA‐containing lipid class, and egg pigment content were positively related to egg quality or performance parameters such as fertilization and hatching success rates, and cell symmetry.  相似文献   

4.
This study investigated the effect of dietary arachidonic acid (AA) in broodstock of Japanese flounder on subsequent egg and larval quality. Diets with similar proximate composition and n-3 HUFA level, but with different AA levels (0.1%, 0.6% and 1.2% of diet), were fed to the broodstock from 3 months before and during the spawning season. Spawning was observed from March to May. Total egg production over the spawning season was highest in fish fed the 0.6% AA diet and lowest in fish fed the 1.2% AA diet. All parameters measured as egg quality (percentage of buoyant eggs, hatching rate, larval survival and normality of larvae.) were highest in fish fed the 0.6% AA diet. AA content in eggs proportionally increased with the dietary AA level. EPA content of polar lipids of eggs had a negative correlation with the AA level in diets whereas the DHA content was independent of dietary AA. The results of this study indicate that a supplement of AA at 0.6 g/100 g diet improved the reproductive performance of Japanese flounder, but a higher level of AA (1.2 g/100 g diet) negatively affected both egg and larval quality due to a potential inhibitory effect on EPA bioconversion.  相似文献   

5.
Mangrove red snapper fed advanced broodstock diets containing squid meal and squid oil exhibited higher hatching rates, cumulative survival and survival activity index than those fed a basal diet or a basal diet supplemented with mixture of antioxidants. On the other hand, fatty acid analyses of ovaries and fry of wild fish and eggs and larvae of broodstock fed raw fish revealed high arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels and relatively lower eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) levels consequently showing high ARA/EPA and DHA/EPA ratios compared to cold water species. This suggests that ARA may be nutritionally more important for egg and larval development and survival in tropical marine fish and its supplementation in broodstock diets may enhance reproductive performance of mangrove red snapper.  相似文献   

6.
One way to develop broodstock fish diets is to determine the compositions of wild broodstock tissues and attempt to replicate these compositions in the eggs of farmed fish via dietary manipulation. We collected 30 wild and 30 farmed lambari females that were in the reproductive stage. The extraction and separation of polar and neutral fractions and the saponification and methylation of lipids were performed and analysed in the muscles, livers and ovaries to determine the compositions of the fatty acids via gas chromatography. Regardless of habitat, lambaris mobilize large amounts of fat to the ovaries during the reproductive period, in addition to highly unsaturated fatty acids, such as arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. The wild lambaris were observed to contain higher levels of various fatty acids, including linoleic acid, which is an essential fatty acid. The most abundant fatty acid that was observed in the commercial diet was linoleic acid, which was supplied in all fish farmed tissues. The commercial diet has low AA, EPA and DHA contents, and, higher levels of these fatty acids were recorded in the tissues of farmed lambari, which suggests that this species are able to elongate and desaturate precursors, linoleic and linolenic acids, into highly unsaturated fatty acids.  相似文献   

7.
This study evaluated the nutritional value of dietary n‐3 and n‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) such as linoleic (LOA) and linolenic (LNA) acids, and highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) such as arachidonic (AA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei, based on their effects on growth, survival, and fatty acid composition of hepatopancreas and muscle tissue. Diets contained 5% total lipid. A basal diet contained palmitic and stearic acids each at 2.5% of diet. Five diets contained 0.5% dry weight of LOA, LNA, AA, EPA, or DHA. An additional diet evaluated HUFA in combination by supplementing at 0.5% of diet, a mixture of n‐3 HUFA. All HUFA showed higher nutritional value than PUFA for shrimp and produced significantly (P < 0.05) higher final weight, weight gain, and total lipid in shrimp muscle. Fatty acid profiles of shrimp tissues reflected the composition of the dietary lipids. In general, saturated fatty acids were more abundant in the neutral factions, while PUFA and HUFA were more abundant in the polar fractions of tissues. Under these experimental conditions, HUFA had much greater nutritional value than PUFA for juvenile L. vannamei; moreover, dietary requirements for PUFA were not demonstrated.  相似文献   

8.
为探讨人工配合饲料中添加磷虾粉对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)亲虾性腺发育的影响,分别在饲料中添加0、10%、20%的南极磷虾粉,配制3组人工配合饲料(饲料组1、饲料组2和饲料组3)对12月龄的凡纳滨对虾进行了为期60 d的营养强化培养,并以投喂双齿围沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis)为对照组。营养强化结束之后,比较分析了不同饲料组凡纳滨对虾亲虾的体重增重率、肝胰腺指数(HPI)和性腺指数(GSI);另外,检测分析了各组饲料以及亲虾性腺和肝胰腺的脂肪酸组成。结果表明,对照组的雌雄亲虾体重增重率均高于3个饲料组;饲料组2的HPI最低,为(2.37±0.02)%,与对照组无显著差异(P0.05);饲料组3的GSI与对照组无显著差异(P0.05),但两组的GSI均低于饲料组2,并且存在显著差异(P0.05)。同时,本研究还比较分析了饲料脂肪酸组成与亲虾性腺、肝胰腺脂肪酸组成的相关性以及对亲虾性腺发育的影响。结果显示,饲料中添加一定含量(10%~20%)的南极磷虾粉可在一定程度上成为凡纳滨对虾亲虾营养强化阶段的优良饲料。  相似文献   

9.
Photo‐thermal induction of gonadal maturation in completely controlled conditions is still not well explored in pikeperch. Thus, wintering intensively reared breeders in outdoor pond conditions might be rather suitable alternative to use these fish for larvae production. In this study, we compared the propagation success of indoor‐reared [recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS)‐reared fish, RRF] and wild (WCF) pikeperch females wintering them in outside earthen ponds. Each group was composed of six females and four males which were artificially propagated following hormonal induction with human chorionic gonadotropin. Beside the main parameters of reproductive success, fatty acid composition of dry eggs and mortality during early larviculture were assessed. The only statistically significant difference among reproductive parameters was found in latency time, which was significantly lower in RRF. Fatty acid profiles of dry eggs were rather similar between the groups; however, significant difference was noticed in phospholipid fraction in EPA/AA (eicosapentaenoic acid; C20:5n‐3/arachidonic acid; C20:4n‐6) ratio which was, on average, five times higher in the RRF (5.1 ± 3.8) than in WCF (0.9 ± 0.3). Significantly lower mortality was seen in the larvae originating from wild breeders (13.4 ± 1.7% and 27.0 ± 4.9% for WCF and RRF respectively). Wintering indoor‐reared females in outdoor pond conditions led to appropriate gonadal maturation, and ovulation occurred in all examined females. The lower quality of larvae was likely caused by suboptimal broodstock nutrition, which should be studied further, with special consideration given to the EPA/AA ratio and the phospholipid content and composition of the diet.  相似文献   

10.
The dietary requirements of Penaeus monodon for eicosapentaenoic (20:5n‐3; EPA) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n‐3; DHA) acids were examined. These requirements were examined when dietary levels of linoleic (18:2n‐6; LOA) and linolenic acids (18:3n‐3; LNA) were also provided at previously established optimal levels of 14 and 21% respectively of the total lipid fatty acids. A 5 × 5 factorial design was used with incremental amounts (0, 4, 8, 12 and 16% of total fatty acids) of EPA and/or DHA. An additional diet containing cod‐liver oil was provided as a reference diet. The total lipid content of all of the 25 treatments and reference diets was maintained at the same level of 75 g kg?1. Growth of prawns fed with the reference diet after 50 days was 244 ± 21%. The greatest response to singular additions of EPA or DHA was with a 12% inclusion of either fatty acid, resulting in 287 ± 21 and 293 ± 18% weight gain, respectively. Growth was generally better when combinations of EPA and DHA were used, the optimal combination being EPA 4% and DHA 4%, resulting in 335 ± 25% weight gain. Addition of high levels of either of the highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in the diet had a negative effect on growth. Digestibilities of the total neutral lipid and specific fatty acids were examined during the growth trials. The digestibility of total neutral lipid was usually higher when either or both HUFA were present, however there were few significant differences between treatments that contained either or both HUFA. Following the growth trials, digestive glands (DG) of prawns fed with the various diets were analysed to determine the total lipid content and fatty acid composition. Total lipid in the digestive gland increased with the inclusion of DHA, but was not significantly affected by the addition of EPA. The fatty acid composition of the digestive gland lipid generally reflected that of the diet. However, the maximum retention of EPA (11.1% of total DG fatty acids) and DHA (10.7% of total DG fatty acids), was not directly proportional to the amount of either fatty acid present in the diet. These results demonstrate that both EPA and DHA have considerable growth promoting capacity. This growth promoting capacity is enhanced when an optimal balance of both fatty acids are incorporated into the diet.  相似文献   

11.
The effects of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (n-3 HUFA) on eggs and larval quality were investigated in the Chilean flounder Paralichthys adspersus . Broodstock were fed with three formulated diets with similar proximate compositions but different n-3 HUFA (2.1%, 3.1% or 4.1%) estimated levels from 5 months before and during the spawning period. The diet with an intermediate n-3 HUFA level resulted in a significantly higher ( P <0.05) percentage of buoyant eggs (68.2 ± 2.9%), fertilization (92.8 ± 3.9%), normal cell cleavages (93.5 ± 1.9%), hatching rate (87.7 ± 4.1%) and normal larvae (76.3 ± 3.7%) compared with the other two diets. In contrast, high levels of n-3 HUFA produced larvae with a higher survival capacity when subjected to fasting. The diet with the lowest content of n-3 HUFA produces lower quality eggs and larvae. The n-3 HUFA level in eggs increased with an increase in the dietary level, and the n-3/n-6 ratios were 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1. The DHA/EPA and EPA/ARA ratios of 2 and 4 in eggs, respectively, were associated with improved egg and larval quality and were similar to the ratios found in eggs from wild broodstock. Attainment of optimal fatty acid contents in broodstock diets is one of the key factors for producing the high-quality spawning required for managed culture of this flounder.  相似文献   

12.
This study is the first attempt to condition broodstock Babylonia areolata using formulated diets under hatchery conditions. Samples of spotted babylon egg capsules from broodstock fed either a formulated diet or a local trash fish, carangid fish (Seleroides leptolepis) for 120 days were analyzed for proximate composition and fatty acid composition. The formulated diet contained significantly higher levels of arachidonic acid (20:4n − 6; ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n − 3; EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n − 3; DHA) than those of the local trash fish. The formulated diet also had significantly higher ratios of DHA/EPA and (n − 3)/(n − 6) PUFA than those of local trash fish but not for the ARA/EPA ratio. The compositions of egg capsules produced from broodstock fed formulated diet contained significantly more ARA, EPA and DHA compared to broodstock fed the local trash fish. The ARA/EPA and DHA/EPA ratios in egg capsules were significantly higher in the trash fish—fed group compared to those fed the formulated diet. However, (n − 3)/(n − 6) PUFA ratios in egg capsules produced from broodstock fed the formulated diet did not differ significantly compared to those from broodstock fed the local trash fish. The relatively low DHA/EPA, ARA/EPA and (n − 3)/(n − 6) ratios in the egg capsules produced from the formulated diet—fed broodstock B. areolata suggested that this diet is inferior, when compared to the traditional food of trash fish.  相似文献   

13.
The growth, survival and reproductive performance of domesticated Australian stocks of the giant tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon were evaluated in trials conducted in 1997 and 2003. The 1997 trials assessed the performance of first generation progeny of wild broodstock from the northeast coast of Australia and fourth generation progeny of pond‐reared broodstock, which also originated from northeast coast wild stocks. In these trials, growth and survival of the shrimp were assessed when reared for 17 mo in tanks. Reproductive performance of the shrimp was assessed at 14.5 mo and 17 mo. The 2003 trials assessed the performance of first generation progeny of wild broodstock from the Gulf of Carpentaria (north coast of Australia). In these trials, growth and survival of shrimp were assessed when reared for 14 mo in tanks and raceways. Reproductive performance of the shrimp was assessed at 11 mo, 12 mo, and 15 mo. Growth and reproductive performance of the stocks varied between trials, families, ages and rearing systems. The most pronounced differences in growth and reproductive performance were between the 1997 and 2003 trials. At 11 mo of age, the average wet weight of the shrimp in the 2003 trials (females 117.1 ± 5.8 g; males 87.9 ± 7.6 g) was 200% greater than the average wet weight of shrimp in the 1997 trials (females 55.2 ± 6.8 g; males 41.2 ± 3.4 g). The reproductive performance of the shrimp was also higher in the 2003 trials in terms of the percentage of spawnings hatching (52.0% in 1997; 77.1% in 2003) and mean hatch rate (21.5% in 1997; 31.6% in 2003). Differences in the growth and reproductive performance of the tank‐reared stocks between years were indicative of significant improvements in the rearing environment, diet and husbandry techniques. Variation in the reproductive performance between families was consistent across rearing environments and at different ages and suggests the potential to improve reproductive performance through genetic selection. Notably, this study identified hatch rates of nauplii from the spawned eggs as a key area for future improvement of domesticated stocks reared in tanks and raceways. Future efforts to improve the growth and reproductive performance of domesticated P. monodon could benefit from integrating incremental improvements to husbandry with genetic selection.  相似文献   

14.
This study was conducted to determine the optimum highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) level in semi-purified diets for female Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis broodstock. Five isolipidic and isonitrogenous diets were formulated to contain different HUFA levels (0.14, 0.65, 1.15, 1.64, and 2.07%, respectively) by the supplementation of HUFA-rich fish oil. Diets were fed to triplicate groups of 25 female crabs (75 animals per treatment) stocked in concrete tanks for 8 months. The hepatopancreas, ovary, and muscle of the crabs were sampled after 3-month culturing, and the eggs were sampled after 8-month culturing. The reproductive performance of E. sinensis broodstock was evaluated in relation to the different dietary HUFA levels. Moreover, the fatty acid composition of the hepatopancreas, ovary, muscle, and eggs was determined in crabs fed various levels of HUFA. The results showed that a significant positive correlation was observed between the dietary HUFA level and the HUFA content in hepatopancreas, ovary, and egg, respectively. However, no significant difference in gonadosomatic index, hepatosomatic index, and total ovarian and hepatopancreatic lipid content among the treatments was observed after 3-month culturing. Also, the reproductive performance was similar for all treatments after 8-month culturing. The fact of lacking significant correlation between reproductive parameters and dietary HUFA level was discussed in respect of the catadromous life cycle of E. sinensis and warranted further research with more comprehensive approaches.  相似文献   

15.
The importance of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially the eicosanoid precursors, is addressed in this paper. It has been generally recognized that eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) are of significant importance in fish reproduction while arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) has often been overlooked. The ratio between C20 fatty acids EPA and AA might be important for many physiological functions depending on the species evolution and its requirements. Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) has a much more pronounced freshwater history and therefore different fatty acid requirements than the other commonly farmed salmonids such as salmon (Salmo salar), brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Therefore there is reason to formulate a feed that is more suitable for farming of this freshwater species. In this study, freshwater wild-origin char eggs were compared to farmed eggs of char. The ratio n-3/n-6 of total phospholipids of eggs was much lower in the wild fish, 3.5 versus 13.5, and the hatching rate of eggs from natural environment was much higher (20–70% vs. >80%). We conclude that feed based on marine raw product does not fulfill the requirements for essential fatty acids for freshwater char and we suggest that AA is supplemented to the broodstock diet and that at least linoleic acid (18:2n-6) is included in the on-growth diet formulas to lower the n-3/n-6 fatty acid ratio.  相似文献   

16.
A strain of the lineage Brachionus ‘Nevada’ was batch cultured with two diets, differing in biochemical composition: baker's yeast (treatment 1), which has higher protein:lipid ratio compared with CULTURE SELCO (treatment 2). The biochemical composition (DNA, RNA, lipid, protein content) and fatty acid profile of rotifers of both treatments was analysed and related to previously published population structure data. CULTURE SELCO‐fed rotifers showed higher DNA, RNA, lipid, n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) average content, compared with yeast‐fed rotifers, which had higher protein content. Rotifer lipid content showed significant diurnal variation in yeast‐fed rotifers. Rotifer lipid and n‐3 HUFA content was associated with reproductive output. DNA and RNA content was related to embryonic development while protein content, to somatic growth and mixis. The saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid rotifer content was stable irrespective of feed, in contrast to eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and DHA. The levels of AA were similar in both rotifer populations, but those of EPA and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were about half in yeast‐fed compared with CULTURE SELCO‐fed rotifers. CULTURE SELCO resulted in a temporally stable rotifer lipid profile and a better enriched parthenogenetic population.  相似文献   

17.
牙鲆幼鱼对EPA和DHA的营养需求   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5  
薛敏 《水产学报》2004,28(3):285-291
研究了EPA和DHA水平对牙鲆生长的影响,饲料中含0.5%EPA和1.0%～1.5%DHA能保证牙鲆幼鱼最适生长,鱼体水分最低,肝体指数最小,脂肪含量有较大幅度提高,肝脏极性脂中EPA和DHA达到最大积累;在肝脏和肌肉的非极性脂部分,各组间的脂肪酸组成没有显著变化,而极性脂部分能体现出饲料中n-3 HUFA含量对鱼体脂肪酸组成的影响,极性脂中的EPA和DHA含量远高于非极性脂;在肌肉和肝脏的极性脂和非极性脂中都含有较高的16:0和18:1n-9; 18:1n-9/n-3HUFA可以作为必需脂肪酸满足程度的一个判据,18:1n-9值的升高往往是缺乏必需脂肪酸的表现,在生长最佳时18:1n-9/n-3HUFA比值下降,为0.62和0.74.  相似文献   

18.
A feeding experiment was carried out to determine the effect of a diet lacking n-3 and n-6 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) on lipid and fatty acid content in intestine and gills of male gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) broodstock at different stages of the reproductive cycle: November (pre-spermatogenesis), March (spermatogenesis), and June (post-spermatogenesis). For this purpose, gilthead seabream broodstock were fed either a control diet (C) or an n-3 and n-6 HUFA-deficient diet (D). The results showed no changes in fatty acid content of polar lipids of intestine and gills from fish fed diet C at different stages of the reproductive cycle. However, significant changes were observed in the fatty acid content of neutral lipids in intestine but not in gills in this group. Thus, between November and March, saturates and n-3 HUFA decreased while monoenes increased. In June, the contents of these fatty acids had returned to their initial values (November). Moreover, in fish fed diet D, the fatty acid content of neutral lipid changed in both intestine and gills. In intestine NL, a decrease in saturates and n-3 HUFA and an increment in monoenes were observed from November to June. In gills, a decrease was also observed in n-3 HUFA from NL along the cycle. Nevertheless, n-6 HUFA content remained unchanged. These results show both tissue specificity in seasonal mobilization of fatty acids linked to reproductive processes and the influence of dietary fatty acids on body composition.  相似文献   

19.
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20.
We investigated the effect of high levels of n−3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n−3 HUFA) in broodstock diet on egg quality and chemical composition of eggs of Japanese flounder. The broodstock were fed diets containing three levels of n−3 HUFA (2.1%, 4.8% or 6.2%) 2 months before and during the spawning period. No significant difference was found for weight gain of broodstock among the treatments. Egg production was highest in fish fed the highest level of n−3 HUFA. However, egg quality parameters, such as percentage of buoyant eggs, hatching rate and percentage of normal larvae, were significantly higher in the group fed the lowest n−3 HUFA diet. The fatty acid composition of eggs was influenced more markedly in the neutral lipid fraction than in the polar lipid fraction by dietary n−3 HUFA levels. Arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4n−6) and egg quality parameters both decreased with increasing dietary n−3 HUFA levels. The results suggest that a high level of n−3 HUFA in broodstock diet negatively affects egg quality of Japanese flounder.  相似文献   

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