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1.
不同土地利用方式对岩溶山区旱坡地土壤水分时空分异的影响 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
通过对岩溶山区贵州修文县2年的土壤水分定点观测,系统分析了研究区不同坡度下土地利用方式对土壤水分的影响。分析结果表明,在不同坡度之间,土壤水分的变化差异极为显著;在不同的土地利用方式条件下,蔬菜地的土壤水分变化与其他两种用地的差异极为显著,而裸地与小麦—玉米轮作地之间却没有显著差异。同一时间径流深虽然16°坡地>9.5°坡地>6.5°坡地,但土壤水分却存在9.5°坡地>16°坡地>6.5°坡地的关系,初步分析这是由土壤剖面质地差异所致,从剖面分布来看,土壤水分含量都随着深度的增加而增大。坡度和土地利用方式对土壤水分的影响主要集中在BC层以上,而在C层这种影响较弱,坡度因素的影响深度比土地利用方式小。 相似文献
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怀来县未利用地开发生态敏感性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
未利用地作为重要的后备土地资源与生态系统的一部分,不仅在缓解土地供需矛盾中发挥着重要作用,同时为生态系统稳定提供着强有力的支撑。研究以地处冀西北间山盆地区的河北省怀来县为例,根据其生态状况,从地形地质条件、人类活动干扰、生境与水资源环境3个方面选取指标,构建了怀来县未利用地开发生态敏感性评价指标体系,结合变异系数法和GIS空间分析功能,对怀来县未利用地的生态敏感性进行分析,将其划分为4个级别:低度敏感、中度敏感、重度敏感、极度敏感,并根据怀来县地形特点进行地形梯度的划分,划分出4级高程梯度带和4级坡度梯度带,以分析怀来县未利用地开发生态敏感性的地形梯度分布特征。结果表明:怀来县未利用地生态敏感性为低度敏感、中度敏感、重度敏感、极度敏感的未利用地面积分别为10 968.45hm~2,17 347.72hm~2,19 163.18hm~2和10 876.84hm~2,占研究区未利用地总面积的18.81%,29.73%,32.84%和18.64%,生态敏感性等级为重度敏感的未利用地较多。从地形梯度角度分析,怀来县未利用地主要分布在400~600m高程梯度带以及大于25°坡度梯度带;生态敏感性等级为低度敏感的未利用地主要分布在400~600m和600~800m两个高程梯度带以及2°~6°和6°~15°两个坡度梯度带;随着高程与坡度的增加,各地形梯度带生态敏感性等级为极度敏感的未利用地比重增大,分别由最初的14.57%和0.00%提升到49.05%和27.80%。研究结果可以为怀来县未利用地开发利用与生态保护提供数据支撑和科学依据。 相似文献
3.
山地城镇化建设背景下的土地利用生态风险分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在GIS的支持下,采用云南省曲靖市麒麟区金麟湾区块土地利用现状图以及山地城镇化建设土地利用规划图为信息源,根据不同土地利用方式生态影响的梯度变化,利用层次分析法确定不同土地利用类型的生态风险权重,构建了综合性生态风险指数。结果表明:规划前后,区块内的土地类型主要由林地、耕地向建设用地转移,其中,新增建设用地主要集中在≤2°和6°~15°带,符合云南省经济研究院报告提出的用地上山的总体思路——坡度分层梯度开发模式,由此导致区块内生态风险指数值从0.045 807上升至0.098 554,整个区域的生态风险指数整体增高,生态环境质量有所恶化,其中,三宝镇雷家庄村民委员会是生态环境恶化的重点区域之一。相关研究可为区块山地建设的土地利用规划以及云南省的山地生态环境评估提供科学参考依据。 相似文献
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[目的]分析赣江上游的土地利用类型和地形条件的山洪灾害敏感性,为非工程性减灾工作的开展提供理论支持。[方法]基于GIS技术,使用Landset影像获取土地利用数据和Aster的DEM数据,以小流域为最小研究单元,计算不同坡度、不同土地利用的山洪灾害敏感性,分析土地利用和坡度影响下的山洪灾害敏感性。[结果]城镇建设、耕地建设等人工生态系统会增加山洪灾害发生,而森林、灌丛、草地等自然生态系统可以减缓山洪灾害发生。在坡度大于25°区域,耕地和城镇建设用地的敏感性显著增加,会显著促进山洪灾害发生。[结论]研究区通过生态建设开展防灾减灾工程,应该增加自然生态系统的覆盖面积。此外,坡度大于25°的不适合开发区域,应尽量减少城镇开发和耕地开垦行为。 相似文献
6.
基于GIS的山地城市生态敏感性分析研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
生态敏感性分析是城市规划布局的重要依据.以典型山地城市谷城县为例,根据山地生态系统特征,选取坡度、高程、植被覆盖、地质灾害、河流水库缓冲区5个因子,将研究区划分为极敏感、高度敏感、中度敏感、轻度敏感和不敏感5个等级.利用AHP确定因子权重,结合GIS空间分析技术,得到综合生态敏感性空间分布图,5个敏感级面积比重分别为23.96％,13.56％,36.68％,17.26％,8.54％.在生态敏感性分析的基础上,对生态功能区进行了划定,并分别提出了相应的保护和发展建议,为城市规划和城市发展用地选择提供了科学依据,减小了城市发展对生态系统破坏的风险. 相似文献
7.
基于GIS的陇南市土壤侵蚀敏感性评价及其空间分异特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
土壤侵蚀是地理环境多因子综合作用的结果。以水土流失通用方程为理论基础,利用国内外已有的土壤侵蚀研究成果,运用数学模型和GIS分析相结合的方法,分析降水、地形、土壤和植被因子对陇南市土壤侵蚀敏感性的影响,并按照敏感性等级标准进行土壤侵蚀敏感性评价。明确了土壤侵蚀敏感性分布规律及其地域差异。结果表明:陇南市土壤侵蚀整体敏感性较高,极敏感区和高度敏感区面积达13107.51 km2,占总面积的46.94%,主要分布在武都区、文县和礼县的中西部。轻度敏感和不敏感区面积较小,分别占总面积的17.85%和3.14%。在综合评价陇南市土壤侵蚀敏感性空间分异的基础上,针对不同敏感等级的土地利用规划提出对策。 相似文献
8.
陕西省丹汉江流域土地利用时空变化动态分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
基于中国西部环境与生态科学数据中心1985,1995和2000年3期土地利用图,利用地理信息系统空间分析和数据统计的方法,分析了丹汉江流域1985—2000年土地利用的数量变化、转移情况和变化速率。研究了该地区主要土地利用类型在不同坡度的分布面积和变化特征。结果表明,耕地、林地和草地3种主要土地利用类型占该研究区土地利用面积的99%以上,是该研究区主要的土地利用类型。1985—2000年,耕地、林地、建筑用地和水体均呈先减少后增加的趋势,但草地相反。15a间,耕地和建筑用地分别增加了105.08和14.85km2,林地和草地分别减少了41.02和77.63km2;在不同坡度上,土地利用变化主要发生在5°～35°,而且在15°～25°之间变化最大。 相似文献
9.
地形因子是丘陵山区土地利用空间分布格局的重要影响因素之一,对土地的利用方式和空间格局有着直接作用。以乌江北源2000年、2005年和2010年Landsat TM/ETM遥感影像为数据源,采用高程、坡度、地形位指数3个指标,分析了山地流域土地利用时空演变的地形梯度特征。结果表明:（1）2000—2010年,林地、建设用地和水域用地面积增加,耕地和草地面积减少。土地利用类型以林地和耕地为主,反映了山地流域土地利用结构特点;（2）研究区土地利用类型的地形梯度特征明显。耕地、建设用地、水域用地在低地形梯度上有明显分布优势。林地、未利用地分布优势在高地形梯度上;（3）耕地、建设用地优势分布主要受坡度梯度的影响,高程梯度决定了水域用地的分布,这与其他平原、丘陵地区有所不同。地形因素是山地流域土地利用结构演变的决定性因素,其他社会、经济、人文因素都对该区域土地利用格局的转变起到推动作用。在对山地流域土地开发利用过程中,应兼顾生态效益和社会经济效益,保障河流源区生态经济的持续发展。 相似文献
10.
137Cs示踪三峡库区土壤侵蚀速率研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
三峡库区土壤侵蚀量研究对于该区水土保持、土地资源合理利用、生态环境改善以及水库的使用寿命具有重要的实践意义。本文运用137C s示踪法对三峡库区土壤侵蚀速率进行初步研究,结果表明:研究区137C s的背景值为2 029.2 Bq/m2;不同土地利用类型中,土壤侵蚀强度的大小顺序为:耕地>园地>草地>荒地>林地,按照水利部1997年颁布的土壤侵蚀强度等级标准,则耕地为中度侵蚀,园地、草地和荒地为轻度侵蚀,林地为微度侵蚀。不同坡度段土壤侵蚀强度差别不大,由强到弱依次为5~°15,°0~°5,°25~°35,°15~°25°和>35°坡度段,皆属轻度侵蚀;重庆-万州段和云阳-宜昌段土壤侵蚀等级虽皆为轻度,但前者已接近中度侵蚀,其土壤年均侵蚀模数为后者的2.18倍。 相似文献
11.
Appropriate compost standards are being considered in Canada. Five aspects of compost safety and quality are being evaluated; probably the most controversial aspect is the standards for metals in compost. In order to assist in the development of appropriate standards, the authors began an extensive research project in October, 1993 to determine the bioavailability of metals from compost and compost-metal mixtures. Swiss chard was grown in compost-amended soils or compost in a growth room using five treatments of increasing percentages of compost in the media (0, 25 percent, 50 percent, 75 percent, 100 percent compost (v/v)). A Truro loamy sand and a race-track manure-biosolids compost (RTM-biosolids) supplemented with a high metal biosolids were used in a completely randomized design with five replicates. Dry matter yield, metal content in plant tissue, and total metal uptake were evaluated as well as the total and DTPA-extractable metal content in the compost-soil mixes. The results of this and five other experiments conducted by the authors will help determine whether the suggested limits for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn in composts are appropriate. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(4):291-301
Abstract The seasonal patterns of foliage nutrient concentrations and contents were monitored for two growing seasons in an 11‐year—old Pinus el1iottii stand. In the first growing season after needle initiation, N, P, K, Mg, and Zn concentrations decreased, but this was followed by an increase in the fall and winter months. Another drop in concentration of all elements, except P, occurred in the second growing season. Decreases in total contents indicated that this drop was a result of translocation to other tissues. In contrast to the mobile elements, the concentration and fascicle contents of Ca, Mn, and Al increased with aging of the needles. Between‐tree variability was least for N, P, and Zn and the N, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn in the current foliage had consistently lower variation than that in the 1‐year‐old foliage. Between‐tree variation for K was lower in the winter than the spring. For pine foliage, recommended sampling period for N, P, Mg, and Zn is mid to late summer and for the other elements it is late fall to late winter. There are several sources of variation that influence the level of nutrients in tree foliage. The most important of these, apart from the tree nutrient status, are seasonal fluctuations, variation between trees, and age of needles . Smaller sources of variation are associated with position of the needles within the crown, diurnal changes, year to year variation, and analytical errors1,2. These variables must be studied in order to develop suitable sampling techniques and in Pinus this has been undertaken for P. banksiana 1, P. taeda 3, P. strobus 4, P. resinosa 4, P. sylvestris 5, and P. radiata 6,7. However, foliage sampling has not been studied in detail for slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englem var. elliottii) and earlier studies with other pines have been largely confined to temperate or cool climates. This study reports the variation in elemental concentrations with season, age of foliage, and between slash pine trees growing in a subtropical climate in Florida. 相似文献
14.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(9):751-756
Abstract The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10‐5 M) and 142 (with 10‐4 M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10‐4 M vanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10‐4 M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10‐4 M AgNO3; at 10‐5 M yields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10‐5 N Cr2O7 were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr2(SO4)3 was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements. 相似文献
15.
A Gimeno 《Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists》1979,62(3):579-585
A general method is described for determining 16 mycotoxins in mixed feeds and other food products used in the manufacture of these feedstuffs. The mycotoxins are extracted and cleaned up by extracting with solvents of different pH. Thin layer chromatography is used to separate the toxins; toxins are then quantitated by the limit detection method. The minimum detectable concentration of mycotoxins in various products is: aflatoxin B1 or G1, 4--5 micrograms/kg; ochratoxin A or ethyl ester A 140--145 micrograms/kg; citrinin 600--750 micrograms/kg; zearalenone, 410--500 micrograms/kg; sterigmatocystin, 140--145 micrograms/kg; diacetoxyscirpenol, 2400--2600 micrograms/kg; T-2 toxin, 800--950 micrograms/kg; patulin, 750--800 micrograms/kg; penitrem A 14,000--14,500 micrograms/kg; penicillic acid 3400--3650 micrograms/kg. 相似文献
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B S Kaphalia R Takroo S Mehrotra U Nigam T D Seth 《Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists》1990,73(4):509-512
A total of 244 samples of cereals (wheat flour, rice, and maize), pulses (arhar, moong, gram, lentil, and black gram), spices (turmeric, chili, coriander, and black pepper), vegetables (potato, onion, spinach, cabbage, brinjal, and tomato), fruits (mango, guava, apple, and grape), milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils (vegetable, mustard, groundnut, and sesame) collected from different cities of Northern Province (Utter Pradesh) were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography for the presence of organochlorine pesticide residues. Residues of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT) were detected in about 85% of the total samples of cereals, spices, milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils analyzed in the present study. However, the residue levels were either very small (less than 0.06 ppm) or not detected at all in pulses, vegetables, and fruits as compared with very high concentrations in wheat flour (4.42 and 0.12 ppm), butter (1.19 and 4.85 ppm), mustard oil (1.26 and 2.42 ppm), Deshi ghee (1.10 and 3.84 ppm), vegetable oil (1.02 and 0.59 ppm), groundnut oil (0.51 and 1.49 ppm), and chili (0.48 and 1.92 ppm). The levels of HCH and DDT residues detected in rice, maize, turmeric, corlander, black pepper, and all the vegetables and fruits were also lower than those found in wheat flour, oil, and fat samples analyzed in the present study. These findings suggest that a restricted and controlled use of such persistent pesticides may be useful for decreasing their contamination levels in different food items. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(19):2495-2501
Different procedures have been proposed to decompose soil samples. Most of them regard determination with fertility aims. In this case, the contents available to the plants are considered. On the other hand, there are procedures to determine total content. The objective of this work was to propose a new decomposition procedure to determine barium (Ba), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) total content in tropical soils with high content of oxides and silicate. According to the results, the digestion procedure proposed in this study provided satisfactory results for the contents recovery for the elements Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, V, and Zn, above 90%, and the use of inverted aqua regia, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydrofluoric acid (HF), pre-digestions and agitation was shown as a new alternative for the high silicate content soil sample total digestion, such as the oxisols. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7-8):945-959
Abstract The objectives of this study were 1) to recommend reference values (RVs) and tolerance limits (TLs) for representative Brazilian soils and 2) to propose a model to calculate natural contents of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in a soil from the silt, clay, manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) values. A set of 256 soil samples was classified by similarity in seven groups, and the concentrations corresponding to the upper quarter of data collected were then calculated. These concentrations are proposed as RVs for Brazilian soils. Additionally, TLs were obtained for each group from the antilog expression (m+2s), where m=mean value and s=standard deviation of data transformed in log10. The classification functions of discriminant analysis proved to be suitable to allocate new samples in the established groups. Thus, it is possible to evaluate soils under anthropic activity and, by comparison with reference values, to be aware of pollution risks in a given area. 相似文献
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Nigel J.H. Smith 《Biological conservation》1981,19(3):177-187
Amazonia, the world's largest tropical rain forest, is often assumed to be a virtually untouched wilderness. The region is often referred to as a demographic void; there is on average only about one person per sq. km. Yet in response to international market forces, the hand of man has penetrated deep into the imposing forests. Since colonial times, wildlife, particularly along rivers, has been exploited on a large-scale basis for commercial purposes. This paper focuses on the effects of the trade on some aquatic animals. 相似文献
20.
Rababah TM Hettiarachchy NS Horax R 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(16):5183-5186
The total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone, were determined. Grape seed and green tea were analyzed for their phenolic constituents using high-performance liquid chromatography. The total phenolics of the plant extracts, determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, ranged from 24.8 to 92.5 mg of chlorogenic acid equivalent/g dry material. The antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts determined by conjugated diene measurement of methyl linoleate were 3.4-86.3%. The antioxidant activity of the extracts using chicken fat by an oxidative stability instrument (4.6-10.2 h of induction time) followed a similar trend in antioxidant activity as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Seven phenolics in grape seed and green tea extracts were identified that ranged from 15.38 to 1158.49 and 18.3 to 1087.02 mg/100 g of extract, respectively. Plant extracts such as green tea and grape seed extracts can be used to retard lipid oxidation in a variety of food products. 相似文献