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1.
The response of sheep scab mites to pyrethroid insecticides and organophosphate compounds was studied in vitro with the objective of finding a simple test for detecting insecticide resistance in scab mites. Psoroptes cuniculi from rabbits or P. ovis from sheep were enclosed in small 'tea bags' made from heat sealable paper prior to dipping in insecticide. Mites failed to die 24 h after a 1 min dip in working concentrations of insecticidal sheep dips. With flumethrin a variety of different conditions were tested but most failed to improve the efficacy of flumethrin. It is suggested with freshly collected mites pyrethroids may be taken up by ingestion. 相似文献
2.
Meintjes T Fourie LJ Horak IG 《Journal of the South African Veterinary Association》2002,73(3):135-136
Sheep scab mites, Psoroptes ovis, collected from a Merino donor sheep, were used to infest Merino and Dorper sheep, and Angora and Boer goats. Mites were placed on the sheep on 1 or 2 occasions and on 5 occasions on the goats. All the animals were examined at regular intervals for the presence of scab lesions and living mites. Both sheep breeds developed lesions, but those on the Merino sheep were always larger than those on the Dorper sheep at the same intervals after infestation. None of the goats developed lesions or showed signs of irritation, or harboured any mites. 相似文献
3.
Four trials including 11,266 sheep were conducted in South Africa to evaluate the efficacy of the systemic parasiticide ivermectin against field outbreaks of sheep scab (Psoroptes ovis) when two doses of approximately 200 micrograms/kg were administered subcutaneously seven days apart (days 0 and 7). As sheep scab is a notifiable disease in South Africa, it was not possible to include an untreated control group. The prevalence of clinically affected animals in the four treated flocks varied from 0.4 per cent to 99 per cent before the two treatments. After the treatments, there were no signs of active clinical infection in any of the sheep between days 28 and 30, or at subsequent examinations. P ovis mites were recovered from scrapings from 114 of 127 indicator sheep before the treatment but no mites were recovered from them between days 28 and 30 or 42 and 58 after the treatments. 相似文献
4.
The effects of temperature and humidity on the off-host survival of Psoroptes ovis and Psoroptes cuniculi. 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The effects of both temperature and humidity on the survival of the mites Psoroptes ovis and Psoroptes cuniculi were considered in laboratory assays. When P. ovis and P. cuniculi were maintained at 95% humidity, maximum survival decreased linearly with increasing temperature, from approximately 15 days at 9 degrees C to 5 days at 30 degrees C. There was no significant difference between P. ovis and P. cuniculi in the effects of temperature on maximum survival. Adult male P. ovis and P. cuniculi had lower mean maximum survival than any of the other life cycle stages. There was a small but significant effect of humidity on survival for P. cuniculi; LT50 values were greater at 75-85% r.h. than at 55-65% r.h. The influence of off-host survival and the infestation of naive sheep from mites in the environment on the epidemiology of sheep scab are discussed. 相似文献
5.
Skin biopsies from three groups of sheep infested with Psoroptes ovis were cryofixed in liquid nitrogen to preserve outer epidermis with its lipid. From one group of five sheep (Group A), biopsies were taken from relatively healthy skin near the edge of scab lesions where mites had congregated. Frozen vertical sections from these biopsies were stained with Oil Red O and haematoxylin before mounting. Red lipid globules were plentiful within the body cavity of sectioned mites, but ingested lipid could not be distinguished from endogenous mite body stores by this technique. In a second group of five sheep (Group B), enclosed lumbar skin areas were coloured red with the lipophilic stains Oil Red O or Sudan IV. These enclosed coloured skin areas were inoculated with P. ovis and sampled by skin biopsy 1 or 4 days later. Cryofixed biopsies were cut into vertical frozen sections and mounted without staining for examination. Red-coloured lipid within mites, matching red-coloured lipid on outer epidermis, was evidence for the epidermal origin of P. ovis ingesta in the early stages of an infestation. From two other sheep (Group C), cryofixed biopsies were examined by scanning electron microscope and mites were seen with mouthparts embedded in abraded outer epidermis, but the precise depth of epidermal penetration was not determined. A light microscope survey of 3198 frozen vertical skin sections from the first 10 sheep (Groups A and B) showed that inner stratum corneum of the epidermis was the deepest penetration recorded for gnathosomes of P. ovis cryofixed in situ by liquid nitrogen. No structure of P. ovis was identified in dermal tissues. 相似文献
6.
目的 测不同温度及培养环境对离体绵羊痒螨生存能力的影响,进一步了解痒螨的传播机制,为制定防治瘁螨的有效措施提供理论基础。方法 置室内外自然温度和实验室恒温条件,以及5种相对湿度：50、60、70、80及90％RH,培养观察绵羊痒螨不同虫态（卵、幼虫、幼虫静止期、若虫、若虫静止期、雌虫、雄虫）的生存发育情况;同时观察痒螨在水、痂皮屑、羊毛、羊粪、土壤、皮组织等6种条件下的生存活力。结果 痒螨的最适生长发育温度及繁殖期在21℃-28℃范围内,随着温度的升高,痒螨存活时间缩短,绵羊痒螨对4℃低温有一定耐受力,但对35℃以上的高温耐受力较弱。在同一温度下,相对湿度越高,各虫态存活时间越长。结论 体外观察实验表明痒螨对外界环境有较强的适应能力,在缺乏营养的条件下仍能存活较长一段时间。 相似文献
7.
Abolins S Thind B Jackson V Luke B Moore D Wall R Taylor MA 《Veterinary parasitology》2007,148(3-4):310-317
As part of a research programme designed to identify biological agents for the control of sheep scab, the pathogenicity of the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae to Psoroptes mites in the presence of sheepskin and wool was examined in the laboratory. No inhibitory effects of skin and wool were observed and high levels of infection were recorded. Subsequently the pathogenicity of formulations of both M. anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana to Psoroptes ovis was studied in vivo. For this, 36 batches of 20 adult female Psoroptes mites were confined in 25 mm diameter chambers which were attached to the backs of 6 scab-naive sheep. In some treatments, mites were exposed to the fungal pathogens for 48 h in vitro prior to being placed on the host, while other treatments involved mites with no prior exposure placed directly onto the skin of a host treated with a fungal pathogen. After 48 h on the host, mites were removed, incubated individually and all fungal infections were recorded. Fungal infection was observed in all treatments, except untreated controls. However, B. bassiana infected a significantly greater number of mites than M. anisopliae with all the formulations examined. Infection rates were highest when mites were exposed to dry conidia (>90%) and lowest with M. anisopliae in diatomaceous earth. Overall, the infection rate was not affected by whether or not the mites were given prior exposure to the conidia, before being placed on the sheep. The results demonstrate that Psoroptes mites can become infected by entomopathogenic fungi on the skin of sheep and provides a first demonstration of the potential of this technology for the control of sheep scab. 相似文献
8.
Ectoparasites of sheep in Britain include the tick Ixodes ricinus, the blowfly, Lucilia sericata, the ked, Melophagus ovinus and the lice, Damalinia ovis and Linognathus ovillus. The most important ectoparasite, however, is the mite Psoroptes communis ovis which causes sheep scab. This notifiable disease was eradicated from Britain in 1952 but was reported again in 1973. The control of ectoparasites depends largely on the efficient application of insecticide to the fleece and skin. Plunge dipping in a bath is generally regarded as the most efficient method and is compulsory for the control of sheep scab but it is not always the most convenient. After the eradication of sheep scab in 1952 plunge dipping was no longer compulsory and jetting, spraying and showering techniques were then employed for the other ectoparasites. 相似文献
9.
W F Fisher 《Veterinary parasitology》1983,13(4):363-373
Calves infested with Psoroptes ovis (Hering, 1838) for the first time (naive) or previously infested calves were examined for serum antibody activity to P. ovis (obtained from rabbits) antigens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the temporal appearance of specific serum antibody activity. The development of the serum antibody activity to P. ovis antigens was then correlated with the development of lesions (% scab) and with changes in the number of P. ovis. The serum antibody activity [ELISA OD414 value (EODV) greater than 0.290] to P. ovis antigens in naive calves, in most cases, is first detected at the same time or slightly after the detection of mites and mite-caused lesions; and the development of specific serum antibody activity paralleled the increase in the P. ovis population and the percentage scab until 7 weeks post-infestation (PI). In previously infested calves, if serum antibody activity to P. ovis antigens was not already present from the previous infestation, specific serum antibody activity was detected at the same time and developed in a similar manner as in the naive calves. The serum antibody activity to P. ovis antigens could be detected after calves were relieved of their P. ovis burdens by pesticide treatment or after the P. ovis population began to decline when the calves were allowed to groom themselves. Serum antibody activity to P. ovis antigens was not detected in any of the control calves during the test period. 相似文献
10.
These studies were conducted to investigate the possible role of certain aspects of the on-host ecology and off-host survival of the sheep scab mite, Psoroptes ovis, in the dissemination of infestation. All developmental stages of the mite occurred in the fleece both proximally or distal to the skin of infested Merino and Dorper sheep. A larger proportion of mites was present in the fleece of Dorper sheep distal to the skin in the late afternoon and early morning than at other times during the day. Immature and adult mites readily transferred to tufts of wool or hair placed on infested sheep of both breeds. No mites could be found on wool or hair rubbed off onto tree trunks or branches or other structures in enclosures housing heavily infested sheep, nor could any mites be collected from the soil of these enclosures, whereas more than 80% of mites artificially seeded onto soil samples were recovered. The longest mean off-host survival times for larvae, nymphs, and male and ovigerous female mites were recorded at 10 degrees C, and were 9.25 days (RH = 90%), 15 days (RH = 33% and 75%), 10.5 days (RH = 75% and 90%) and 11.25 days (RH = 90%) respectively. Under natural climatic conditions ovigerous females in glass vials containing Merino wool survived for 17 days compared to 15 days for females in vials without wool; this difference was, however, not significant. The mean off-host pre-hatch period for eggs varied between 5.9 days (T = 25 degrees C and RH = 33%) and 22.1 days (T = 10 degrees C and RH = 75%), while the longest time individual eggs took to hatch at the latter temperature and RH was 31 days. 相似文献
11.
A series of in vitro and in vivo assays were conducted to examine the effects of trans-cinnamic acid ethyl ester on Psoroptes mange mites. In vitro, 24h after exposure to the test material at concentrations of 10, 1 or 0.1% (v/v), 100, 74 and 20% of mites had died, respectively, compared to 8% following exposure to the control (0.05% SDS only). The different life-cycle stages were affected similarly by the test compound. The concentration required to produce 95% mortality 24h after exposure to the test compound was 6.29% (95% confidence interval 4.98-8.88). Tarsal contact of the mites with the test compound was also sufficient to achieve high levels of mortality; 100% death was observed when the mites were placed in contact with either sheep skin circles treated to give 0.01 ml/cm(2) or polyester cloth circles treated with 0.03 ml/cm(2). However, the residual activity of both skin and cloth treated with 0.03 ml/cm(2) was completely lost after 7 days. In vivo, trans-cinnamic acid ethyl ester suspended in 2% (w/v) lecithin was applied as a spray formulation to eight sheep with active artificial infestations of sheep scab. Seven of the 8 treated sheep were cured and remained completely clear of scab mites for 56 days. However, 33 days after treatment 2 adult female mites were observed on one of the eight treated sheep and the mite population on this sheep subsequently recovered. In contrast, in a control group of two infested sheep, treated with a 2% (w/v) lecithin only, mite populations increased as expected in a typical scab infestation, but eventually self-cured in one animal. The data suggest that, with appropriate development of suitable application technology, trans-cinnamic acid ethyl ester could have a role as a potential therapeutic treatment for active sheep scab, however the short residual period of activity is likely to limit its use in commercial sheep flocks. 相似文献
12.
13.
Psoroptes ovis of sheep origin, and Psoroptes cuniculi of rabbit origin were used in experimental infestations. In experiment I, groups of four rabbits and four sheep were infested with 50-100 mites of each isolate on the skin of the back (skin infestation, SI) or in the external auditory canal (aural infestation, AI). In rabbits, SI and AI with P. cuniculi and AI with P. ovis induced in all animals typical ear lesions and pronounced antibody reactions to P. cuniculi antigens in ELISA. After SI of rabbits with P. ovis no clinical signs were detected, no mites could be reisolated and no specific antibodies were detected. In sheep, P. ovis SI induced mange whereas AI did not induce typical clinical signs and mites could not be reisolated. In both these animal groups, ELISA revealed pronounced and comparable specific antibody reactions. After SI and AI with P. cuniculi no clinical symptoms were observed and no mites could be reisolated. Nevertheless, low levels of specific antibody were detected. In experiment II, clinical progression and antibody reactions to P. ovis SI in naive sheep were compared with sheep previously exposed to P. ovis or P. cuniculi. In both pre-exposed groups of animals, clinical signs appeared within 2 days after challenge infestation and three days earlier than in primarily infested sheep. Subsequently, no obvious difference in the clinical progression was observed between the three groups of animals. The results of this study document antigenetic crossreactivity of the two morphologically and genetically distinguishable Psoroptes species but differences in their biological behaviour and virulence which both are of epidemiological and taxonomic relevance. 相似文献
14.
The construction of a cDNA expression library for the sheep scab mite Psoroptes ovis. 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
The need for alternative control strategies for sheep scab is critical. One approach is to develop vaccines based on 'concealed' antigens derived from Psoroptes ovis. This strategy requires the identification and characterisation of potential target antigens, which has been hampered by the problem of limited biological material for isolation of protein antigens. To aid the discovery of P. ovis antigens and to provide a resource for generating recombinant protein, we constructed a P. ovis cDNA expression library, using total RNA isolated from 250 mg of mixed-stage P. ovis and the Clontech SMART cDNA synthesis kit. The presence of P. ovis-specific sequences was confirmed using PCR amplification and sequencing of actin. The sequences of cDNA inserts from six random clones included one with high homology to the Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (house dust mite) antigen p Dp15. This is a glutathione S-transferase known to be an important house dust mite antigen. We conclude that this library will be a useful tool for the identification of potential target antigens for the immunological control of P. ovis and to further our understanding of the pathology of sheep scab. 相似文献
15.
The sheep scab mite, Psoroptes ovis, causes severe dermatitis in infected sheep with severe welfare and production implications. The dermatitis has the characteristics of an immediate hypersensitivity type reaction which, by analogy to other mite species, including the house dust mites (Dermatophagoides spp.), is likely to be invoked by a variety of allergens including mite-derived proteinases. Here, the proteinases in P. ovis extracts were characterised using substrate gel analysis, inhibitor sensitivity and their ability to degrade a variety of potential natural protein substrates. These analyses showed that mites contain several proteinases which could be differentiated on the basis of molecular size and inhibitor sensitivity with cysteine, metalloproteinases and aspartyl proteinases predominating. These proteinases degraded collagen and fibronectin, possibly indicative of a role in lesion initiation, they degraded several blood proteins, a property which may aid mite feeding and they degraded immunoglobulin G, possibly aiding immuno-evasion. Because proteinases, particularly the cysteine class, are demonstrably allergenic in other mite infestations, these proteinases clearly merit further immunological and biochemical definition. 相似文献
16.
SUMMARY An investigation of sheep flocks with unknown histories of fleece derangement, selected at random from the main sheep raising areas of New South Wales, showed that Psorergates ovis was present in 53 of the 177 flocks surveyed and In 162 of the 3495 sheep examined. Of the single causes of fleece derangement, the most prevalent was grass seed contamination (15.7%) followed by Infestation with sheep body lice, Bovicola ovis, (14.7%) and Infestation with Itch mite (7.8%). The prevalence of fleece derangement was significantly higher on sheep In which lice were the only ectoparasites found than on those In which Itch mites were the only ectoparasites present. The greatest prevalence of P ovis was In flocks In the Young, Yass, Mudgee and Tenterfield districts. In most affected flocks, more than one potential cause of fleece derangement was present. Itch mite Infestation was more prevalent in flocks that received no treatment for ectoparasites than in those that had been treated in the year preceding the survey. Our results did not support a commonly held belief among farmers that arsenical compounds control Infestations of Itch mites more effectively than other types of pesticides. There was no significant difference in prevalence of fleece derangement between flocks treated with different pesticide groups and those that received no treatment, but mean fleece derangement score was significantly lower in sheep treated with organophosphates than in untreated sheep. Infestations of lice were significantly more prevalent in sheep from flocks treated with synthetic pyrethroids than from those treated with organophosphates or those that received no treatment. 相似文献
17.
Oliveira AM MacKellar A Hume L Huntley JF Thoday KL van den Broek AH 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2006,113(1-2):64-72
In sheep, lesions caused by Psoroptes ovis, the sheep scab mite, may become colonized by Staphylococcus aureus. The present study compares clinical signs, lesional area and the immune response to P. ovis and S. aureus in P. ovis-infested sheep with and without secondary S. aureus infection. No differences were detected in the clinical signs or lesional areas in the S. aureus-positive and -negative sheep. However, 6 weeks after infestation an IgG but not IgE isotype antibody response to S. aureus was detected in the S. aureus-positive but not the S. aureus-negative group of sheep. This response targeted S. aureus antigens with molecular weights of approximately 36, 38, 50 and 65 kDa. In addition, 6 weeks after infestation an IgE response to P. ovis was detected in the S. aureus-positive but not the S. aureus-negative group of sheep. 相似文献
18.
Psoroptes ovis mites were removed from infected sheep and placed in positions where wool and mites normally accumulate during sheep scab outbreaks. The ambient temperature and humidity were monitored over a 3-week period and the survival and infectivity times were examined. The procedure was carried out during each of the seasons. The hatchability of mite eggs was also examined. It was found that little variation occurred between seasons, with mites regularly retaining viability and infectivity for 15 days during all seasons. Mites that survived for more than 16 days failed to infect sheep. Mite eggs retained hatchability for up to 7 days. 相似文献
19.
P G Bates 《Veterinary parasitology》1999,83(3-4):201-217
In this paper the taxonomy and relative importance of various species within the genus Psoroptes are reviewed with respect to inter- and intra-specific variations in cross infestivity and host specificity, site of infestation and morphological characters. Intra-specific variation within populations of the sheep scab mite, Psoroptes ovis will then be discussed critically with respect to virulence (the relative growth of the scab lesion and mite burdens), epidemiology, susceptibility to the systemic acaricide, ivermectin, and resistance to synthetic pyrethroid and organophosphate acaricides. Finally, it is suggested that the ear mite, P. cuniculi, and the sheep scab mite, P. ovis are variants of the same species. Information was collected from published literature and from the results of unpublished studies carried out at the VLA, Weybridge over the last 10 years. 相似文献
20.
Some observations on the biology and control of the sheep scab mite Psoroptes ovis (Hering) in Britain 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
A C Kirkwood 《Veterinary parasitology》1985,18(3):269-279
Sheep scab was eradicated from Britain in 1952 but reappeared in 1973. The host specificity of the sheep scab mite is discussed; sheep are the only reservoir of the disease in Britain. Control is by single dipping in the approved acaricides, HCH, diazinon or propetamphos. Acaricides are approved only if the minimum use rate (Maintenance level) will give at least 4 weeks' protection. The method of testing is described. Traditionally, compulsory dipping has been in the winter when the disease is most active. Although the mites were originally thought to enter a latent phase during the summer, new observations indicate that there is little difference between their summer and winter behaviour. In Britain, dipping is now compulsory in both the summer and winter. 相似文献