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1.
反刍家畜胃肠道甲烷排放是重要的温室气体排放源,减少反刍家畜胃肠道甲烷排放有助于缓解全球温室效应和提高家畜饲养效率。本论文从中国反刍家畜胃肠道甲烷排放现状、瘤胃甲烷生成机制、甲烷生成的日粮营养影响因子和甲烷减排策略与潜力4个方面系统综述反刍家畜胃肠道甲烷排放的研究进展。目前,中国反刍家畜甲烷总排放量超过10 Tg,占全球胃肠道甲烷排放的比例超过15%。反刍家畜胃肠道甲烷排放主要来自瘤胃和后肠道,其中瘤胃甲烷占胃肠道甲烷生成总量的80%以上。二氧化碳还原路径利用瘤胃内的氢和二氧化碳合成甲烷,是瘤胃内生成甲烷的主要路径。瘤胃内的氢还可被相关微生物利用,合成挥发性脂肪酸和微生物蛋白等代谢产物,进而被机体利用。减少反刍家畜胃肠道甲烷排放的关键在于促进瘤胃内氢的利用,以及阻断瘤胃内的氢被甲烷菌利用合成甲烷。甲烷减排的日粮营养调控策略包括优化日粮组成、改善饲料品质、提高瘤胃流通速率、添加氢池和甲烷抑制剂等。大多数营养调控策略的甲烷减排效果小于40%,最新研制的3-NOP抑制剂的甲烷减排效果最高可达80%。但是,一些减排策略的产业化应用还受添加剂残留、抗生素禁用、食品安全、产品价格和消费者喜好等因素影响。牧场管理和遗传选育也是降低甲烷排放量的重要手段,过去100年来已实现每千克标准乳的甲烷排放量减排效果为57%。未来反刍家畜胃肠道甲烷研究将主要集中在低排放品种的遗传选育、不同营养调控策略间的组合效果、甲烷减排的经济效益和可持续性、家畜生长性能与健康、食品安全、消费者喜好等方面。 相似文献
2.
Termites: a potentially large source of atmospheric methane, carbon dioxide, and molecular hydrogen 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Termites may emit large quantities of methane, carbon dioxide, and molecular hydrogen into the atmosphere. Global annual emissions calculated from laboratory measurements could reach 1.5 x 10(14) grams of methane and 5 x 10(16) grams of carbon dioxide. As much as 2 x 10(14) grams of molecular hydrogen may also be produced. Field measurements of methane emissions from two termite nests in Guatemala corroborated the laboratory results. The largest emissions should occur in tropical areas disturbed by human activities. 相似文献
3.
Simultaneously mitigating near-term climate change and improving human health and food security 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Shindell D Kuylenstierna JC Vignati E van Dingenen R Amann M Klimont Z Anenberg SC Muller N Janssens-Maenhout G Raes F Schwartz J Faluvegi G Pozzoli L Kupiainen K Höglund-Isaksson L Emberson L Streets D Ramanathan V Hicks K Oanh NT Milly G Williams M Demkine V Fowler D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,335(6065):183-189
Tropospheric ozone and black carbon (BC) contribute to both degraded air quality and global warming. We considered ~400 emission control measures to reduce these pollutants by using current technology and experience. We identified 14 measures targeting methane and BC emissions that reduce projected global mean warming ~0.5°C by 2050. This strategy avoids 0.7 to 4.7 million annual premature deaths from outdoor air pollution and increases annual crop yields by 30 to 135 million metric tons due to ozone reductions in 2030 and beyond. Benefits of methane emissions reductions are valued at $700 to $5000 per metric ton, which is well above typical marginal abatement costs (less than $250). The selected controls target different sources and influence climate on shorter time scales than those of carbon dioxide-reduction measures. Implementing both substantially reduces the risks of crossing the 2°C threshold. 相似文献
4.
Ferretti DF Miller JB White JW Etheridge DM Lassey KR Lowe DC Macfarling Meure CM Dreier MF Trudinger CM van Ommen TD Langenfelds RL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,309(5741):1714-1717
We report a 2000-year Antarctic ice-core record of stable carbon isotope measurements in atmospheric methane (delta13CH4). Large delta13CH4 variations indicate that the methane budget varied unexpectedly during the late preindustrial Holocene (circa 0 to 1700 A.D.). During the first thousand years (0 to 1000 A.D.), delta13CH4 was at least 2 per mil enriched compared to expected values, and during the following 700 years, an about 2 per mil depletion occurred. Our modeled methane source partitioning implies that biomass burning emissions were high from 0 to 1000 A.D. but reduced by almost approximately 40% over the next 700 years. We suggest that both human activities and natural climate change influenced preindustrial biomass burning emissions and that these emissions have been previously understated in late preindustrial Holocene methane budget research. 相似文献
5.
Frankenberg C Meirink JF van Weele M Platt U Wagner T 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,308(5724):1010-1014
In the past two centuries, atmospheric methane has more than doubled and now constitutes 20% of the anthropogenic climate forcing by greenhouse gases. Yet its sources are not well quantified, introducing uncertainties in its global budget. We retrieved the global methane distribution by using spaceborne near-infrared absorption spectroscopy. In addition to the expected latitudinal gradient, we detected large-scale patterns of anthropogenic and natural methane emissions. Furthermore, we observed unexpectedly high methane concentrations over tropical rainforests, revealing that emission inventories considerably underestimated methane sources in these regions during the time period of investigation (August through November 2003). 相似文献
6.
Broadfoot AL Atreya SK Bertaux JL Blamont JE Dessler AJ Donahue TM Forrester WT Hall DT Herbert F Holberg JB Hunter DM Krasnopolsky VA Linick S Lunine JI McConnell JC Moos HW Sandel BR Schneider NM Shemansky DE Smith GR Strobel DF Yelle RV 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1989,246(4936):1459-1466
Results from the occultation of the sun by Neptune imply a temperature of 750 +/- 150 kelvins in the upper levels of the atmosphere (composed mostly of atomic and molecular hydrogen) and define the distributions of methane, acetylene, and ethane at lower levels. The ultraviolet spectrum of the sunlit atmosphere of Neptune resembles the spectra of the Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus atmospheres in that it is dominated by the emissions of H Lyman alpha (340 +/- 20 rayleighs) and molecular hydrogen. The extreme ultraviolet emissions in the range from 800 to 1100 angstroms at the four planets visited by Voyager scale approximately as the inverse square of their heliocentric distances. Weak auroral emissions have been tentatively identified on the night side of Neptune. Airglow and occultation observations of Triton's atmosphere show that it is composed mainly of molecular nitrogen, with a trace of methane near the surface. The temperature of Triton's upper atmosphere is 95 +/- 5 kelvins, and the surface pressure is roughly 14 microbars. 相似文献
7.
含硫添加剂对猪粪堆肥过程甲烷与臭气排放的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为探寻合适的含硫添加剂,有效控制堆肥过程中甲烷和臭气的排放,以磷石膏（PG）、过磷酸钙（SP）、硫酸钠（NS）为添加剂,采用强制通风曝气的60 L桶状发酵罐,探究不同含硫添加剂对于猪粪堆肥过程中气体排放的影响。结果表明：添加堆肥原始物料鲜质量2%的PG、2%的SP、1.2%的NS处理分别能减少50.8%、43.3%、46.6%的甲烷排放;PG和SP处理能减少40.6%和37.2%的氨气挥发,NS处理减少了20.0%的氨气挥发;PG与SP处理对硫化氢气体没有产生明显的抑制作用,而NS处理的硫化氢排放量为对照（无添加剂）处理的3.8倍,且NS处理堆肥结束后种子发芽率仅为41.3%。研究表明,1.2%的NS处理不适合臭气减排,而添加2%的PG以及2%的SP等低硫添加剂较为适宜。 相似文献
8.
温室气体不仅是引起气候变化的主要因素,并对气候具有重要的反馈作用,鉴于近年来藏北地区温度明显升高,降水逐步增加,通过对藏北高寒草甸进行灌溉,以模拟未来降水增加对该生态系统生长旺季温室气体排放的影响。结果表明:土壤水分增加显著促进草地地上生物量积累;灌溉促进高寒草甸CO2和N2O排放,但降低CH4吸收量;CO2和CH4排放量日变化与土壤湿度呈显著的线性相关关系(P<0.05),N2O与土壤湿度呈显著的二次项相关关系(P<0.05),三种温室气体排放均与土壤温度无显著相关关系(P>0.05)。综合上述研究结果认为,未来随着降水增加,藏北高寒草甸温室气体排放通量将明显增加,并对该地区气候变化产生正反馈作用;应结合高寒草地光合作用、土壤碳氮含量,对未来藏北高寒草甸温室气体净通量进行深入研究,以确定藏北高寒草甸温室气体排放在气候变化中扮演的角色。 相似文献
9.
The evolution of different feeding guilds in termites is paralleled by differences in the activity of their gut microbiota. In wood-feeding termites, carbon dioxide-reducing acetogenic bacteria were found to generally outprocess carbon dioxide-reducing methanogenic bacteria for reductant (presumably hydrogen) generated during microbial fermentation in the hindgut. By contrast, acetogenesis from hydrogen and carbon dioxide was of little significance in fungus-growing and soil-feeding termites, which evolved more methane than their wood- and grass-feeding counterparts. Given the large biomass of termites on the earth and especially in the tropics, these findings should help refine global estimates of carbon dioxide reduction in anoxic habitats and the contribution of termite emissions to atmospheric methane concentrations. 相似文献
10.
Broadfoot AL Herbert F Holberg JB Hunten DM Kumar S Sandel BR Shemansky DE Smith GR Yelle RV Strobel DF Moos HW Donahue TM Atreya SK Bertaux JL Blamont JE McConnell JC Dessler AJ Linick S Springer R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1986,233(4759):74-79
Data from solar and stellar occultations of Uranus indicate a temperature of about 750 kelvins in the upper levels of the atmosphere (composed mostly of atomic and molecular hydrogen) and define the distributions of methane and acetylene in the lower levels. The ultraviolet spectrum of the sunlit hemisphere is dominated by emissions from atomic and molecular hydrogen, which are kmown as electroglow emissions. The energy source for these emissions is unknown, but the spectrum implies excitation by low-energy electrons (modeled with a 3-electron-volt Maxwellian energy distribution). The major energy sink for the electrons is dissociation of molecular hydrogen, producing hydrogen atoms at a rate of 10(29) per second. Approximately half the atoms have energies higher than the escape energy. The high temperature of the atmosphere, the small size of Uranus, and the number density of hydrogen atoms in the thermosphere imply an extensive thermal hydrogen corona that reduces the orbital lifetime of ring particles and biases the size distribution toward larger particles. This corona is augmented by the nonthermal hydrogen atoms associated with the electroglow. An aurora near the magnetic pole in the dark hemisphere arises from excitation of molecular hydrogen at the level where its vertical column abundance is about 10(20) per square centimeter with input power comparable to that of the sunlit electroglow (approximately 2x10(11) watts). An initial estimate of the acetylene volume mixing ratio, as judged from measurements of the far ultraviolet albedo, is about 2 x 10(-7) at a vertical column abundance of molecular hydrogen of 10(23) per square centimeter (pressure, approximately 0.3 millibar). Carbon emissions from the Uranian atmosphere were also detected. 相似文献
11.
为明确不同水稻品种甲烷（CH4）排放差异形成与根际土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性的关系,选取早稻晚稻各3个品种为大田供试材料,采用密闭静态暗箱法收集CH4气体,监测早稻晚稻不同品种CH4排放动态,以及不同品种在主要生育时期根际土壤的过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性,并对不同水稻品种CH4排放与两种酶活性进行了线性回归分析。结果表明：双季稻品种CH4排放差异显著,晚稻CH4累积排放量明显高于早稻,早稻品种中CH4累积排放量以湘早籼24号最高,株两优819最低,相差31.78%;晚稻以湘晚籼17号最高,Y两优1号最低,相差17.31%。双季稻品种在不同生育期根际土壤的过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性存在差异,早稻过氧化氢酶活性在孕穗期最高,晚稻过氧化氢酶、双季稻脲酶活性均在分蘖期最高;双季稻田CH4排放与脲酶正相关,达到极显著水平（P<0.01）,与过氧化氢酶正相关,达到显著水平（P<0.05）。综上,双季稻品种甲烷排放与水稻根际土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶关系密切,降低水稻品种根际土壤的过氧化氢酶、脲酶活性有利于稻田CH4减排。 相似文献
12.
Accumulating evidence suggests that methane has been released episodically from hydrates trapped in sea floor sediments during many intervals of rapid climate warming. Here we show that sediments from the Santa Barbara Basin deposited during warm intervals in the last glacial period contain molecular fossils that are diagnostic of aerobic and anaerobic methanotrophs. Sediment intervals with high abundances of these compounds indicate episodes of vigorous methanotrophic activity in methane-laden water masses. Signals for anaerobic methanotrophy in 44,100-year-old sediment are evidence for particularly intense methane emissions and suggest that the basin's methane cycle can profoundly affect oxygen budgets in the water column. 相似文献
13.
Rodhe H 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1990,248(4960):1217-1219
The current concern about an anthropogenic impact on global climate has made it of interest to compare the potential effect of various human activities. A case in point is the comparison between the emission of greenhouse gases from the use of natural gas and that from other fossil fuels. This comparison requires an evaluation of the effect of methane emissions relative to that of carbon dioxide emissions. A rough analysis based on the use of currently accepted values shows that natural gas is preferable to other fossil fuels in consideration of the greenhouse effect as long as its leakage can be limited to 3 to 6 percent. 相似文献
14.
能源及其引致的碳排放等相关问题已经成为影响人类社会发展全局和全球政治经济格局的重大战略问题.中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，面临着更严峻的能源挑战.节约能源、大幅度改善能源效率是我国应对能源和气侯变化挑战的一条极其重要且有效途径.本文综合考量了能源结构、能源强度、能源效率及经济增长等4个因素对碳排放的影响，基于因素分解模型，应用LMDI分解方法对中国一次能源利用的CO2排放及碳排放强度变化进行了研究，研究发现二氧化碳排放增加主要是由于经济增长、人口规模扩大引起的.在此基础上提出了碳减排的政策建议. 相似文献
15.
水稻植株与CH4排放的相关因子及模糊聚类分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
通过对不同水稻品种甲烷排放量与水稻通气组织相关性分析,确定聚类指标,运用离差平方和聚类分析方法对水稻品种进行聚类,初步探讨了水稻植物学特性与甲烷排放的相关性.结果表明,早、晚稻不同水稻品种甲烷排放量与植株显著相关的指标是不同的.早稻品种植株第2节间茎秆维管束总面积、第2节间茎秆壁厚、第2节间叶鞘横切面积/节间横切面积、第2节间叶鞘气腔面积/叶鞘与茎秆横切面积之和4个指标与甲烷排放量呈显著相关关系.晚稻品种植株株高与茎秆长度、第3节间茎壁横切面积/节间横切面积、第3节间茎壁髓腔面积/节间横切面积、第3节间叶鞘横切面积/节间横切面积、第3节间叶鞘维管束面积/节间横切面积、第3节间叶鞘气腔面积/茎壁横切面积、第3节间茎秆维管束面积/茎秆横切面积8个数量指标与甲烷排放量都呈显著相关性.分别以上述相关因子为聚类指标,对早、晚稻品种进行聚类分析,都可分为甲烷排放量高、中、低3类,与实测结果吻合度分别为87.5%和90%.因此,所选指标作为水稻品种甲烷排放量等级聚类指标是可行的,为水稻品种甲烷排放量定性分析提供了实践及理论依据.本研究将为水稻品种甲烷排放量等级区分提供依据,为高产杂交稻、超级稻的育成与推广提供环境学支撑. 相似文献
16.
稻麦轮作下秸秆不同利用方式还田对稻田甲烷排放的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
秸秆还田能够促进土壤固碳,但秸秆不同利用方式还田对稻麦轮作系统中甲烷(CH_4)排放影响的研究结果存在很大不确定性。本研究采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对太湖地区秸秆不同利用方式一年还田下稻麦轮作系统中CH_4排放规律进行田间原位观测。试验共设置4个处理,分别是:常规处理(NPK,施用氮肥、磷肥、钾肥)、秸秆还田处理(NPK+S,氮肥、磷肥、钾肥与秸秆均匀混施)、秸秆生物炭处理(NPK+B,氮肥、磷肥、钾肥与黑炭均匀混施)和秸秆与腐熟剂配施处理(NPK+SDI,氮肥、磷肥、钾肥、秸秆与腐熟剂均匀混施)。不同处理下CH_4排放主要集中在水稻生长季。与NPK处理相比,NPK+S和NPK+SDI处理均增加CH_4排放,增幅分别为12.7%和20.9%,NPK+B处理减少了7.5%的CH_4排放。与NPK+S处理相比,NPK+SDI处理CH_4排放显著增加7.3%,而NPK+B处理CH_4排放显著降低17.9%。除NPK+B处理显著提高了作物产量,其他处理对产量并无显著影响。与NPK处理相比,NPK+S和NPK+SDI处理显著增加了单位产量甲烷排放,增幅分别为23.7%和18.4%,NPK+B处理降低了单位产量甲烷排放,幅度为19.9%。与NPK+S处理比较,NPK+SDI与NPK+B处理单位产量CH_4排放分别降低了4.3%和35.3%。结果说明秸秆配合腐熟剂还田或秸秆炭化还田可减轻由秸秆直接还田所带来的环境损害,且炭化还田的减排效果更佳。 相似文献
17.
稻田和畜禽养殖是农业领域甲烷的重要排放源,估算省级农业活动甲烷的排放量,并分析其排放特征,对提出符合福建省农业发展的减排措施有重要意义。本研究基于福建省农业活动水平数据,采用IPCC方法,以2005年为基准年,估算了2005年和2010年福建省农业活动甲烷排放量。结果表明：2005年和2010年福建省农业活动甲烷排放量分别为39.75万t和32.74万t,2010年比2005年减少17.64%。与2005年相比,2010年稻田甲烷排放减少17.37%,动物肠道发酵甲烷排放减少31.59%,动物粪便管理甲烷排放增加1.11%。与2005年相比,2010年稻田面积减少及动物规模化养殖程度提高是农业活动甲烷排放减少的主要原因。稻田甲烷排放受水稻品种、土壤条件、水分状况、施肥管理以及气候条件等因素影响,可从上述途径减少稻田甲烷排放。控制和减少畜禽养殖甲烷排放的关键是优化畜牧业结构,提高规模化养殖水平,改良畜禽品种、改进动物饲养和畜禽排泄物处理技术,提高畜产品产出量,进而减少温室气体排放。研究结果可为决策者制定福建省农业活动甲烷排放控制政策、降低农业活动甲烷排放量提供基础资料。 相似文献
18.
江苏省农业源甲烷排放清单研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
根据农业源甲烷排放的活动数据和排放因子,采用IPCC(2006)推荐的排放系数法对2009年江苏省农业源甲烷排放量进行估算。结果显示,2009年江苏省农业源甲烷排放总量为990.348Gg,其中,水稻种植是江苏省最大的甲烷排放源,年排放量为829.577Gg,占全省总排放量的83.77%;畜禽养殖和秸秆燃烧甲烷排放较少,占甲烷排放总量的14.54%和1.69%。江苏省农业源甲烷排放平均强度为9.63t/km2.a,甲烷排放强度超过12t/km2.a的城市分别是扬州、淮安、南通市和泰州市,排放强度分别为13.88t/km2.a、13.52t/km2.a、13.48t/km2.a和12.29t/km2.a。 相似文献
19.
根据政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》提供的估算方法,并结合第一次全国污染源普查数据,对内蒙古自治区主要畜禽肠道及粪便管理系统甲烷排放量进行了估算。通过数据分析发现,2007年内蒙古自治区主要牲畜肠道发酵系统甲烷排放总量达到689.95Gg,其中奶牛187.28Gg、其它189.83Gg,繁殖母羊220.37Gg、其它92.47Gg。2007年主要畜禽通过粪便管理系统排放的甲烷总量达到了62.75Gg,其中,奶牛排放量最高,为33.26Gg,占排放总量的53%,为粪便管理系统甲烷排放的主要因子。 相似文献
20.
磷对稻田甲烷排放的影响及其可能机制 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
目前关于磷对稻田甲烷排放的影响研究较少,为此,本文检索了已发表的磷对稻田甲烷排放的相关文章,并对文献数据进行了再挖掘分析,总结归纳了磷对甲烷产生和氧化的可能影响,并对未来需要进一步探究的问题进行了讨论。分析发现磷对稻田甲烷排放的调控主要受种植系统和其他施肥情况的影响,一季中稻下大都表现为磷肥施用降低甲烷排放,降幅受其他土壤养分情况影响而不同。磷通过影响水稻根系及其分泌物进而影响土壤碳的有效性,直接影响土壤磷的有效性,并改变土壤产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的丰度和群落组成来调控甲烷的产生及氧化过程,最终影响甲烷的排放。 相似文献