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1.
Grain hardness is a major factor influencing the classification and end-use quality of bread wheat. In this study, 40 Yunnan endemic wheats, 21 historical cultivars and 66 current cultivars and advanced lines were investigated for kernel hardness and puroindoline alleles using molecular and biochemical markers. The frequencies of soft, mixed and hard genotypes were 10.0%, 5.0% and 85.0%, respectively, in Yunnan endemic wheats, whereas the corresponding frequencies were 47.6%, 23.8% and 28.6% in historical cultivars, and 36.3%, 6.1% and 57.6% in current cultivars and advanced lines. Four known puroindoline alleles, Pina-D1b, Pinb-D1b, Pinb-D1d and Pinb-D1e, were found in the hard wheat cultivars. Compared with endemic wheats and historical cultivars, current cultivars from Yunnan province have relatively high frequencies of Pina-D1b and Pinb-D1b alleles at 43.5% and 16.1%, respectively. All 32 hard Yunnan endemic wheats (Triticum aestivum ssp. yunnanense King) contained a new puroindoline b allele, designated Pinb-D1u, that was characterized as a single nucleotide (G) deletion at position 127 in the coding sequence of the Pinb gene, leading to a shift of the open reading frame (ORF) from position 14 in the deduced amino acid sequence and a stop codon corresponding to position Leu-18. The average SKCS hardness of genotypes with Pina-D1b (68.2) is significantly higher than those of Pinb-D1b (60.3) and Pinb-D1u (60.5). The study of puroindoline alleles in Yunnan germplasm could provide useful information for improving processing quality and further understanding the molecular basis of kernel hardness in bread wheat.  相似文献   

2.
Grain hardness plays an important role in determining both milling performance and quality of the end-use products produced from common or bread wheat. The objective of this study was to characterize allelic variations at the Pina and Pinb loci in Xinjiang wheat germplasm for further understanding the mechanisms involved in endosperm texture formation, and the status of grain texture in Chinese bread wheat. A total of 291 wheat cultivars, including 56 landraces, and 95 introduced and 140 locally improved cultivars, grown in Xinjiang, were used for SKCS measurement and molecular characterization. Among the harvested grain samples, 185 (63.6%), 40 (13.7%), and 66 (22.7%) were classified as hard, mixed and soft, respectively. Eight different genotypes for the Pina and Pinb loci were identified, including seven previously reported genotypes, viz., Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a, Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b, Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a, Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1p, Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1q, Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1aa, Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1ab, and a novel Pinb allele, Pinb-D1ac. This new allele, detected in Kashibaipi (local landrace) and Red Star (from Russia) has a double mutation at the 257th (G to A substitution) and 382nd (C to T substitution) nucleotide positions of the coding region. Pina-D1b, Pinb-D1b, and Pinb-D1p were the most common alleles in Xinjiang wheat germplasm, with frequencies of 14.3%, 38.1% and 28.6% in hard textured landraces, 25.5%, 56.9% and 11.8% in hard introduced cultivars, and 24.8%, 47.8% and 26.5% in hard locally improved cultivars, respectively. The restriction enzymes ApaI, SapI, BstXI and SfaNI were used to identify Pinb-D1ab or Pinb-D1ac, Pinb-D1b, Pinb-D1e and Pinb-Dg, respectively, by digesting PCR products of the Pinb gene. The unique grain hardness distribution in Xinjiang bread wheat, as well as the CAPs markers for identification of the Pinb alleles provided useful information for breeding wheat cultivars with optimum grain textures. Liang Wang and Genying Li—contributed equally to this work.  相似文献   

3.
CIMMYT普通小麦籽粒硬度等位变异的检测   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  
籽粒硬度主要由5D染色体短臂的一对主效基因Ha控制,研究籽粒硬度等位变异有助于提高小麦的磨粉和食品加工品质。本试验对国际玉米小麦改良中心（CIMMYT）的138份历史品种和代表性高代品系的硬度基因型进行了研究。在用SDS-PAGE鉴定Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a时,用10%甘油代替水配制分离胶,用PDA代替甲叉配制分离胶和浓缩胶,增强了PINA和PINB两种蛋白带型的分辨率。结果表明,与其他国家硬质麦中Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b类型偏多的特点明显不同,CIMMYT硬质小麦中puroindoline a（PINA）蛋白缺失类型（或称Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a）较多,为118个,占85.5%;Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a（野生型）为11个,占8.0%;Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b类型有9个,占6.5%。其中,PINA缺失对小麦籽粒硬度的影响最大,与其他2种基因型硬度值之间差异达5%显著水平。先前研究结果表明,PINA蛋白缺失类型的磨粉品质和面包烘烤品质均劣于Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b类型,因此,建议CIMMYT多引进一些其他硬度变异类型的小麦种质,如Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b类型等,以改善其硬度基因型过度单一的局面,从而减少PINA蛋白缺失带来的不利影响。同时,也提醒我国以其他用途如抗病、抗旱等为目的,引种CIMMYT小麦时,还应充分考虑PINA蛋白缺失对磨粉和加工品质的不利影响,以更合理引进和有效利用CIMMYT种质资源。  相似文献   

4.
山东小麦籽粒硬度演变规律研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
利用单籽粒谷物特性测试仪和PCR扩增、酶切及DNA测序技术,结合改良的friabilin提取及电泳分析方法,对山东省431份农家品种、63份历史品种和29份当前主栽品种的籽粒硬度分布以及Pina和Pinb等位变异类型进行研究,以探讨山东小麦籽粒硬度的演变规律。农家品种、历史品种和当前主栽品种中硬质麦比例分别为75.6%、12.7%和27.6%,混合麦分别占20.4%、19.0%和13.8%,而软质麦分别占3.9%、68.3%和58.6%。农家品种中共有6种基因型,Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a和Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1p分别占硬质麦的38%和59.6%。历史品种中有4种基因型,8份硬质麦中Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a占37.5%,Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b占37.5%,而Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1p只占25.0%。当前主栽品种中,8份硬质麦全部是Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b类型。长芒透垅白等3个品种的Pinb基因的核苷酸序列发生了双突变,起始密码子下游96 bp处碱基C突变为A,而且在265 bp处发生了A碱基的缺失,将其命名为Pinb-D1aa。  相似文献   

5.
CIMMYT新型人工合成小麦Pina和Pinb基因等位变异   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
六倍体人工合成小麦由硬粒小麦（Triticum turgidum subsp. durum）与粗山羊草（Aegilops tauschii Coss.）杂交产生,是研究小麦进化过程中基因变异的重要材料。以国际玉米小麦改良中心（CIMMYT）提供的57份由野生二粒小麦（T. turgidum subsp. dicoccoides）与粗山羊草杂交产生的新型人工合成六倍体小麦为材料，用单籽粒特性测定仪和Pina、Pinb特异性PCR引物对其籽粒硬度变异以及控制籽粒硬度的主效基因Pina和Pinb的分布情况进行了研究。结果表明，这些材料的SKCS硬度值变异较大，从10.5到42.6，其中15~30的占78%。共有Pina-D1a、Pina-D1c、Pinb-D1h和Pinb-D1j 4种等位变异型，基因型为Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1j的8个，占14%；基因型为Pina-D1c/Pinb-D1h的49个，占86%。方差分析表明，基因型Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1j与Pina-D1c/Pinb-D1h对籽粒硬度的影响差异不显著，但父本粗山羊草和母本野生二粒小麦以及二者间的互作对籽粒硬度有显著影响，说明除Pina和Pinb外，还有其他微效基因影响籽粒硬度的形成。  相似文献   

6.
Root penetration (RP) ability into compacted soil is an important breeding target for drought avoidance by durum (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) and bread wheat (T. aestivum L.) in regions with compacted soils and water deficits. However, it is said generally that yield of the current cultivars introduced the reduced height gene (Rht-B1b or Rht-D1b) are more sensitive to drought stress than that of old landraces. This study investigated the effect of the Rht genes on RP ability using the seedlings of near-isogenic lines (NILs) of Rht genes of LD222 durum wheat and April Bearded bread wheat, and 110 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of durum wheat derived from the cross between the tall landrace (Jennah Khetifa; Rht-B1a Rht-B1a) and semi-dwarf cultivar (Cham1; Rht-B1b Rht-B1b). One seedling of each genotype was grown in a pot (6 cm diameter, 15 cm height) with a disc of 3 mm thickness made from paraffin and Vaseline mixture (PV) in 10 cm depth, as a substitute for a compacted soil layer. The RP index [number of roots penetrating through the PV disc per plant (PVRN)/total number of seminal and crown roots per plant (TRN)] was measured at eight weeks after sowing and used as the indicator of RP ability of seedling. In NILs, the shoot length decreased significantly because of the introduction of either Rht-B1b or Rht-D1b dwarfing genes, but the RP index was similar to those of tall parents. In RILs, although the RP index and shoot length were higher in Jennah Khetifa than in Cham1, the relationship between RP index and shoot length was not significant (r = 0.156). Both results indicate that RP ability of wheat does not link to dwarfness regulated by Rht genes. We suppose therefore that it would be possible to develop a high yielding semi-dwarf cultivar with excellent RP ability.  相似文献   

7.
以我国黄淮麦区35份小麦高代新品系为材料,通过测定其籽粒硬度表型、puroindoline基因型及其吹泡仪和混合仪参数,分析了籽粒硬度表型和基因型与吹泡仪和混合仪参数间的关系。结果发现,SKCS籽粒硬度与混合仪参数中的C1、C2、C3、C4值、幅度、吸水率、C3-C2值以及吹泡仪参数的P值、L值、G值和P/L值之间均极显著相关(P < 0.01)。方差分析表明,puroindoline基因对大多数吹泡仪和混合仪参数的影响极显著(P < 0.01)。其中,Pina-D1b类型小麦品系的P值、W值和P/L值均显著高于野生型和Pinb-D1b类型,但野生型小麦品系的L值、G值和Ie值则均显著高于Pinb-D1b和Pina-D1b类型。另外,2种硬质基因型(Pinb-D1b和Pina-D1b)小麦品系的C1值、C2值、C2-C1值、幅度和吸水率均显著高于野生型,而野生型小麦品系的C3值、C4值和C5值则显著高于2种硬质基因型。  相似文献   

8.
Puroindoline基因对春小麦磨粉及馒头、面条品质的影响   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  
以我国和CIMMYT的41份春小麦品种（系）为材料,研究了puroindoline基因型、SKCS硬度指数、出粉率、面粉灰分含量、面粉色泽（L*、a*和b*）、吸水率、总戊聚糖和水溶性戊聚糖含量以及馒头和面条品质之间的关系。结果表明,5份为Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a类型,28份为PINA蛋白缺失（Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a）类型,7份为Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b类型,1份（青春533）为Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1c类型。籽粒硬度与面粉吸水率呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.80,而与面粉亮度L*呈极显著负相关,相关系数为－0.77。Puroindoline突变型的硬度值、出粉率、吸水率及馒头重量、体积、宽度和总分均显著高于野生型,PINA蛋白缺失类型（Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a）的籽粒硬度、面粉灰分含量、面粉a*绝对值和水溶型戊聚糖含量均显著高于Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b类型,而馒头外观分和面条软硬度分值则显著低于后者。Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a类型的面条L*值、L*－b*值和软硬度分值显著高于PINA蛋白缺失类型,而馒头外观颜色和面条b*值则显著低于后者。综合分析表明,Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b类型馒头和面条品质略优于Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a和Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a。  相似文献   

9.
Summary Resistance to Verticillium wilt (VeVe) and Fusarium wilt, race 1 (II) has been bred into a genotype similar to that of GCR 66- a tomato rootstock seed parent used for the production of interspecific F1 hybrid rootstock seed. The new seed parent is named GCR 115. It is proposed that the rootstock derived from GCR 115 be named Identistock KVF. The name Markerstock previously proposed in connection with GCR 66 has not been accepted by the registration authorities in the United Kingdom.  相似文献   

10.
Summary CertainPhaseolus vulgaris L. ×P. lunatus L. crosses were performed to study the effect of maternal heterozygosity on development and growth of the interspecific hybrid embryos. Interspecific embryos had a much slower growth rate in vitro compared with embryos derived from self-pollination ofP. vulgaris parents. Thus, interspecific embryos could be identified by growth rate in vitro. TheP. vulgaris maternal genotype affected both the number and size of 15-day-old interspecific embryos. Specifically, 76 Spartan Arrow produced significantly more interspecific embryos than did Great Northern as the seed parent, while maternal intraspecific hybrids produced smaller embryos than did maternal pure lines. There were no reciprocal differences between hybrid maternal parents for embryo number or size. Embryo size at excision and final size after culturing were closely correlated (r2=+0.93). The crossP. vulgaris 76 Spartan Arrow ×P. lunatus P.I. 214170 produced both the largest mean size at excision and the fastest growth in culture, indicating that specific combining ability affected both characteristics.Journal Paper No. J-12208 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Project No. 2495  相似文献   

11.
B. S. Ahloowalia 《Euphytica》1973,22(3):575-581
Summary Pollen grains of diploid and tetraploid Italian, perennial and hybrid ryegrass (Lolium spp.) germinated on 20% sucrose solution with 10 ppm each of CaCl2, H3BO3 and EDTA. Pollen tubes emerged within 2–3 minutes after sowing and completed full growth within 1 1/2 hours. The tube elongation showed the expected linear growth rate. The tubes of the haploid pollen grains grew faster (3.9 m/minute) than that of the diploid (3.3 m/minute). Diploid pollen grains germinated better on 25% than on 20% sucrose solution. Up to 25% of the diploid pollen produced two tubes.  相似文献   

12.
Summary Immature embryos of Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Bay, G. tabacina (Labill.) Benth. and G. tomentella Hayata were cultured on 72 media combinations to identify a nutrient medium which would allow a greater percentage of interspecific plants to be recovered from cultured embryos of G. max × various perennial Glycine species. The highest mean plant recovery rate of 79% was from a medium containing B5 nutrient salts as reported by Gamborg et al. (1968), vitamin components according to Williams (1978) and 30 g/l sucrose. This is as compared with 25% from a medium used previously. In an additional test, 67% of hybrid embryos of G. max × G. tomentella were recovered from the same medium, from which G. tomentella was most effectively recovered in all testing.Contribution No. 89-276-J of the Kansas Agric. Exp. Stn., Manhattan.  相似文献   

13.
Summary Two highly variable enzyme systems of glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) were used to investigate the parentages of grape cultivars. Of 35 parent/offspring combinations that we investigated, 30 combinations gave alleles in the offspring which were presented in the reported parents, whereas 5 combinations gave alleles in the offspring which were not extractable from the reported parents. The Gpi-2 genotype of Hiro Hamburg and the Pgm-2 genotype of Pione indicated that Koshu Sanjaku and Cannon Hall Muscat may not have been the paternal parent respectively. The Gpi-2 genotype of New Niagara and the Gpi-2 and Pgm-2 genotypes of Beniyamabiko indicated that Niagara and a hybrid from DxK151 x Delaware may not have been the maternal parent respectively. The Gpi-2 genotype of Cannon Hall Muscat grown in Japan indicated that this cultivar may not have originated as a tetraploid sport of Muscat of Alexandria.  相似文献   

14.
Summary Interspecific hybrids were generated from crosses between 4 Zinnia angustifolia clones (maternal parents) and an inbred line of Z. elegans Orange King (paternal parent) to investigate the influence of Z. angustifolia genotype on morphology and flowering of hybrids. Leaf length, leaf width, flower diameter, number of ray petals, and days to flowering of interspecific hybrids were significantly influenced by Z. angustifolia clonal genotype. Genetic analysis of hybrid morphology and development was performed using 2 parental Z. angustifolia clones and 18 F1 (9 seedlings from each of 2 populations generated from reciprocal crosses between parental clones) as maternal parents in crosses with Z. elegans Orange King. Genotype of Z. angustifolia significantly affected plant height, fresh weight, number of nodes, and days to flowering of interspecific hybrids. Control of these traits was through the Z. angustifolia nuclear genome. Improvement in interspecific hybrid morphology or development, i.e., shorter stature, earlier flowering, or larger flowers, may be possible by selection of superior-performing Z. angustifolia clones as parents.  相似文献   

15.
Summary Inheritance of seedling reactions to cultures of races TLM and MBCT of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici was studied in crosses of the resistant durum Reichenbachii with susceptible Marruecos 9623 and DZ04-118. The Chi-square test for goodness of fit was used to analyze segregating populations. Two independent recessive genes appeared to control resistance of Reichenbachii to both TLM and MBCT. Depending upon the cross, the two genes interacted cumulatively to condition immunity or higher levels of resistance than either parent conditioned singly. There was no evidence of maternal influence on the inheritance of resistance. Resistance genes in Reichenbachii were recessive; therefore, breeders should consider the use of relatively large F2 populations to effectively transfer these genes to cultivars with good agronomic characteristics.  相似文献   

16.
明确不同硬度等位基因与加工品质的关系对小麦品质改良具有重要意义。本文以7个Puroindoline b位点近等基因系为材料,研究了不同硬度等位基因对小麦面粉及面包和馒头品质的影响。结果表明,Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a基因型的籽粒硬度值、蛋白质含量以及破损淀粉含量较高;而Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1d基因型的出粉率、面粉亮度较高,具有较好的磨粉品质。和面仪参数中的峰高、峰宽和8 min尾高均以Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a基因型数值最高,Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1d 基因型最低,且两者之间的差异均达到显著水平;Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a基因型的衰落角最小。Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1c和Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1d基因型具有较高馒头色泽和张弛性评分,较好的馒头制作品质;Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1e和Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1g基因型次之。Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1f基因型的面包总评分略优于其他基因型。  相似文献   

17.
Summary Embryo-sac formation in six cultivated Asian cassava clones and one unknown wild type, was histologically investigated to determine apomictic potential in the genus Manihot. All the 6 clones were found to possess one single sexual embryo-sac containing 6–8 nuclei at maturity. However, one clone, Rayong 3 possessed two functional embryo-sacs at 12 hours after controlled pollination (HACP). The larger embryo-sac was 6-nucleate (all 3 nuclei of the egg apparatus, 1 polar and 2 antipodal cells) and located towards the false micropylar or the nucellar beak region. The smaller embryo-sac also contained a total of 6 nuclei and approximately 10 m3 or 1/2 the volume of the former and located towards the chalazal pole. Percentage sexuality estimates indicated a 100% sexual reproduction in embryo-sacs of all the clones analysed. However, apomeiotic relationships indicate a low (0.3%) degree of meiotic diplosporous embryo-sac formation, thus suggesting facultative apomixis in cv. Rayong 3. This is the first embryological identification and evidence of apomeiosis and apomictic potential in cassava.Contribution from Plant Breeding Laboratory, Applied Genetics & Biotechnology Division, Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University, No. 91.  相似文献   

18.
Summary The genetic basis of the resistance to a pepper strain of potato virus Y (PVY pathotype 1–2) was investigated in two lines: Capsicum annuum Criollo de Morellos 334 and Capsicum chinense PI 159236. F1, backcrosses, and F2 populations were produced using C. annuum Magda as the susceptible parent. Segregation ratios indicated that the resistance in C. annuum Criollo de Morellos 334 is governed by a nuclear, single dominant gene with a very high but incomplete penetrance. On the other hand, the resistant response of C. chinense PI 159236 is associated with the presence of a major recessive gene with an apparently complete penetrance. The failure in recovering or detecting PVY from/in the inoculated leaves of both resistant genotypes is strongly suggestive that both genes are acting by preventing the multiplication of the virus in the leaf tissue. Both mechanisms of resistance closely resemble either an operational immunity or a single-cell hypersensitive reaction to PVY pathotype 1–2. The name Ry 1–2 is suggested for the resistance gene from Criollo de Morellos 334. The gene for resistance to PVY pathotype 1–2 identified in C. chinense PI 159236 may be the same designated et c1, which is mentioned to be allelic to the et av locus. The phenotypic expression of the et av gene was characterized in C. annuum Avelar as a tolerant but not immune or hypersensitive reaction against some potyviruses in Florida. These data suggest that a critical reexamination of the allelic relationships at the locus et should be performed.  相似文献   

19.
Summary Inheritance studies were conducted to determine the genetic basis of resistance in pepper against one Tospovirus isolate classified as tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). F1, backcrosses and F2 populations were developed using the resistant parent Capsicum chinense PI 159236 (CNPH 679) and the susceptible parent C. annuum Magda (CNPH 192). Segregation ratios strongly indicated that the resistant response (a localization, hypersensitive-like reaction) to TSWV fits a single-dominant gene model. Under our experimental conditions, the penetrance of this gene was very high. This gene (tentatively named Tsw) is highly effective only against TSWV isolates. The resistance governed by the Tsw gene was not effective against isolates belonging to tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV) and groundnut ring spot virus (GRSV), two other previously described Tospovirus species.  相似文献   

20.
Latif G. Samaan 《Euphytica》1982,31(1):167-173
Summary A serological comparison of pollen proteins from Clementine tangerine versus those of 5 other morphologically similar Citrus cultivars was made to measure the degree of genetic relationships with Clementine. Among the tested Citrus cultivars the most related to Clementine were Baladi mandarin and Baladi blood orange. whereas Sour orange and Satsuma mandarin were least related. These findings support previous observations based on morphological characteristics, that the possible seed parent to Clementine was Baladi mandarin. The serological evidence also indicates that Baladi blood orange could be the pollen parent.  相似文献   

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