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1.
Four heifers of an average live weight of 301 kg supplied with ileocaecal re-entrant cannulae received rations consisting of 4 kg hay (variants A und B), 1 kg coarse wheat meal, 0.4 kg molasses, 100 g urea and 30 g mixed minerals per animal and day. After a 14-day preliminary feeding period the ileum digesta was quantitatively collected at the re-entrant cannula over 24 h. 10% of the digesta were used for analysis, the remainder was heated to 37 degrees C and returned. Under consideration of the digesta passage through the colon the 24-hour collection of faeces was started after a 6-hour delay after the first replacement of digesta. Losses of nutrients were calculated from the values analysed from digesta and faeces. No differences could be ascertained between the two hay variants. On an average of the two rations the nutrient losses of the scaffold substances-equivalent to the digestibility in the colon-showed the following values: crude fibre = 10.6%, NDF = 10.4%, ADF = 11.9% and hemicellulose = 7.4%. The losses of the other nutrients, corresponding to their apparent digestibility, had the following values: crude protein = 12.1%, crude fat = 10.7%, N-free extracts = 18.9%, ash = 31.2%, dry matter = 17.5%. The water balance showed that 8.2 l water of the 23.4 l supplied with the ileum digesta were excreted in faeces.  相似文献   

2.
A digestion trial was performed with 14 lactating Friesian dairy cows to compare the estimated digestibility of crude nutrients after collecting the faeces for 5, 7 and 9 d. The experimental ration consisted of grass silage (7.3 kg DM) and concentrate (10.9 kg DM). Animals were adapted to the ration for 14 d. There was no effect of the duration of the collection period on the estimated mean digestibility of crude nutrients and on the respective standard deviation. In consequence, in digestibility trials with cows the collection period must not exceed 5 d.  相似文献   

3.
The apparent digestibility of a molassed, chaffed grass hay/straw mixture was determined using four mature horses (mean weight 606 kg). Animals were stalled individually and kept on rubber mats. A preliminary feeding period of 18 days was followed by a 10 day collection period. Chromium-mordanted hay was given before the first feed at 08.00 h and subsequent meals were at 12.00, 16.00 and 20.00 h. On Days 3 and 10 of the collection, all faeces were sampled over a 24 h period. In addition, throughout the 10 day collection, faecal material was sampled at 10.00 and 16.00 h. The mean (+/- se) chromium recovery was 96.5 per cent +/- 0.76 and the hay/straw mixture contained 7 MJDE/kg dry matter and 15.1 g DCP/kg dry matter. There was no significant difference between the methods used to estimate apparent digestibility although chromium measurements consistently underestimated whilst acid-insoluble ash consistently overestimated digestibility values. There was a large variation in faecal chromium concentration for each horse over a 24 h period compared to acid-insoluble ash concentrations and, consequently, indirect estimates of apparent digestibility of nutrients in the equine are prone to large errors if chromium is used as a marker. If total faecal collection is impractical, acid-insoluble ash is the preferred indirect marker for the estimation of apparent digestibility coefficients for nutrients in horses.  相似文献   

4.
Rations with energy parts of 50, 25 and 10% from barley, maize and potatoes were investigated comparatively by means of total metabolism experiments with oxen with a view to arriving at a more precise estimation equation of net energy fat for cattle. Parallel to the investigations with oxen the energy and nutrients digestibility of the rations in wethers was measured. The crude fibre content of the rations ranged from 166 to 271 g and the starch content from 69 to 330 g/kg DM. The daily starch intake of the oxen ranged from 575 to 2739 g on nutrition level (NL) 1.7 and from 365 to 1804 g on NL 1.1. The energy digestibility of the rations in oxen with energy parts of 50% barley, maize and potatoes was on average 73.5, 73.9 and 75.3%, of the rations with energy parts of 25% on average 72.2, 71.6 and 72.4% and of the rations with energy parts of 10% on average 68.8, 69.5 and 69.8%. The digestibility of energy and nutrients in cattle and sheep was in good agreement excepted crude protein and crude fat; these were digested 4-5%-units lower from cattle than from sheep. The increase of the nutrition level by one unit lowered the digestibility of rations with energy parts of 50 and 25% from concentrates in cattle about 3-6 units and of rations with energy parts of 10% from concentrates about one %-unit. Information about rumen physiological data is given comparatively between cattle and sheep.  相似文献   

5.
In experiments with colostomized broiler hens apparent digestibility of the crude nutrients of the ration after straw meal supplements of 20, 30 and 40 g per animal was determined. In addition, the 15N digestibility of straw meal and wheat was ascertained on the basis of straw meal supplements. The digestibility of the crude nutrients of the rations decreased significantly (P less than 0.05) after the straw meal supplement. The adaptation of the test animals to the straw meal intake resulted, at a daily consumption of 20 g straw meal, in an increase of the apparent crude fat digestibility (P less than 0.05) in dependence on the time of straw meal feeding, in which the original values without straw meal supplement were not reached. The digestibility of the 15N excess (15N') of the wheat was, at 86 +/- 1%, largely independent of the straw meal intake. The apparent digestibility of the straw-15N excess in broiler hens of 42 +/- 8 to 55 +/- 2% is surprisingly high.  相似文献   

6.
In addition to a basic ration (barley, dried green fodder, fishmeal) pigs (castrated males, 100 ... 130 kg live weight) received a supplement of raw potato starch, raw ensiled potatoes, cooked potato starch or steamed ensiled potatoes; nutrient and amino acid passage and digestibility (absorption) were measured in the small intestine, the upper large intestine and the total digestive tract with the help of simple cannulae at the distal ileum and the middle of the hind gut and the estimation of the HCl insoluble ash as an indicator. In addition, the amounts of bacteria in faeces were determined and the influence of raw and cooked potato starch on N retention was ascertained. When raw potato products were fed, distinctly higher amounts of dry matter, organic matter and starch pass the ileum, which get into the colon undigested, i.e. the digestibility of these substances is low at the end of the ileum (raw potato starch 24%, starch of raw ensiled potatoes 36%). Up to the middle of the colon there is intensive bacterial starch degradation so that in this place the difference between raw and thermically treated potatoes is only small. No matter what the previous treatment of the potatoes was, there is hardly any starch in faeces, i.e. it was nearly 100% digested up to the end of the digestive tract. The passage and digestibility resp. of ash and crude cellulose from the basic ration is not influenced by the supplement of raw or thermically treated potato products in the individual sections of the digestive tract. At the end of the ileum there are no differences between the apparent digestibility of the crude protein and absorption of amino acids of supplemented raw or cooked potato starch or steamed ensiled potatoes; after the use of raw ensiled potatoes they are, however, significantly more reduced than the comparison of analyses of faeces shows. In the large intestine the high amount of potato starch stimulates the metabolism and the reproduction of faecal bacteria as is shown by an increase by 20-30% in bacteria N excretion in faeces. Apparent crude protein digestibility and amino acid absorption are diminished by that. The increased N excretion in faeces after the supplement of raw potato starch to the basic ration is-in comparison with the supplement of heated starch-compensated by a commensurately lower N excretion in urine so that N retention practically remains uninfluenced by the supplement of variously treated potato starch.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)  相似文献   

7.
The aim of the present study was to compare digestibility and metabolic response in Icelandic and Standardbred horses fed two grass haylages harvested at different stages of maturity. Six horses of each breed were used in a 24‐day change‐over design. A total collection of faeces was made on days 15–17 and 22–24. Blood samples were collected on day 24 of each period and analysed for total plasma protein (TPP), plasma urea, non‐esterified fatty acids, cortisol and insulin concentration. There were no differences in digestibility coefficients of crude protein, neutral detergent fibre or energy between breeds but organic matter digestibility was higher in the Standardbred horses. On both haylages, the Icelandic horses gained weight whereas the Standardbred horses lost weight. The Icelandic horses had higher TPP, plasma insulin and lower plasma urea concentrations. Our results indicate that the Icelandic horse may be more prone to maintain positive energy balance in relation to the Standardbred horse, but there were no indication of a better digestive capacity in the Icelandic horses.  相似文献   

8.
In two digestibility experiments with 4 colostomized laying hybrids each, the influence of 12.5% (ration 1) and 25% soybean meal (ration 2) on the digestibility of the crude nutrients, the basic and sulphur-containing amino acids in the wheat rations was tested. In ration 1 the digestibility of the crude protein was 84.9%, of the crude fat 56.6% and that of the N-free extractives 87.4%; for ration 2 the values were 83.6%, 47.4% and 82.5%. The digestibility values for wheat acquired with the difference method for ration 1 were 85.7% for crude protein, 57.0% for crude fat and 89.8% for N-free extractives; energy concentration was 766 EFUhens. For wheat supplemented with 25% soybean meal the same digestibility value of the crude protein could be ascertained, the digestibility of the crude fat and the N-free extractives, however, was lower than for ration 1 so that an energy concentration lower by 3.9% was calculated. The possible causes of the influence of the different levels of lysine and thioamino acids on the digestibility of these amino acids of wheat are described.  相似文献   

9.
A digestibility experiment was carried out under conditions of reduced water supply (1/3 in comparison to the control group) and feed supply ad libitum or on maintenance level with 5 wethers of an average body weight of 43.2 kg. They were fed with alfalfa pellets with a Na supplement in the form of NaH2PO4. The water restriction increases the apparent digestibility of the nutrients (except crude fat), significantly so, however, only in the group fed ad libitum as a result of the lower digestibility in ad libitum feed intake. In the group with water restriction the absolute amount of digested nutrients is diminished, however, and in group Ib (feed supply on maintenance level) falls clearly below maintenance requirements. In a comparison of the values of apparent digestibility of the nutrients acquired by various methods (traditional method and indicator method - HCl insoluble remaining ash) the latter method is more susceptible to error. This method is, however, considerably easier in its execution. In comparison to ad libitum water supply the mean retention time of the feed increases due to restricted water supply. The decreased feed intake seems to have a bigger influence on the mean retention time of the marker than water restriction.  相似文献   

10.
The digestibility of the crude nutrients of 6 rations on the basis of oat, hay and wheat straw (in one case a straw-concentrate mixture as sole feed) was compared at a nutrition level of 1.0 and 1.3 resp. with adult geldings of the species "Noble Crossbreed", adult pony geldings and wethers The energy concentration of the rations varied between 424 and 585 EFUcattle/kg DM, the crude fibre content between 17 and 25% of the DM. In the studied field, a good agreement between horse and pony could be ascertained as to the digestibility of the organic matter and NFE. There are partly considerable differences between the apparent digestibility of crude protein and crude fibre. The differences in the digestibility of crude fibre between horse and sheep increase with a growing crude fibre content. The differences of the apparent digestibility between horse and pony on the one hand and sheep on the other were highly significant in all cases.  相似文献   

11.
Four 40 kg castrated male pigs fitted with simple 'T' cannulas in the terminal ileum were given diets of varying crude fibre content in a change-over experiment with two periods. The basal diet was composed of wheat and fishmeal supplemented with minerals and vitamins. To this was added varying levels of partially hydrolysed straw meal to give crude fibre contents ranging from 40 to 132 g/kg. After adaptation to the particular levels of straw meal, faeces and ileal digesta were collected during successive 24 h periods. Nutrient digestibility values were determined by the chromic oxide ratio method. The addition of treated straw meal to the diet had little or no influence on the DM content of digesta or faeces. The excretion of N in faeces increased with increasing fibre intake but there was no effect on urine N excretion. The overall apparent digestibility of N was reduced from 89 to 79% as crude fibre intake increased from 40 to 132 g/kg but ileal apparent digestibility of N remained constant at about 68%, suggesting that the effect was mediated through hindgut bacteria. Increased fibre intake caused increased net secretion of Na in the small intestine and reduced the apparent absorption of P in the large intestine.  相似文献   

12.
The apparent precaecal crude protein digestibility and amino acid absorption as well as the total digestibility of the nutrients organic matter, crude protein, crude fat and crude carbohydrates were determined of rations consisting of barley plus oilmeals of two rapeseed varieties of double quality (DQ) from Canada (Canola) and the GDR as well as of one variety of single quality (SQ) with 10 female pigs weighing between 120 and 140 kg with ileorectal anastomoses (IRA) and 4 intact (INT) female pigs weighing between 150 and 160 kg. The three rapeseed meals (RSM) were furthermore fed to IRA pigs as sole protein source together with protein-free feed. Based on the digestibilities of the crude nutrients determined with INT pigs and calculated with the difference method the energy content of RSM DQ "Canola", DQ GDR and SQ GDR could be calculated as 495, 633 and 500 EFUpig/kg DM (average: 543 EFUpig). The precaecal digestibility of the crude protein of the above mentioned RSM sorts determined with IRA pigs and calculated with the difference method amounts to 73, 76 and 75% resp. and is thus lower than the average absorption of all amino acids. The precaecal digestibilities of crude protein and essential amino acids for the mixtures calculated from the digestibility values of the individual feedstuffs barley and the above mentioned RSM largely agree with the experimentally determined digestibility values, i.e. there is additivity. On an average of the values known from literature for DQ RSM (including our own results), the precaecal digestibility of crude protein amounts to 70, of lysine to 74, of methionine to 82, of cystine to 82, of threonine to 69, of tryptophan to 72 and of isoleucine to 74%.  相似文献   

13.
N balance experiments were carried out with lambs of the ages of 8, 12 and 15 weeks fed with wheat rations with and without 2% urea supplement (N 1 and N 2) as well as with 3% urea and 20% straw (N 3) or with a soya bean meal supplement (N 4). There were no significant differences in the digestibility of the crude nutrients and in per cent of N retention between the individual ages. The straw supplement decreased the digestibility of organic matter, crude protein, crude fibre and NfE. The supplements of soya bean meal or urea increased the crude protein content in comparison to the wheat ration without supplements by 6% in the dry matter and resulted in N intakes 55 ... 60% higher and in 23 ... 38% higher N retention, which was, however, lower in relation to N intake. There were no significant differences with regard to N retention between N 2, N 3 and N 4. Consequently urea supplement to the feed mixture with 14% native crude protein resulted in increased N retention, which was not lower than with a soya bean meal supplement.  相似文献   

14.
Eight variants of recipes for mixtures of straw and concentrated feed with 10 to 60 per cent straw more or less finely ground (86 to 314 g crude fibre per kg dry matter) and fattening feed for lambs (50 g crude fibre per kg dry matter) were checked concerning the digestibility of crude nutrients for fullgrown wethers and 60 to 80-, 80 to 100-and 100 to 120-day-old lambs which had been ablactated at an age of 60 days. The digestibility for wethers was significantly higher than for lambs, between the age groups of which there were no significant differences concerning the digestibility. In accordance with the results with rations on the basis of concentrated feed as checked and described in the first piece of information, the content of crude fibres in the rations had a negative influence on the digestibility of organic matter, NFE and energy whereas there was a positive relation with the digestibility of crude fibres. The regression functions established for mixtures of straw and concentrated feed concerning the dependence of the digestibility on the content of crude fibres showed a relatively good coincidence in the range of a low content of crude fibres with the corresponding regression functions which were described in the first piece of information for rations of concentrated feed. The equations for the digestibility of crude fibres were an exception. In contrast to this, the quantitative relations between crude fibres and the digestibility as established in the first piece of information for rations with a low content of crude fibres cannot be transferred to rations with a higher content of crude fibres.  相似文献   

15.
Five groups of five colostomized laying hens each received 0 g, 15 g, 30 g, 45 g and 60 g peas of the variety Grapis per animal and day with Triticum rations. The apparent digestibility of the crude nutrients of the rations and the peas was determined, ascertained according to the difference method in dependence on their quotas in the rations. The digestibility of the N-free extracts of the peas increases by 3 digestion units each under the influence of the increasing intake of peas, so that the digestibility of the organic matter of the peas increases with the growing quota. On an average of the 20 individual values the following digestion values for the pea variety Grapis are indicated: organic matter 66.9%, crude protein 78.5%, crude fat 48.7%, N-free extracts 70.3%. Energy concentration amounts to 572 EFU-hen/kg dry matter.  相似文献   

16.
In 159 comparative studies with fully grown sheep and heifers of the digestibility and of rumen physiologic values at a variation of the feed ration in the crude fibre content between 112 and 318 g, in the crude protein content between 94 and 194 g and in the content of nitrogen free extractive between 484 and 641 g/kg DM is provided that the digestibility of energy in heifers was, on average, 4 digestibility units lower than in sheep. The corresponding values for the digestibility of crude protein and crude fibre are 12 and 3.5 digestibility units. Due to the lower methane energy excretion of the heifers the difference at the level of metabolizable energy is reduced to 1.5% of the gross energy. The level of the differences in digestibility is influenced by the development of the young cattle and the composition of the rations. In young cattle of the live weight range between 100 and 150 kg the digestibility of the energy is 6-8 units lower than in sheep. A higher crude fibre content in the ration diminishes the difference in the digestibility of energy and the nutrients between the two animal species.  相似文献   

17.
The apparent digestibility of hays plus two commercial mixed feeds containing about 14% and 11.8% crude fiber (CF), respectively as feeds was determined by means of two in vivo digestibility trials, each performed on 4 or 5 saddle horses weighing on average about 550 and 535 kg, respectively, over a 6 day feces total collection period with a previous 14 day adaptation period. The diets were based on a first cut meadow hay – whose digestibility was estimated in each trial – and different percentages of the mixed feeds at a feeding level close to maintenance. The two mixed feeds were rich respectively in a by-product from the citrus fruit industry (citrus pulp) and in a by-product from the apple fruit industry (apple pectin pulp). The forage to concentrate ratio was, respectively, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0 on a dry matter basis (Diets 1, 2 and 3) in the first trial and, 50:50 and 100:0 (Diets 4 and 5) in the second trial.

The apparent digestibility of the dry matter, organic matter, gross energy, and crude protein was measured by the ingesta/excreta procedure and using the most abundant n-alkanes (C27, C29, and C31) as internal markers for all the rations and the hays.

No differences were found among the digestibility coefficients obtained by the total collection method or using the different n-alkanes.

The use of n-alkanes for digestibility determinations in horses is neither precise nor accurate, but can be advised for free ranging animals, when the total collection of feces is impossible. Taking into account that the accuracy of this later method is comparable, we suggest selecting n-alkanes with a high concentration and the highest fecal recovery; C29 and C31 n-alkanes (the first in particular) resulted to be the best choice.  相似文献   


18.
Availability of nutrients is influenced by extremes of age, and a better characterization of this influence is necessary for appropriate development of foods and nutritional management throughout life stages of cats. This study investigated nutrient digestibility, mineral absorption, faeces and urine production in three groups of six young, mature and old cats fed two diets containing different energy densities. Apparent digestibility and mineral absorption were calculated by total collection method and values were tested with anova and regression analysis. A quadratic relationship was detected between age and digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, acid‐hydrolysed fat and starch in the low‐energy diet. Starch digestibility showed the same response in the high‐energy diet. Young adult cats had intermediate digestibility, mature cats the highest and old cats the lowest. Mineral absorption (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium and chloride) and urinary pH were not different among groups. These findings confirm previous studies that found low digestibility of nutrients in some old cats, and support evidence that this trend is even more important in less digestible dry foods. On the contrary, data suggest that mineral formulations do not need to be varied in diets for adult cats of different ages.  相似文献   

19.
Studies of the energy metabolism at maintenance and growth levels after the feeding of rations with a crude protein content of 17-24% and 44-47% resp. were carried out with hybrid pigs of line 150 in the live weight range between 10 and approximately 50 kg. This paper gives information on the methods and the outlay of the experiment and presents results concerning feed intake, live weight development and digestibility. Feed intake increased on average with growing live weight by 30-35 g DM/kg live weight. Feed conversion ranged from 1.2 to 1.8 kg DM/kg live weight gain in the first period and from 2.3 to 3.2 kg DM/kg live weight gain in the last period. The digestibility of the energy in the rations with a crude protein content of between 17 and 24% averaged 80% and that of the rations with a crude protein content of 44-47% averaged 86%. In the course of ontogenetic development the digestibility increased up to about 30 kg LW. The influence of the nutritional level on the level of digestibility was unequal in the experiments. In one experiment a decrease (1% unit) and in two experiments an increase (1-3% units) of the digestibility after the feeding of growth level in contrast to maintenance level could be observed. The change of rations with a varying protein content did not result in an influence on the digestibility level in comparison with the constant feeding of one ration.  相似文献   

20.
Microbiota play an important role in total tract nutrient digestion, especially when fibrous diets are fed to pigs. This study aimed to use metagenomics to predict faecal nutrient digestibility in grower-finisher pigs. The study design consisted of 160 three-way crossbreed grower-finisher pigs (80 female and 80 male) which were either fed a diet based on corn/soybean meal or a more fibrous diet based on wheat/barley/by-products. On the day before slaughter, faecal samples were collected and used to determine faecal digestibility of dry matter, ash, organic matter, crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre and non-starch polysaccharides. The faecal samples were also sequenced for the 16S hypervariable region of bacteria (V3/V4) to profile the faecal microbiome. With these data, we calculated the between-animal variation in faecal nutrient digestibility associated with variation in the faecal microbiome, that is the “microbiability”. The microbiability values were significantly greater than zero for dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fibre and non-starch polysaccharides, ranging from 0.58 to 0.93, as well as for crude fat with a value of 0.37, but not significantly different from zero for ash. Using leave-one-out cross-validation, we estimated the accuracy of predicting digestibility values of individual pigs based on their faecal microbiota composition. The accuracies of prediction for crude fat and ash digestibility were virtually 0, and for the other nutrients, the accuracies ranged from 0.42 to 0.63. In conclusion, the faecal microbiota composition gave high microbiability values for faecal digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fibre and non-starch polysaccharides. The accuracies of prediction are relatively low if the interest is in precisely predicting faecal nutrient digestibility of individual pigs, but are promising from the perspective of ranking animals in a genetic selection context.  相似文献   

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