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A mutant Drosophila insulin receptor homolog that extends life-span and impairs neuroendocrine function 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Tatar M Kopelman A Epstein D Tu MP Yin CM Garofalo RS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2001,292(5514):107-110
The Drosophila melanogaster gene insulin-like receptor (InR) is homologous to mammalian insulin receptors as well as to Caenorhabditis elegans daf-2, a signal transducer regulating worm dauer formation and adult longevity. We describe a heteroallelic, hypomorphic genotype of mutant InR, which yields dwarf females with up to an 85% extension of adult longevity and dwarf males with reduced late age-specific mortality. Treatment of the long-lived InR dwarfs with a juvenile hormone analog restores life expectancy toward that of wild-type controls. We conclude that juvenile hormone deficiency, which results from InR signal pathway mutation, is sufficient to extend life-span, and that in flies, insulin-like ligands nonautonomously mediate aging through retardation of growth or activation of specific endocrine tissue. 相似文献
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Extension of life-span by loss of CHICO, a Drosophila insulin receptor substrate protein 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Clancy DJ Gems D Harshman LG Oldham S Stocker H Hafen E Leevers SJ Partridge L 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2001,292(5514):104-106
The Drosophila melanogaster gene chico encodes an insulin receptor substrate that functions in an insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, insulin/IGF signaling regulates adult longevity. We found that mutation of chico extends fruit fly median life-span by up to 48% in homozygotes and 36% in heterozygotes. Extension of life-span was not a result of impaired oogenesis in chico females, nor was it consistently correlated with increased stress resistance. The dwarf phenotype of chico homozygotes was also unnecessary for extension of life-span. The role of insulin/IGF signaling in regulating animal aging is therefore evolutionarily conserved. 相似文献
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The insulin/IGF-1 (where IGF-1 is insulin-like growth factor-1) signaling pathway influences longevity, reproduction, and diapause in many organisms. Because of the fundamental importance of this system in animal physiology, we asked when during the animal's life it is required to regulate these different processes. We find that in Caenorhabditis elegans, the pathway acts during adulthood, to relatively advanced ages, to influence aging. In contrast, it regulates diapause during development. In addition, the pathway controls longevity and reproduction independently of one another. Together our findings show that life-span regulation can be dissociated temporally from phenotypes that might seem to decrease the quality of life. 相似文献
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An insulinlike signaling pathway controls Caenorhabditis elegans aging, metabolism, and development. Mutations in the daf-2 insulin receptor-like gene or the downstream age-1 phosphoinositide 3-kinase gene extend adult life-span by two- to threefold. To identify tissues where this pathway regulates aging and metabolism, we restored daf-2 pathway signaling to only neurons, muscle, or intestine. Insulinlike signaling in neurons alone was sufficient to specify wild-type life-span, but muscle or intestinal signaling was not. However, restoring daf-2 pathway signaling to muscle rescued metabolic defects, thus decoupling regulation of life-span and metabolism. These findings point to the nervous system as a central regulator of animal longevity. 相似文献
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Larval development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is controlled by the activities of four classes of chemosensory neurons. The choice between normal development and development into a specialized larval form called a dauer larva is regulated by competing environmental stimuli: food and a dauer pheromone. When the neuron classes ADF, ASG, ASI, and ASJ are killed, animals develop as dauer larvae regardless of environmental conditions. These neurons might sense food or dauer pheromone, or both, to initiate the specialized differentiation of many cell types that occurs during dauer formation. Entry into and exit from the dauer stage are primarily controlled by different chemosensory neurons. The analysis of mutants defective in dauer formation indicates that the chemosensory neurons are active in the absence of sensory inputs and that dauer pheromone inhibits the ability of these neurons to generate a signal necessary for normal development. 相似文献
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Requirement of NAD and SIR2 for life-span extension by calorie restriction in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Calorie restriction extends life-span in a wide variety of organisms. Although it has been suggested that calorie restriction may work by reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species produced during respiration, the mechanism by which this regimen slows aging is uncertain. Here, we mimicked calorie restriction in yeast by physiological or genetic means and showed a substantial extension in life-span. This extension was not observed in strains mutant for SIR2 (which encodes the silencing protein Sir2p) or NPT1 (a gene in a pathway in the synthesis of NAD, the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). These findings suggest that the increased longevity induced by calorie restriction requires the activation of Sir2p by NAD. 相似文献
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Restriction of the number of calories consumed extends longevity in many organisms. In rodents, caloric restriction decreases the levels of plasma glucose and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) and postpones or attenuates cancer, immunosenescence, and inflammation without irreversible side effects. In organisms ranging from yeast to mice, mutations in glucose or IGF-I-like signaling pathways extend life-span but also cause glycogen or fat accumulation and dwarfism. This information suggests a new category of drugs that could prevent or postpone diseases of aging with few adverse effects. 相似文献
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Caloric restriction has been shown to increase longevity in organisms ranging from yeast to mammals. In some organisms, this has been associated with a decreased fat mass and alterations in insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) pathways. To further explore these associations with enhanced longevity, we studied mice with a fat-specific insulin receptor knockout (FIRKO). These animals have reduced fat mass and are protected against age-related obesity and its subsequent metabolic abnormalities, although their food intake is normal. Both male and female FIRKO mice were found to have an increase in mean life-span of approximately 134 days (18%), with parallel increases in median and maximum life-spans. Thus, a reduction of fat mass without caloric restriction can be associated with increased longevity in mice, possibly through effects on insulin signaling. 相似文献
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【目的】细胞自噬和凋亡存在着相互制约,p38MAPK信号通路作为细胞凋亡的主要调控通路之一,也对细胞自噬存在促进和抑制的双重作用。已有研究表明,促性腺激素抑制激素(gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone , GnIH)对细胞自噬与凋亡均有影响,但作用机制尚不明确。故探究GnIH通过p38MAPK信号通路对猪卵巢颗粒细胞（pGCs）自噬与凋亡的影响及其机理,为解决母猪的产子率以及同期发情等问题提供参考。【方法】min、10 min、30 min、60 min、90 min)分组,用Western blot检测猪卵巢颗粒细胞p38与p-p38的蛋白表达量变化;2、验证GnIH对p38MAPK信号通路的影响：按（空白对照、GnIH、p38激活剂（U-46619）、U-46619+GnIH）分组,用Western blot检测p38与p-p38的蛋白表达量变化;3、探究不同浓度GnIH对自噬和凋亡的影响：按（空白对照、10 -6mol·L -1 GnIH、10 -8mol·L -1 GnIH、10 -10mol·L -1 GnIH、10 -12mol·L -1 GnIH）分组,用Western blot检测自噬与凋亡标志性蛋白的表达量变化;4、验证不同浓度GnIH通过p38信号通路对自噬和凋亡的影响：将细胞分成6组（空白对照、U-46619、U-46619+10 -6 mol·L -1 GnIH、U-46619+10 -8mol·L -1 GnIH、U-46619+10 -10mol·L -1 GnIH、U-46619+10 -12mol·L -1 GnIH）,用Western blot检测自噬与凋亡标志性蛋白的表达量变化。【结果】1. GnIH孵育10 min后,显著降低p38与p-p38的蛋白表达量（P<0.05）,提示,GnIH对p38MAPK信号通路的最佳作用时间为10 min;2. U-46619显著促进pGCs的p38磷酸化水平（P<0.05）,GnIH显著抑制pGCs的p38磷酸化水平（P<0.05）,提示,U-46619使p38MAPK信号通路活化,GnIH对p38MAPK信号通路的活化有抑制作用;3. 当 GnIH的浓度为10 -6 mol·L -1时,pGCs的自噬和凋亡水平显著升高（P<0.05）,随着GnIH浓度的降低,pGCs的自噬水平逐渐升高（P<0.05）,pGCs的凋亡水平逐渐降低（P<0.05）,提示,高浓度GnIH可以促进自噬和凋亡,随着GnIH浓度的降低,自噬水平逐渐升高,而凋亡水平逐渐下降;4. 加入U-46619后,GnIH使pGCs的自噬显著上调（P<0.05）,并且使pGCs的凋亡显著下调（P<0.05）,提示,不同浓度GnIH通过p38MAPK信号通路影响pGCs的自噬和凋亡。【结论】GnIH可能通过抑制p38MAPK信号通路的活化,上调pGCs的自噬,减少pGCs的凋亡。 相似文献
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The endocrine regulation of aging by insulin-like signals 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Reduced signaling of insulin-like peptides increases the life-span of nematodes, flies, and rodents. In the nematode and the fly, secondary hormones downstream of insulin-like signaling appear to regulate aging. In mammals, the order in which the hormones act is unresolved because insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, growth hormone, and thyroid hormones are interdependent. In all species examined to date, endocrine manipulations can slow aging without concurrent costs in reproduction, but with inevitable increases in stress resistance. Despite the similarities among mammals and invertebrates in insulin-like peptides and their signal cascade, more research is needed to determine whether these signals control aging in the same way in all the species by the same mechanism. 相似文献
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Phosphorylation of ULK1 (hATG1) by AMP-activated protein kinase connects energy sensing to mitophagy
Egan DF Shackelford DB Mihaylova MM Gelino S Kohnz RA Mair W Vasquez DS Joshi A Gwinn DM Taylor R Asara JM Fitzpatrick J Dillin A Viollet B Kundu M Hansen M Shaw RJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,331(6016):456-461
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a conserved sensor of intracellular energy activated in response to low nutrient availability and environmental stress. In a screen for conserved substrates of AMPK, we identified ULK1 and ULK2, mammalian orthologs of the yeast protein kinase Atg1, which is required for autophagy. Genetic analysis of AMPK or ULK1 in mammalian liver and Caenorhabditis elegans revealed a requirement for these kinases in autophagy. In mammals, loss of AMPK or ULK1 resulted in aberrant accumulation of the autophagy adaptor p62 and defective mitophagy. Reconstitution of ULK1-deficient cells with a mutant ULK1 that cannot be phosphorylated by AMPK revealed that such phosphorylation is required for mitochondrial homeostasis and cell survival during starvation. These findings uncover a conserved biochemical mechanism coupling nutrient status with autophagy and cell survival. 相似文献
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Lamming DW Latorre-Esteves M Medvedik O Wong SN Tsang FA Wang C Lin SJ Sinclair DA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,309(5742):1861-1864
Calorie restriction (CR) extends the life span of numerous species, from yeast to rodents. Yeast Sir2 is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase that has been proposed to mediate the effects of CR. However, this hypothesis has been challenged by the observation that CR can extend yeast life span in the absence of Sir2. Here, we show that Sir2-independent life-span extension is mediated by Hst2, a Sir2 homolog that promotes the stability of repetitive ribosomal DNA, the same mechanism by which Sir2 extends life span. These findings demonstrate that the maintenance of DNA stability is critical for yeast life-span extension by CR and suggest that, in higher organisms, multiple members of the Sir2 family may regulate life span in response to diet. 相似文献
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细胞自噬是真核生物在进化过程中高度保守的重要降解途径，通过将受损的蛋白或细胞器包裹到双层膜结构的自噬小泡后，进而转运至溶酶体(动物)或液泡(酵母和植物)中进行降解，最终完成细胞内容物的循环利用。随着自噬在动物和酵母中研究的不断深入，人们也越来越多地关注植物自噬，且相关研究正在从模式植物逐渐扩展到作物。为更好地了解自噬在作物产量、品质和抗逆性等方面的作用，本文综述了近年来作物自噬的研究进展，并对自噬在重要农艺性状形成过程中的调控机制进行了深入探讨，以期为进一步改良作物的农艺性状和提高农业生产效率等提供参考。 相似文献