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1.
Copper accumulation in the gill, liver, kidney, spleen, and muscle tissues of Oreochromis niloticus was determined after exposing the fish to 10, 50, and 100 μg Cu/L applied as copper sulphate (CuSO4) and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) after 1, 7, and 15 days. Changes in the liver SOD, CAT, and GPx activities influenced by this accumulation were also studied. No mortality was observed during the experiments. Copper levels increased in the gill, liver, kidney, and spleen tissues of O. niloticus compared to control when exposed to both CuSO4 and CuO NPs, whereas no accumulation was detected in muscle tissue at the end of the exposure period. Highest accumulation of copper was observed in the order of the liver, kidney, spleen, and gill tissues, respectively. SOD, CAT, and GPx activities increased in the liver tissue at the end of the exposure period. Overall, CuO NPs are more effective than CuSO4 in terms of tissue accumulation and liver enzyme activities.  相似文献   

2.
Edible muscle tissues of Solea solea, Mullus barbatus, and Sardina pilchardus marketed in Mersin were analyzed for their Cr (total), Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As (total), Cd, Sn, and Pb levels. Metal levels of the tissues were determined using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrophotometric (ICP-MS) methods. Muscle levels of Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Sn, and Pb were determined as 0.19–2.80, 0.08–3.88, 0.93–25.76, 0.03–0.63, 0.01–1.96, 1.28–45.95, 0.49–25.26, 0.14–4.03, and 0.02–1.37 mg kg?1 w.w., respectively. Cadmium levels were below detection limits in all the muscle samples taken. Mean metal levels of the tissues were compared with the provisional tolerable daily (PTDs) and weekly (PTWIs) intake limits. Mean metal levels taken by the consumption of analyzed tissues were below PTDs and PTWIs; hence, the fish species studied do not pose any risk for human consumption from the point of heavy metals.  相似文献   

3.
Two species of fish, omnivorous Catostomus commersoni (white suckers) and carnivorous Perca flavescens (yellow perch) were collected from three natural lakes with different pH ranges (circumneutral, pH 6.5 to 6.8; variable, pH 5.8 to 6.7; and acidic, pH 4.9 to 5.4). The lakes are located in the North Branch of the Big Moose River drainage system in the New York State Adirondack Park Preserve. Concentrations of potentially toxic elements (Al, Cd, Cu, Ph, and Se) were measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry in water, sediment and fish (bone, gill, kidney, liver and muscle) from each lake. The results showed that concentrations of Pb and Cd were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in some of the tissues of the fish collected from the acidic lake. Also, the yellow perch from the acidic take had significantly higher (P<0.05) Se concentrations in their muscle and livers than fish from the other lakes. The concentrations of Al were elevated in the gill tissues of both fish species from the acidic lake relative to fish from the other lakes. Possible mechanisms contributing to these differences in tissue concentration are discussed.  相似文献   

4.
Six gamma-emitting isotopes, Se-75, Hg-203, Cs-134, Fe-59, Zn-65 and Co-60, were introduced simultaneously in a single epilimnetic addition to an oligotrophic lake on the Precambrian Shield of northwestern Ontario, Canada. Accumulation of each isotope was monitored in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) for 274 days. Isotope accumulation in blood, gill, gut, liver, kidney, spleen, gonad, brain, muscle and gut contents of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) was monitored for 352 days. Fish accumulated only traces of Fe-59. Isotopes which occured in water primarily in the charcoal-extracted fraction (Se-75 and Zn-65) were most readily accumulated by fish. Fathead minnow accumulated higher concentrations of all isotopes than lake trout. In lake trout, the highest concentrations of isotopes were found in the following tissues: Se-75, liver; Hg-203 and Co-60, kidney; Cs-134, muscle; Zn-65, gut. Food seemed to be the primary source of all isotopes to fish. Ratios of isotope concentrations in fish to those in water were higher for both fathead minnow and lake trout than ratios reported from laboratory studies using aqueous exposures. Concentration ratios for Cs-134 in both fathead minnow and lake trout from oligotrophic Lake 224 were over an order of magnitude greater than published data for fish from eutrophic lakes.  相似文献   

5.
Total Hg levels were determined in 17 harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena collected in the North Sea and the Kattegat (muscle, liver and kidney), as well as in a sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus, a common dolphin Delphinus delphis and two bottle-nose dolphins Tursiops truncatus collected in Belgium. Juvenile porpoises (total body length less than 140 cm) were characterized by total Hg concentrations increasing with length (t.i. with age) with median values of 3.1 μg g?1 dw in muscle, 6.2 in liver and 5.7 in kidney, and liver to muscle resp. liver to kidney ratios varying between 1 and 2. In adults, liver concentrations were higher (up to 500 μg g?1 dw) with liver to muscle and to kidney ratios up to 20. Median McHg concentrations in 5 of the porpoises were 4.0 μg g?1 dw in muscle and 6.9 in liver. These values did not increase as strongly with length (t.i. with age, at least for juveniles) as total Hg did; as a consequence, the relative McHg levels decreased from 100% in juveniles to 2 or 3 % in the liver of adults. Such results seem to reflect the existence of a slow mineralization phenomenon and storage of inorganic Hg, mainly in the liver.  相似文献   

6.
The concentrations of Al in fish gills has been used as a measure of fish exposure to this metal in acidified waters. This experiment was designed to determine if other fish tissues also accumulate Al and thus possibly contribute to the cause of death. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were exposed to the following fours test conditions for 48 hr or until death: (1) pH 6.8, <0.001 mg.L?1 Al (n=6); (2) pH 5.2, <0.001 mg1L?1 Al (n=2);(3) pH 5.2,1.0 mg.L?1 Al (n=5); (4) pH 6.8, 1.0 mg.L?1 Al (n=3). The trout were held in synthetic, low Ca water prior to, and during, experimentation. Esophagus-stomach, gonad, gall bladder, gill (left and right), heart, intestine, kidney, liver, muscle (epaxial), and spleen were digested in a 4:1 mixture of HNO3:HClO4 and analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrophotometry. Elevated Al concentrations were found in gill and gastrointestinal tissues. Left and right gills of fish exposed to pH 5.2, 1.0 mg.L?1 Al were the only tissues found to be significantly different (p<0.01) between the test conditions. The mean total Al concentrations of these test 3 fish, for the left and right gill were 3.61 and 4.33 mg.g?1 Al dw. The Al concentration in thle gastrointestinal tissues of the fish exposed to pH 6.8 at 1.0 mg.L?1 Al was greater than that of the control fish, but not statistically significant. These results suggest that the analysis of whole gill remains an effective indicator of Al exposure in fishes at low pH.  相似文献   

7.
Residue depletion of tilmicosin in chicken tissues   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with detection at 290 nm was modified and validated for the determination of tilmicosin residues in broiler chicken tissues. The limits of detection (LOD) of the method were 0.01 microg/g for muscle and 0.025 microg/g for liver and kidney. Average recoveries ranged from 80.4 to 88.3%. Relative standard deviation values ranged from 5.2 to 12.1%. Residue depletion of tilmicosin in broiler chickens was examined after dosing over a 5-day period by incorporation of the drug into drinking water at 37.5 and 75.0 mg/L. Tilmicosin concentrations in liver and kidney were highest on day 3 of medication and on day 5 in muscle, in both low- and high-dose groups. The residue levels in both groups were significantly higher in liver than in kidney or muscle. A minimum withdrawal time of 9 days was indicated for residue levels in muscle, liver, and kidney tissues below the maximum residue level (MRL).  相似文献   

8.
The present study was conducted in a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block (RCB) design to compare the effects of a commercial inorganic Se source (sodium selenite, SS) with a commercial organic Se source (Se-enriched yeast, SY) on tissue Se distribution and blood and whole-egg Se concentrations in laying hens. Both Se sources were added into the basal diet at 0, 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg of Se. Seven hundred 68 week old Rohman laying hens were fed with a basal diet containing 0.15 mg/kg DM (dry matter) of Se for 2 weeks, and then, they were allocated randomly into seven groups and were investigated for 28 days. Each group was replicated five times with five cages of four hens per cage in each replicate. During the experiment, two eggs per replicate from each treatment were collected every 7 days and blood was sampled on days 0, 14, and 28 for whole-egg and whole-blood Se analyses. At the end of the experiment, two hens per replicate from each treatment were slaughtered, and muscle (cardiac and breast muscles), liver, spleen, and kidney were sampled for the determination of Se concentrations. The results showed that the addition of Se from either source caused a significant increase in whole-egg and whole-blood Se concentrations (p < 0.01) and Se concentrations in liver, kidney, spleen, and cardiac and breast muscles (p < 0.05) of hens in comparison to the control. Both Se sources and Se levels significantly influenced (p < 0.01) Se concentrations in egg, blood, and the above-mentioned tissues. There was a more significant increase in the Se concentrations in egg (p < 0.01), spleen (p < 0.05), and breast muscle (p < 0.01) and a decrease (p < 0.01) in whole-blood and kidney from hens fed SY than those from hens fed SS. The order of Se distribution was liver > kidney > spleen > cardiac muscle > egg > blood > breast muscle, irrespective of the addition level or source. It was concluded that meat and eggs from hens fed commercial SY are a potential source of Se for humans.  相似文献   

9.
It is well documented that marine oysters are net bioaccumulators of trace metals and they can be employed as biomonitors of time-integrated measurements of bioavailable metal fractions over their lifetime. In this study, the Malaysian mangrove flat tree oyster Isognomon alatus collected from the estuaries of Lukut River (five sites), Sepang Besar River (one site), and one metal-polluted site at Kg. Pasir Puteh were dissected into muscle, mantle plus gills, byssus, and remaining soft tissues. All the four different soft tissues were analyzed for Fe, Cu, and Ni. Significant spatial differences in the accumulated metal concentrations of the oysters were found between sampling sites, and these could be attributed to anthropogenic inputs including discharges of shrimp ponds (Lukut), animal husbandry (Sepang Besar), sewage, shipping, and industrial effluents (Kg. Pasir Puteh). For Fe, the tissue distribution followed: byssus > mantle plus gill >muscle > remaining soft tissues, while for Cu and Ni, both followed byssus > remaining soft tissues > mantle plus gill > muscle. This indicated that byssus could act as an excretion route for the metals. Based on a correlation analysis between oyster tissues and sediments, selected tissues of I. alatus were shown to be good biomonitors of Ni and Cu contamination, while high regulative capacity of Fe in the oyster tissues could hardly reflect the actual Fe levels in the surroundings. However, the clustering patterns based on metal levels in the four different soft tissues were not in agreement with those based on the geochemical fractions of sediment data. This phenomenon which was due to the metal contamination might not necessarily create high bioavailabilities of metals to the biomonitor I. alatus, which might involve differences in uptake, excretion, and sequestration of metals. Similarly to the Mussel Watch approach, this study points to the very potential use of the different soft tissues of I. alatus as biomonitors for regular biomonitoring in the mangrove area of Peninsular Malaysia.  相似文献   

10.
胰岛素样生长因子(insulin-like growth factors,IGFs)在鱼类的生长、发育过程中起重要作用.本研究克隆了荷那龙罗非鱼(Oreochromis hornorum)两种胰岛素样生长因子(IGF)基因,并采用半定量RT-PCR方法检测了两种基因在不同组织中的表达情况.以荷那龙罗非鱼肝脏总RNA为模板,RT-PCR结合3'RACE与5'RACE法扩增IGF- Ⅰ与IGF-Ⅱ的cDNA.扩增片段插入pMD-T载体并测序.序列分析表明:IGF- Ⅰ总长1305 bp;IGF-Ⅱ总长1 091 bp.其推测氨基酸序列都具有胰岛素样生长因子基因的典型特征结构,分别包括信号肽和B、C、A、D、E5个区域,并具有6个保守的半胱氨酸,但它们之间推测氨基酸全序列的同源性较低,为26％.正常生理条件下,两种IGF在所有被检测组织中均有表达.IGF- Ⅰ在肝脏、肌肉和性腺中表达量较高,在肾脏中表达量最低;IGF-Ⅱ在肾、胃、肠、脾、垂体中表达量较高,在肌肉中表达量最低.在所有被检测组织中,IGF-Ⅱ的表达量均高于IGF-Ⅰ的表达量,但二者的表达量只有在肠、脾、胃、肾和垂体中具有显著性差异(P＜0.05).雌雄个体中除脾、胃、肾、垂体外,IGF- Ⅰ在雌性中的其它组织表达均低于雄性,其中雄性个体中肌肉组织IGF- Ⅰ的表达水平显著高于雌性个体(P＜0.05); IGFⅡ在雌雄个体相同组织间的表达水平比较差异均不显著.本研究有助于进一步了解荷那龙罗非鱼的生长调节机制和更好地理解鱼类IGFs的生理功能.  相似文献   

11.
Effects of three sublethal levels (19.2, 32 and 51.2 mg L?1) of Ni on carbohydrate metabolism, hematology and mineral contents of Tilapia nilotica at 6 time intervals from 6 to 96 hr have been evaluated. Prominent dose-dependent hyperlacticemia and hyperglycemia were showed at the three Ni levels. Liver glycogen showed a general decrease at all Ni levels and muscle glycogen showed a decrease only at the two higher levels of Ni. High Levels of Ni elevated red blood cell count, hemoglobin content and packed cell volume and caused leucopenia and lymphopenia. The presence of Ni resulted in its accumulation in the blood, kidney, liver and muscle. Nickel accumulated to the greatest extent in the kidney. It had no statistical influence on the blood Cu content but considerably increased the Zn content of blood and Fe content of all the tissues investigated.  相似文献   

12.
Striped bass (Morone saxatilis) collected from the Annapolis and Shubenacadie Rivers in Nova Scotia, Canada, were analyzed for Hg in four tissues and for PCB's in two tissues. Average Hg concentrations in the muscle, liver, kidney, and gonad of 3.9 kg fish from Annapolis River were 0.77, 0.79, 0.26, and 0.07 μg g?1, respectively, and the corresponding values for the much smaller, 1.5 kg, fish from the Shubenacadie River were 0.51, 0.27, 0.24, and 0.06 μg g?1. The PCB concentrations in the muscle tissues of fish from Annapolis and Shubenacadie Rivers are 0.02 and 0.01 μg g?1, respectively, while the concentrations in gonads are 1.4 and 0.04 μg g?1 The observed lack of recruitment of striped bass in the Annapolis River may be related to high PCB concentrations in the gonad tissue.  相似文献   

13.
The relationships between the Ni concentrations of the mudflat snails Telescopium telescopium and the surface sediments have not been reported yet from tropical intertidal areas. In this study, telescope snails and surface sediments were collected from 18 geographical sampling sites in intertidal areas of Peninsular Malaysia. The concentrations of Ni were measured in seven different soft tissues of the snails namely foot, cephalic tentacles, mantle, muscle, gill, digestive cecum, and remaining soft tissues. It was found that different concentrations of Ni were found in the different soft tissues, indicating different mechanisms of sequestration and regulation of Ni in these different tissues. By comparing the Ni concentrations in the similar tissues, spatial variations of Ni were found in the different sampling sites although there was no consistent pattern of Ni in these sites. The highest Ni variation based on the ratio of maximum to minimum values indicated that cephalic tentacle and foot were the main organs having high Ni variation. The use of correlation analysis and multiple linear stepwise regression analysis revealed that digestive cecum of T. telescopium could be used to reflect the Ni contamination of the sampling site. Also, the digestive cecum and gill were found to be the main bioaccumulation and storage sites for Ni. From the Ni accumulation patterns in all the populations investigated, tissue redistributions of Ni in gill was identified and could be proposed as an indicator of high Ni bioavailability and contamination in the sampling site. To our knowledge, this is the first and most comprehensive study on Ni accumulation in the different soft tissues of T. telescopium from tropical intertidal areas, in relation to the sediment data.  相似文献   

14.
本文通过运用Real-time PCR技术,检测肌细胞生成素基因Myf4和生肌调节因子Myf6在出生后的第30天、第210天、第360天（出生到体成熟）的五指山猪肌肉组织中的表达变化,以及Myf4、Myf6在体成熟五指山猪肌肉、心、肝、脾、肺、肾、胃、小肠组织中mRNA相对表达情况。结果表明：Myf4及Myf6基因在五指山猪出生后在肌肉组织中的mRNA表达水平随着五指山猪的生长年龄生长而显著增长（p〈0.05）;Myf4及Myf6基因在成年五指山猪以上8种组织中均有表达,其中在肌肉组织中相对表达量最高。本研究结果将为五指山猪肌肉生长发育及矮小性状形成机理提供参考。  相似文献   

15.
A liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the measurement of chloramphenicol (CAP) in muscle, liver, and kidney. The mean recovery levels were 82.6, 75.3, and 79.2% in muscle, liver, and kidney, respectively. The method was repeatable and reproducible for CAP measurement in muscle, with a detection limit of 1 microgram/kg. Investigation of CAP stability in muscle, liver, and kidney showed that CAP stability in muscle was good at -20 degrees C; for spiked liver and kidney, degradation of CAP was observed, and the use of piperonyl butoxide (PB) for metabolism inhibition was recommended for recovery and linearity studies. However, PB was unnecessary for preservation of treated animal tissues if samples were cut into cubes and cooled at -20 degrees C, just after slaughter, pending analysis. With these limitations, CAP can be measured in liver and kidney.  相似文献   

16.
The presence of illicit drugs and their metabolites in surface waters has to be considered a new type of hazard, still unknown, for the aquatic ecosystem, due to the potent pharmacological activities of all the illicit drugs. Our research was therefore aimed at evaluating the impact of illicit drugs on the aquatic fauna, till now still undervalued. To this aim, we verified the ability of the European eel (Anguilla anguilla), a well-known biomonitor of environmental contamination, to bioaccumulate cocaine, one of the most abundant illicit drugs found in surface waters. Silver eels were exposed to a nominal cocaine concentration of 20?ng/l for 1?month; at the same time, control, carrier, and post-exposure recovery groups were made. Brains, gills, liver, kidney, muscle, gonads, spleen, digestive tract, and sections of dorsal skin were assayed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Cocaine was found in the tissues of the treated eels and, at low concentrations, in almost all tissues of post-exposure recovery eels. These results indicate that cocaine is able to accumulate into the eel tissues; its presence suggests potential risks for eels since cocaine could affect their physiology and contribute to their decline, and for humans consuming contaminated fish.  相似文献   

17.
黄颡鱼抗菌肽hepcidin基因的克隆和表达分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
用RT-PCR方法,从黄颡鱼（Pelteobagrus fulvidraco）肝脏中克隆获得了hepcidin cDNA序列,并对其进行序列测定,在此基础上分析了hepcidin基因在不同组织中的表达差异和不同细菌感染后对其表达的影响。结果表明,黄颡鱼hepcidin的cDNA片段（GenBank登陆号EU257703）长为282bp,编码93个氨基酸,由信号肽(23个氨基酸)、前肽（45个氨基酸）和成熟肽（25个氨基酸）组成,成熟肽含有8个保守的半胱氨酸（cys）残基,可形成4个链内二硫键。与已报道的其他鲶形目鱼类hepcidin核苷酸序列的同源性为80-82%,推导的氨基酸序列的同源性为69-71%。RT-PCR半定量分析显示黄颡鱼hepcidin基因在不同组织中普遍表达,其中肝脏表达水平最高,头肾、肠道、肌肉、脑、胃、鳃、心脏、卵巢表达次之,皮肤、脾脏、肾脏表达较低。感染嗜水单胞菌和腊样芽孢杆菌的黄颡鱼,肝脏hepcidin mRNA水平显著升高。  相似文献   

18.
Exposure of fish fingerlings (Cirrhina mrigala) and yearlings (Puntius sophore) to a concentration of 0.005 mg L?1 of linear alkyl benzene sulphonate for 24, 48, and 96 hr caused alterations in glycogen, lactic acid and sialic acid content in gill, liver, muscles and kidney. Significant decreases in the level of glycogen and elevation in the level of lactic acid demonstrated impairment of carbohydrate metabolism. Decrease in the sialic acid content suggested functional changes in membranes in toxicity.  相似文献   

19.
The accumulation of Ag by the marine herbivorous gastropod, Littorina littorea, has been studied in a series of exposures in which the metal was added in aqueous form and as nanoparticles, both in the presence and absence of contaminated algal food (Ulva lactuca). Significant accumulation occurred in the gill, kidney, stomach and visceral mass when the snail was exposed to aqueous Ag in the absence of food. Despite the consumption of U. lactuca that had been previously contaminated by Ag, no accumulation was observed from the dietary route. When added as nanoparticles, accumulation of Ag was only measured in the head and gill and only in the absence of contaminated food. These observations suggest that Ag is most bioavailable to L. littorina when in true solution and that Ag measured in external tissues of the snail following exposure to nanoparticles arises from some physical association that does not result in significant transfer of the metal to internal organs.  相似文献   

20.
A simple and rapid procedure for measuring total mercury in fishtissues is evaluated and compared with conventional techniques.Using an automated instrument incorporating combustion, preconcentration by amalgamation with gold, and atomic absorptionspectrometry (AAS), milligram quantities of wet fish tissue wereanalyzed directly for mercury (i.e., without acid digestion). Seven tissue types (skeletal muscle, liver, blood, gonad, brain, gill, and heart) from five species (340 fish) were analyzed. Because of the small quantities of tissue needed for analysis, wedocument the homogeneity of mercury within the tissues and determine a preferred sampling technique and location for skeletal muscle. The precision was found to be generally > 10% (rsd), and the accuracy was determined by using certified reference materials (dogfish muscle, dogfish liver, and oystertissue). Comparisons to conventional cold-vapor AAS (CV-AAS) andisotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry found that the methods give statistically equivalent (p > 0.05) results. Because the combustion-AAS method is faster than conventional CV-AAS and produces no waste reagents, it should be particularly useful for laboratories that analyze large numbers of fish for mercury. The method detection limit for fish-muscle homogenate was estimated at 0.9 ng g-1.  相似文献   

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