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1.
The aim of this article is to present the problem of purification of 50-year-old weathered wastes (soil) from waste pits—the result of oil drilling. The soil was deeply contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons—total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) level: 85,654–101,842 mg kg dry mass. This work presents results of waste pit material purification with the use of stage technology: initial reclamation, basic bioremediation, and bioaugmentation (inoculation with indigenous microorganisms). The whole process was controlled with the use of gas chromatography/flame ionization detector. This analytical method enables observation of alternation in n-alkanes content during the consecutive stages of purification. According to this method, estimation of oil hydrocarbon biodegradation degree with the use of n-C17/Pr and n-C18/F indicators can be done. The use of biomarker C30-17α(H)21β(H)-hopane to normalize the TPH concentration in laboratory research enabled the creation of the first-order mathematical model of biodegradation. It is possible to recognize the dynamics of the following purification stages due to the calculated first-order biodegradation constants. Decrease in the TPH content (63.8–65.1%) was a result of laboratory tests led in 130 days of basic bioremediation. The next stage of soil purification (130 days) included inoculation with biopreparation based on indigenous microorganisms—TPH decrease in 80.7–81.7%. Laboratory tests results enabled elaboration of purification methods applied in tested waste pits in industrial conditions (in situ). The technology of the G-44 and G-12 waste pits purification from huge petroleum hydrocarbons content, consisting of stage purification process, enables the TPH decrease to the satisfactory level in 3 years. 相似文献
2.
微生物主导的硝化作用是生态系统中氮素循环的关键过程,其不仅与酸雨、温室气体、水体富营养化等环境问题的发生有关,还作用于土壤中氮素营养的转化,与人类生产生活密切相关。土壤生态系统中进行硝化作用的微生物包括细菌、古细菌、真菌等。这些微生物根据自身能量代谢类型的不同,利用不同的生物酶进行着不同机制的硝化作用。本文综述了目前已报道的生态系统中进行自养(经典自养硝化和全程氨氧化)和异养硝化作用的微生物类群、硝化作用关键酶及其编码基因类型、其在生态系统中多样的分布特征,以及其前沿的分子生态学研究方法。同时对不同类型硝化微生物类群今后的研究热点提出了展望,以期为系统地研究土壤生态系统中硝化微生物提供参考。 相似文献
3.
Percentage germination, plant height, leaf area, relative dry matter yield, plant nutrient concentration, soil chemical characteristics and source/sink relationship were assessed for maize (Zea mays L TZ-SR-Y) planted in a soil polluted with 3% (v/w) crude oil or 0% (untreated soil), after remediation of soil with different organic (Poultry manure, peptone water, sawdust and yeast extract) and inorganic (NPK, KNO3, NH4H2PO4 and (NH4)2SO4) nutrient supplements applied 7 days after oil treatment. Germination of maize in oil polluted soil was not significantly affected by nutrient supplementation (P=0.05). Maize performance in terms of other studied parameters was highest in the oil polluted soil supplemented with poultry manure, and least in oil polluted soil supplemented with sawdust. Oil treatment correlated significantly with organic C, N, Na, Mg and ferrous in the soil (P=0.05) and with nutrient composition in maize plant tissues (P=0.05). For nutrient uptake, significant correlation was only established between soil N and plant N. Population of petroleum hydrocarbon tolerant microbes increased initially but decreased with time. There is every indication that nutrient supplementation of oil polluted soil especially with organic nutrient sources is beneficial for maize growth, because the C/N ratio is narrowed while the rate of biodegradation of oil and soil recovery is also enhanced. Poultry manure is recommended, however sawdust is not recommended since it tends to impose adverse effect by widening the C/N ratio in soil. 相似文献
4.
Biodegradation of crude oil is often dependent on the population sizes and metabolic activity of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms in addition to nutrient supply. Fertilization with N and P and bioaugmentation of oil-contaminated soil with hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms may serve to enhance oil biodegradation rates. Glasshouse experiments were conducted to determine the impacts of fertilization and commercial bioremediation products on crude oil biodegradation and on changes in nutrient concentrations and populations of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms in salt marsh mesocosms growing Spartina alterniflora. Experiments were conducted under continuously-flooded and alternately-flooded/drained conditions with and without N and P fertilization. MaxBac, a slow-release fertilizer, was applied at a rate of 100 kg N ha-1 and 20 kg P ha-1, while additional P was applied at 20 kg P ha-1. Commercial products failed to enhance total oil or total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) degradation under either continuously or alternately-flooded conditions. An average of 62% of TPH was degraded by 33 d under continuously-flooded conditions, while 59% was degraded by 41 d after oil application under alternately-flooded conditions. Products generally did not increase population sizes of heterotrophs orhydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms. Concentrations of NH4 + and P decreased during experimentation, and fertilization with N and P stimulated total oil and TPH degradation under continuously-flooded, but not under alternately-flooded conditions. 相似文献
5.
Nutrient Cycling and Retention Along a Littoral Gradient in a Dutch Shallow Lake in Relation to Water Level Regime 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Littoral zones are characterized by gradients in depth and vegetation biomass, influencing nutrient retention capacity. A field experiment was conducted in a Phragmites australis dominated littoral zone to investigate nutrient retention and its effect on surface water quality. Measurements were done in mesocosms where water levels could be manipulated. Nutrient status was investigated along a gradient perpendicular to the shore during two growing seasons, one with a stable water level and one with a gradually decreasing water level. Nutrient concentrations in sediment, soil pore water and surface water were significantly lower in the vegetated than in the unvegetated zone. The negative correlations of nutrients in sediment and water, with nutrient contents of the vegetation suggest a direct effect of the vegetation. Nutrient uptake and biomass of the vegetation was higher in continuously flooded soils than in seasonally emerging sediments higher along the littoral gradient, probably due to the increased salinity in drained zones. Denitrification rate was highest in the unvegetated zone and was positively related to water level. Flooded littoral zones did result in a higher nutrient retention than drained zones. On small scale, for an optimal nutrient retention a fluctuating regime is not necessarily better suited than a stable water level, but on a larger scale it can substantially increase the width of the vegetated zone. It is important to optimize conditions for helophyte growth since the positive effect of vegetation on nutrient retention, at least at local scale, has been demonstrated in this study. 相似文献
6.
以大棚黄瓜根区土壤为研究对象,测定了不同施肥方式下温室黄瓜地土壤微生物3大类群和主要功能群组成及土壤微生物量碳(microbial biomass carbon,MBC),研究了温室中不同施肥方式对黄瓜根区土壤微生物组成及土壤MBC(土壤微生物生物量碳)的影响,探讨了微生物发酵有机肥对土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌数量由高到低的顺序依次为:发酵肥>发酵肥+50%化肥>常规施肥>普通有机肥>CK;土壤微生物综合指标Shannon-Wiener指数以生物发酵肥最高;氨化细菌、固氮菌及纤维素分解菌数量以生物发酵肥最高,硝化细菌数量以发酵肥+50%化肥处理最高;生物发酵肥和发酵肥+50%化肥两处理的MBC均显著高于常规施肥。施用微生物发酵有机肥可显著增加土壤微生物数量及微生物的群落多样性,并有助于提高土壤综合肥力。 相似文献
7.
Nitrification was much slower in five strongly acid (pH 4.0–4.3) soils from tea plantations in Sri Lanka than in a near-neutral grassland soil from the U.K., suggesting that the nitrifiers in these tea soils are close to the lower limit of their pH range. Nitrapyrin effectively inhibited nitrification in all the soils: dicyandiamide was less effective. Low concentrations of KC1 slowed nitrification in the acid tea soils but not in the near-neutral grassland soil. The concentrations of KC1 used (up to 20 mM) were sufficient to cause measurable decreases in soil pH in both acid and neutral soils. It is proposed that this salt-induced decrease in pH is detrimental to nitrifying organisms operating at the limit of their pH range but not to nitrifiers nearer their pH optimum. 相似文献
8.
Media selective for the isolation of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi were amended with 0.1% sunflower oil emulsified with 0.01% Tween 80. Lipase-producing microorganisms produced clear zones on these media. When lipase-producing bacteria were cultured on a polycarbonate membrane laid on the selective medium for bacteria, clear zones were produced on the medium when the membrane along with bacteria was removed. The agar disc cut from the clear zone also produced a clear zone when placed on the fresh medium, indicating that clear zone formation is the result of the activity of extracellular lipases. The largest population of lipase-producing microorganisms in an agricultural soil was actinomycetes followed by bacteria and fungi. Ranging from 12 to 75% of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi isolates from soils collected from three different locations were capable of producing lipases. In general, relatively small percentages of soil bacteria were lipase producers, and lipase producers were more common among soil actinomycetes and fungi. These three groups of microorganisms appear to be all important in decomposition of oils in organic matters in soils. 相似文献
9.
Ricardo Aparecido Bento Orivaldo José Saggin-Júnior Rosa Maria Pitard Rosangela Straliotto Eliane Maria Ribeiro da Silva Sílvio Roberto de Lucena Tavares Frederico Henrique Teixeira Gerken de Landa Luiz Fernando Martins Antonia Garcia Torres Volpon 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(9):5659-5671
Leguminous trees have a potential for phytoremediation of oil-contaminated areas for its symbiotic association with nitrogen-fixing bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). This study selects leguminous tree associated with symbiotic microorganisms that have the potential to remediate petroleum-contaminated soil. Seven species of trees were tested: Acacia angustissima, Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia holosericea, Acacia mangium, Mimosa artemisiana, Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, and Samanea saman. They were inoculated with AMF mix and nitrogen-fixing bacteria mix and cultivated over five oil levels in soils, with five replicates. The decreasing of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) values occurred especially with S. saman and its symbiotic microorganisms on highest oil soil contamination. Despite the large growth of A. angustissima and M. caesalpiniifolia on the highest level of oil, these species and its inoculated microorganisms did not reduce the soil TPH. Both plants were hydrocarbon tolerant but not able to remediate the polluted soil. In contrast were significative hydrocarbon decrease with M. artemisiana under high oil concentrations, but plant growth was severely affected. Results suggest that the ability of the plants to decrease the soil concentration of TPH is not directly related to its growth and adaptation to conditions of contamination, but the success of the association between plants and its symbionts that seem to play a critical role on remediation efficiency. 相似文献
10.
Tuna Aslı Özge Avcı Özdemir Ercan Simsek Esra Bilgin Beker Ulker 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2013,224(9):1-15
Rhizoremediation is a complex type of green clean-up technology that involves both plants and the rhizosphere-associated microorganisms to decompose hazardous compounds. The success of the strategy strongly depends on plant tolerance towards the pollutant, as well as plant's interactions with the rhizospheric microbes. The microorganisms may be stimulated by the secreted root exudates, which results in an increased breakdown of contaminants in the rhizosphere. The main goal of this study was to establish a potential rhizoremediation combination for a diesel-polluted site. Inoculation of plant roots or seeds with indigenous rhizospheric populations is a common approach in the rhizoremediation. However, we introduced hydrocarbon-degrading consortia (M10, R3, and K52) that were previously isolated from crude oil-contaminated soil instead of indigenous microbes. Bioaugmentation with these petroleum degraders was applied to screen four high biomass crop species (Indian mustard, alfalfa, high erucic acid rapeseed, HEAR, and low erucic acid rapeseed, LEAR) for their tolerance towards diesel oil. At no pollution, a promoting effect of M10 bacteria could be observed on germination and root elongation of all plant species. Moreover, M10 consortiums increased the germination index at 6,000 mg diesel oil per kilogram dry soil in the case of Indian mustard, alfalfa, and HEAR. The latter species was found to increment its dry weight upon bioaugmentation with M10 bacteria and all diesel oil treatments (6,000 and 24,000 mg diesel oil per kilogram dry soil). The initial results indicate HEAR and the M10 bacterial consortium as a promising plant–microbe tandem for a long-term rhizoremediation process.
相似文献11.
12.
Farhad Nadim Shili Liu George E. Hoag Jianping Chen Robert J. Carley Peter Zack 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2002,134(1-4):97-109
Laboratory studies were conducted to compare the infrared spectrophotometry (TPH-IR) and gas chromatography (TPH-GC) measurements of total petroleum hydrocarbon in soil samples.Real world soil samples containing #2 to #6 fuel oils, mechanical lubricating oil, diesel fuel, kerosene, jet fuel andweathered gasoline were extracted with trichlorotrifluoroethane(Freon-113) and methylene chloride. The extractants were analyzed using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and infrared spectroscopy (TPH-IR) methods.A paired statistical t-test was applied to compare the average of paired differences in the analytical results. Statistical tests were evaluated with graphical presentation of the results. In general, a trend was observed in the measured concentrations.Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentrations measured withTPH-IR had the highest readings. The same samples extracted withmethylene chloride and analyzed with GC-FID showed lower concentrations than the TPH-IR method while the GC-FID analysisof the same samples extracted with Freon-113 produced the lowestconcentrations. Laboratory experiments indicated that TPH concentrations measured with the TPH-IR method were higher thanthe actual quantities of petroleum hydrocarbon in the soil samples. 相似文献
13.
Hiroshi Sakai 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(2):81-82
Silica gel plate method has been considered for a long time most useful for the isolation of nitrifying organisms. However, even this method is not always good and sure. In most cases workers must try experiments many times to gain a pure culture by chance, even though the possibility of success by this method is somewhat higher than by other method such as dilution method in liquid media. The reason for this difficulty of their isolation seems to lie in the fact that in ordinary soils, the number of general soil microbes is much larger than that of nitrifying organisms and within the lower degree of dilution, the contamination of their colonies by other microbes is liable to take place. 相似文献
14.
M. S. Rozanova O. I. Mylnikova O. I. Klein O. I. Filippova V. A. Kholodov E. L. Listov N. A. Kulikova 《Eurasian Soil Science》2018,51(9):1111-1117
Two humic preparations of different origins have been compared as washing agents for oil-contaminated soils and peat under model experimental conditions using a sample from the plow horizon of soddypodzolic soil artificially contaminated with oil or diesel fuel and a sample of high-moor peat contaminated with crude oil because of a spill occurred 15 years ago. Soil and peat were washed by shaking with solutions of the humic preparations Gumat Sakhalinskii and Lignogumat in a 1: 10 (m/v) ratio. Control samples were washed with distilled water. Washing with a synthetic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) was also added to the experimental design. After washing, soil and peat samples were air-dried and used for the determination of the total content of petroleum hydrocarbons; the characterization of their hydrocarbon composition; and the assessment of hydrophobicity from the contact angle and the efficiency of colonization by oil-destructing microorganisms Rhodococcus sp. and Candida sp., which are components of the preparation Bioros recommended for oil contaminations. It has been shown that the extraction efficiency of petroleum hydrocarbons by humic preparations did not differ from the extraction efficiency by water and was less than that by sodium dodecyl sulfate in all cases. No appreciable changes in the contact angles of soil and peat have been observed at the use of water and humic preparations as washing agents, while the contact angle decreased to less than 90o after washing with sodium dodecyl sulfate, which indicated the hydrophobicity of the surface of substrate particles. It has been found that humic preparations favor the colonization of soil and peat by oil-destructing microorganisms Rhodococcus sp. and Candida sp. Based on the obtained results, humic preparations have been recommended for further study as preparations favoring the ability of oil-destructing microorganisms to colonize oil-contaminated substrates. 相似文献
15.
塔里木沙漠公路防护林土壤微生物的生态分布特征 总被引：10，自引：7，他引：10
对不同立地类型、不同造林年限、不同树种、不同季节的防护林土壤微生物数量及区系组成进行研究 ,结果表明 :咸水灌溉条件下塔里木沙漠公路防护林和人工绿地建成后 ,风蚀作用减弱 ,流动沙丘逐渐固定 ,土壤结构和养分状况得到改善 ,微生物活性大幅度提高 ;在土壤微生物区系组成中 ,细菌占绝对优势 ,放线菌次之 ,真菌最少 ;表层微生物数量远多于下层土壤 ;林地外围距林缘近的土壤微生物活性较强 ,3m以外微生物数量已接近流沙微生物量 ;3类土壤微生物分布具不同的季节性规律 ,且不同立地类型土壤微生物分布差异明显 ;随造林年限的增加 ,防护林的改土作用更加显著。 相似文献
16.
石油烃污染土壤已经成为我国一个严重的环境问题,污染后的土壤理化性质发生改变,直接影响土壤的持水特性及水分有效性,确定石油烃污染对土壤持水特征和水分有效性的影响及其程度可为揭示石油烃污染对土壤性质的影响提供新的科学认识。通过人工配置柴油和原油不同污染浓度污染的黄绵土,利用离心机法测定土壤水分特征曲线,分析了土壤的持水特征与水分有效性。结果表明:(1)不同浓度柴油与原油污染土壤后,水分特征曲线均位于未污染土壤的下部,其中原油污染的影响更甚。(2)水分特征曲线van Genuchten模型参数θs、θr随着污染浓度的增加呈现指数衰减,参数α值呈幂函数减小、n值出现随污染浓度对数增加的特点。(3)土壤的饱和含水量、田间持水量以及凋萎含水量均随柴油、原油污染浓度的增加出现下降趋势,表观土壤有效含水量随污染浓度表现出先降后升的U字形的变化模式。无论原油还是柴油污染土壤,均会影响土壤的持水特征和水分有效性,影响的大小与石油烃的类型和浓度密切相关。 相似文献
17.
影响砂姜黑土麦田土壤氮素转化的生物学因素
及其对供氮量的响应 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
砂姜黑土是我国典型的中低产田土壤类型,研究其在土壤微生物驱动下的氮素转化过程及其机制,可为定向调控土壤氮素转化过程,提高氮素利用效率并减少其负面效应提供科学依据。试验设置0 kg·hm~(-2)、120 kg·hm~(-2)、225 kg·hm~(-2)和330 kg·hm~(-2) 4个供氮量,分别于冬小麦越冬期、拔节期、抽穗期、开花期、灌浆期和成熟期测定小麦根际土壤氮转化相关微生物作用(氨化作用、硝化作用和反硝化作用)强度和土壤氮素转化相关酶(脲酶、蛋白酶)活性,土壤净氮素矿化速率、土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量的变化,研究影响砂姜黑土麦田土壤氮素转化的生物学因素及其对不同供氮量的响应。结果表明,土壤氮素转化微生物及酶活跃时期为拔节到灌浆期,灌浆期之后土壤氨化作用强度、硝化作用强度、脲酶及蛋白酶活性降低;土壤净氮素矿化速率与土壤氮素转化微生物作用强度及酶活性的活跃期较为一致,在开花前后达到最高。除脲酶活性随供氮量增加持续上升外,土壤氮素转化微生物作用强度及蛋白酶活性均随供氮量的增加,在225 kg·hm~(-2)处理下达到最高,进一步增加供氮量至330 kg·hm~(-2),微生物作用强度及酶活性均表现出不同程度的下降。可见,砂姜黑土土壤氮素转化的活跃期与小麦需氮高峰期基本一致,有利于冬小麦的生长。但由于砂姜黑土中土壤硝化作用强度较低,土壤硝化能力有限,从而降低了氮素可利用性,且增加了土壤氨挥发损失的潜在风险。在一定范围内增加供氮量,有利于土壤氮素的转化,但供氮过多(330 kg·hm~(-2))则不利于砂姜黑土供氮能力的提高。 相似文献
18.
Javier López-Miranda Sergio Cisneros-de la Cueva Jesús Bernardo Páez-Lerma Juan Antonio Rojas-Contreras Nicolás Oscar Soto-Cruz 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2018,229(5):165
The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of high Tween 80 concentrations on hydrocarbon contaminants and hydrocarbonoclastic microorganisms present in contaminated mining soil during a bioremediation process. The independent variables included Tween 80 concentration and process time. The elected response variables included concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), the chemical composition of contaminants, viable microbial count, and CO2 production. These were measured at various time points during the bioremediation process, which was conducted at room temperature. Higher removal of pollutants occurred at low Tween 80 concentrations. An analysis of the normalized variables shows that the rate of TPH degradation depended on microbial growth rate, which depended on Tween 80 concentration. The addition of Tween 80 changed the concentration and type of the residual hydrocarbon contaminants present, as well as the count and genus of the hydrocarbonoclastic microorganisms that grew during the bioremediation process. Higher concentrations of Tween 80 increased the levels of the chemical compounds present in the bioremediated soil while reducing the viable count and microbial diversity during the bioremediation process. Conversely, low Tween 80 concentrations produced only monoethylhexyl phthalate, which is not a petroleum hydrocarbon derivative. Overall, these results prove that the removal of TPH is dependent on the count and genus of active indigenous hydrocarbonoclastic microorganisms in soil, and these conditions may be controlled by modulating the concentration of Tween 80 that is applied. 相似文献
19.
基于粒子群优化算法的土壤养分管理分区 总被引：9，自引：4，他引：5
土壤养分管理分区的划分为变量施肥技术提供依据,是精准农业实施变量施肥管理的重要环节。在对7种土壤养分的空间变异特征和变异结构进行分析的基础上,以其中6种养分作为变量进行土壤养分管理分区的研究,最后用基于粒子群优化属性均值聚类来划分管理分区,并引入3种指标确定合理的分区数目。通过计算得出,试验区的合理分区数目为2个,对各管理分区实际采样点的土壤养分数据进行单因素方差分析,除速效磷外各土壤养分均在99%的置信水平上具有极显著差异,其中分区2土壤肥力水平较高,分区1较低。基于粒子群优化属性均值聚类算法可以很好地划分土壤养分管理分区,分区结果能够为精准农业变量施肥提供决策依据。 相似文献
20.
不同土壤管理方式对梨园土壤微生物及养分含量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过田间试验研究不同土壤管理方式对梨园表层（0 ~ 20 cm）和亚表层土壤（20 ~ 40 cm）细菌、真菌、放线菌数量和土壤养分含量的影响。结果表明：梨园土壤微生物数量具有垂直分布的特征,土壤微生物数量随土层的加深而递减。梨园表层和亚表层土壤中微生物数量均细菌最多,放线菌次之,真菌最少。与覆草1年相比较,覆草3年的梨园土壤除表层土壤细菌含量无显著差异外,表层和亚表层土壤中真菌和放线菌数量均显著增加。与自然生草、覆膜、常规灌溉处理相比较,覆草与覆膜结合能最大限度地增加土壤微生物数量。连续覆草3年显著提高了梨园土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量,而覆膜处理使土壤速效养分含量下降,覆膜结合覆草处理能显著提高土壤有机质、速效磷、速效钾含量。 相似文献