共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
水稻品种对三江平原稻田温室气体排放的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用静态箱一气相色谱法研究了三江平原3个主栽水稻品种(空育131、龙粳18、垦鉴稻6)对生长季节稻田CO2、CH4和N2O排放规律、源/汇及其与环境因子关系的影响.结果表明:3个水稻品种的CO2、CH4和N2O平均通量范围分别为405.5 ～ 647.2、9.6 ～20.5 mg·m-2·h-1、4.1 ～6.3 μg... 相似文献
2.
马占相思人工林土壤温室气体排放日变化规律研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
【目的】探索马占相思Acacia mangium人工林土壤温室气体排放日变化规律,确定最佳观测时间。【方法】采用静态箱-气相色谱法,对华南地区马占相思人工纯林土壤3种温室气体CO_2、CH_4、N_2O通量进行连续观测。【结果】马占相思人工林土壤3种温室气体具有明显的日变化特征,马占相思人工林土壤为CO2和N2O的排放源及CH_4的吸收汇,其通量日变化幅度分别为:401.33~555.59 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)、24.50~34.72μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和-10.96~-41.88μg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)。地表CO_2、CH_4通量和5 cm深土壤温度呈极显著(P0.01)或显著(P0.05)相关,地表N_2O通量同温度的相关性不显著。【结论】通过对矫正系数分析,综合考虑3种温室气体以及取样的可操作性,华南地区马占相思人工林雨季的最佳观测时间为09:00时左右。 相似文献
3.
通过室内培养试验研究盐度差异对闽江河口短叶茳芏潮汐湿地CH_4和CO_2的产生速率以及土壤理化性质的影响.结果显示,淡水湿地和微咸水湿地土壤CH_4的产生速率分别为0.03~0.76μg·g~(-1)·d~(-1)和0.01~0.22μg·g~(-1)·d~(-1),平均值分别为(0.27±0.06)μg·g~(-1)·d~(-1)和(0.10±0.03)μg·g~(-1)·d~(-1).土壤CO_2产生速率分别为0.44~6.68μg·g~(-1)·d~(-1)和0.64~6.77μg·g~(-1)·d~(-1),平均值分别为(3.03±0.42)μg·g~(-1)·d~(-1)和(3.47±0.41)μg·g~(-1)·d~(-1).淡水湿地土壤CH_4的产生速率显著高于微咸水湿地(P<0.05),而2个潮汐湿地土壤CO_2的产生速率并无显著差异.微咸水湿地的电导率、pH、总碳(TC)、总磷(TP)均极显著高于淡水湿地(P<0.01),总氮(TN)含量显著高于淡水湿地(P<0.05).相关分析显示,土壤CH_4和CO_2产生速率主要受温度、电导率、pH、TC、TN、TP的影响. 相似文献
4.
为舍饲育肥牦牛高效生态生产、减少有害气体和温室气体排放提供参考,采用大型呼吸测热环控舱(Chamber)模拟舍饲状态,对4头生长期育肥牦牛排放的主要温室气体甲烷(CH4)和二氧化碳(CO2)及有害气体氨气(NH3)进行动态监测.结果表明:牦牛在采食1.5~3 h后CH4排放量达最大值,维持一段时间后,排放量逐渐下降;CO2排放相对平稳;NH3排放无明显规律.CH4、CO2和NH3日平均排放量分别为22.42 g/头、1 023.10 g/头和5.84 g/头,舍内NH3浓度为157.29 mg/m3,超出牦牛耐受氨气浓度.NH3排放不影响CH4和CO2排放规律,但是影响气体总排放量. 相似文献
5.
采用真空涂膜法,以一定浓度的商用酚醛树脂为前驱体在多孔陶瓷管上制备复合炭膜,并考察真空度对复合膜气体渗透性能的影响。结果表明,采用真空法可以在载体表面形成均匀的炭膜,而传统提拉法较难获得连续的炭膜,涂膜真空度为0.6MPa更利于高性能炭膜的制备。对真空法制备的炭膜进行单组份气体渗透测试,发现随着涂膜真空度的增加,复合膜的气体渗透速率显著减低,而理想选择性出现峰值。等摩尔CO2/CH4混合气的渗透测试发现:室温下炭膜的CO2渗透速率达到1.4×10-7mol.Pa-1.m-2.s-1,αCO2/CH4达到48.3,高于其努森值。扫描电镜测试表明,此复合膜表面均匀、连续,膜厚度大约4μm,与载体结合紧密。 相似文献
6.
不同施肥类型对北方稻田土壤温室气体排放的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法研究了吉林省延边地区不同施肥类型对水稻土壤CO2、CH4和N2O排放通量的影响。结果表明,稻田3种温室气体的排放存在明显的季节特征,CO2排放主要集中于8~10月,而CH4排放以7、8月为主,水稻生育盛期时N2O表现出明显的负排放特征,净排放发生于移栽期及秋季晒田期;有机肥与化肥配施促进了水稻生育盛期CO2和CH4的排放,导致生长季CO2和CH4排放总量显著高于单施化肥和单施有机肥处理,而单施化肥处理促进了生长季N2O净排放。水稻植株促进了水稻生育期6~8月稻田CO2和CH4的排放,与无植株相比,月均通量分别增加了42.9%~226.1%和146.6%~418.9%。生长季土壤温度对稻田CH4排放具有显著影响,但对CO2和N2O排放影响不显著。 相似文献
7.
Sze ND 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1977,195(4279):673-675
Present anthropogenic emissions of CO are apparently large enough to perturb the natural CO-OH-CH(4) cycle, which plays a crucial role in the self-cleansing processes in the troposphere. A significant increase in global concentrations of CO, CH(4) CH(3)Cl, and other trace gases may result from a decrease in the OH concentration caused by continued CO emissions. Even if the CO emissions were maintained at the present rate, increases in CO and CH(4) by the year 2025 might be as large as 50 and 25 percent, respectively. The time constants associated with the perturbations of the CO-OH-CH(4) cycle are of the order of a few decades. Perturbation of this cycle may also indirectly affect stratospheric chemistry. 相似文献
8.
Chidsey CE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1991,251(4996):919-922
The rate constant of the electron-transfer reaction between a gold electrode and an electroactive ferrocene group has been measured at a structurally well-defined metal-electrolyte interface at temperatures from 1 degrees to 47 degrees C and reaction free energies from -1.0 to +0.8 electron volts (eV). The ferrocene group was positioned a fixed distance from the gold surface by the self-assembly of a mixed thiol monolayer of (eta(5)C(5)H(5))Fe(eta(5)C(5)H(4))CO(2)(CH(2))(16)SH and CH(3)(CH(2))(15)SH. Rate constants from 1 per second (s(-1)) to 2 x 10(4) s(-1) in 1 molar HClO(4) are reasonably fit with a reorganization energy of 0.85 eV and a prefactor for electron tunneling of 7 x 10(4) s(-1) eV(-1). Such self-assembled monolayers can be used to systematically probe the dependence of electron-transfer rates on distance, medium, and spacer structure, and to provide an empirical basis for the construction of interfacial devices such as sensors and transducers that utilize macroscopically directional electron-transfer reactions. 相似文献
9.
二氧化碳(CO_2)、甲烷(CH_4)、氧化亚氮(N_2O)是3种主要的温室气体,温带森林土壤是CO_2、N_2O重要的源,是CH_4重要的汇,以前的研究大部分都关注这3种温室气体在时间上的变化,而很少开展在空间变化上的研究。2014年10月至2015年10月,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对秦岭南坡火地塘林区不同海拔(海拔1 560、1 585、1 963、2 040、2 160m,分别为落叶阔叶林、温性针叶林、温性针叶林、寒温性针叶林、落叶阔叶林)森林土壤CO_2、CH_4和N_2O通量进行了为期1a的监测。结果表明,CO_2全年都为排放,季节波动较大,总体上随海拔增加排放量减少,海拔由低到高(包括3种林型)年排放量依次为:19.12、12.53、11.78、16.95、14.87t·hm-2;CH_4全年主要为吸收,在非生长季出现排放,季节波动幅度较大,总体上随海拔增加吸收量增加,海拔由低到高年通量依次为:-2.57、-3.60、-5.94、-5.59、-3.92kg·hm-2;N_2O全年以排放过程为主,存在吸收现象,季节波动幅度不大,海拔对其通量影响不明显,海拔由低到高年排放量依次为:0.23、0.62、0.63、0.60、0.95kg·hm-2。土壤温度是影响CO_2、N_2O通量的关键因子。5个样地森林土壤CO_2通量与土壤铵态氮含量(20～40cm)显著相关(P<0.05)。高的土壤NH_4^+含量对CH_4的吸收有抑制作用。在冻融交替期,降雨对N_2O的通量有明显影响。海拔由低到高5个样地的GWP(全球增温潜势)分别为:119.13、12.65、11.85、17.02t·hm-2和15.07t·hm-2。 相似文献
10.
We used strong-field laser pulses that were tailored with closed-loop optimal control to govern specified chemical dissociation and reactivity channels in a series of organic molecules. Selective cleavage and rearrangement of chemical bonds having dissociation energies up to approximately 100 kilocalories per mole (about 4 electron volts) are reported for polyatomic molecules, including (CH3)2CO (acetone), CH3COCF3 (trifluoroacetone), and C6H5COCH3 (acetophenone). Control over the formation of CH(3)CO from (CH3)2CO, CF3 (or CH3) from CH3COCF3, and C6H5CH3 (toluene) from C6H5COCH3 was observed with high selectivity. Strong-field control appears to have generic applicability for manipulating molecular reactivity because the tailored intense laser fields (about 10(13) watts per square centimeter) can dynamically Stark shift many excited states into resonance, and consequently, the method is not confined by resonant spectral restrictions found in the perturbative (weak-field) regime. 相似文献
11.
过量施用氮肥增加农田温室气体的排放,通过监测农田温室气体排放量寻求合理的氮素减排措施对农业生产有重要作用。本研究设置3个不同梯度喷涂吡啶尿素水平(N1-3)及不施氮肥(N0),在夏玉米和冬小麦生长期间采用静态箱法收集气体,研究土壤CO_2、CH_4和N_2O的排放特征,定量评价不同用量喷涂吡啶尿素的综合增温潜势。结果表明:不同喷涂吡啶尿素用量下的温室气体排放具有明显的季节性变化特征。玉米和小麦季土壤CO_2排放通量具有明显的季节性排放规律。CO_2平均排放通量小麦季明显低于玉米季,而CO_2累积排放量小麦季则高于玉米季;各施氮处理玉米和小麦季基肥和追肥后均出现显著的N_2O排放峰。整个轮作季,随喷涂吡啶尿素用量的增加,土壤对大气CH_4的交换通量有所降低,而土壤排放CO_2和N_2O的量有所增加。CO_2的综合增温潜势(GWP)对轮作系统总GWP贡献最大,而CH_4很小。玉米和小麦季各喷涂吡啶尿素处理的总GWP均高于对照;玉米季各处理的净GWP均为正值,是温室气体排放的一个源;而小麦季各处理的净GWP均为负值,是温室气体排放的一个汇。说明玉米/小麦轮作体系的综合增温潜势随施氮肥量的增加而增加,合理减施氮肥可以有效降低大气增温效应。 相似文献
12.
Mumma MJ DiSanti MA Magee-Sauer K Bonev BP Villanueva GL Kawakita H Dello Russo N Gibb EL Blake GA Lyke JE Campbell RD Aycock J Conrad A Hill GM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,310(5746):270-274
We quantified eight parent volatiles (H2O, C2H6, HCN, CO, CH3OH, H2CO, C2H2, and CH4) in the Jupiter-family comet Tempel 1 using high-dispersion infrared spectroscopy in the wavelength range 2.8 to 5.0 micrometers. The abundance ratio for ethane was significantly higher after impact, whereas those for methanol and hydrogen cyanide were unchanged. The abundance ratios in the ejecta are similar to those for most Oort cloud comets, but methanol and acetylene are lower in Tempel 1 by a factor of about 2. These results suggest that the volatile ices in Tempel 1 and in most Oort cloud comets originated in a common region of the protoplanetary disk. 相似文献
13.
稻田CO2、CH4和N2O排放通量测定方法研究 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
介绍了经过改装并配有火焰离子检测器（FID）和电子捕获检测器（ECD），能同步分析稻田CO2、CH4和N2O排放通量的气相色谱仪Aglient4890D的基本原理、主要配置及性能。该仪器与GC-14A气相色谱仪的分析结果十分接近。对2001年南京市江宁区稻田CO2、CH4和N2O的季节排放通量的实测结果表明，该仪器具有简便易行，准确可靠等优点，能够满足农田生态系统几种温室气体同步分析的要求。 相似文献
14.
Caballero A Despagnet-Ayoub E Díaz-Requejo MM Díaz-Rodríguez A González-Núñez ME Mello R Muñoz BK Ojo WS Asensio G Etienne M Pérez PJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,332(6031):835-838
Even in the context of hydrocarbons' general resistance to selective functionalization, methane's volatility and strong bonds pose a particular challenge. We report here that silver complexes bearing perfluorinated indazolylborate ligands catalyze the reaction of methane (CH(4)) with ethyl diazoacetate (N(2)CHCO(2)Et) to yield ethyl propionate (CH(3)CH(2)CO(2)Et). The use of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO(2)) as the solvent is key to the reaction's success. Although the catalyst is only sparingly soluble in CH(4)/CO(2) mixtures, optimized conditions presently result in a 19% yield of ethyl propionate (based on starting quantity of the diazoester) at 40°C over 14 hours. 相似文献
15.
The low O2 content of the Archean atmosphere implies that methane should have been present at levels approximately 10(2) to 10(3) parts per million volume (ppmv) (compared with 1.7 ppmv today) given a plausible biogenic source. CH4 is favored as the greenhouse gas that countered the lower luminosity of the early Sun. But abundant CH4 implies that hydrogen escapes to space (upward arrow space) orders of magnitude faster than today. Such reductant loss oxidizes the Earth. Photosynthesis splits water into O2 and H, and methanogenesis transfers the H into CH4. Hydrogen escape after CH4 photolysis, therefore, causes a net gain of oxygen [CO2 + 2H2O --> CH4 + 2O2 --> CO2 + O2 + 4H(upward arrow space)]. Expected irreversible oxidation (approximately 10(12) to 10(13) moles oxygen per year) may help explain how Earth's surface environment became irreversibly oxidized. 相似文献
16.
17.
YUAN Wei-ling CAO Cou-gui LI Cheng-fang ZHAN Ming CAI Ming-li WANG Jin-ping 《中国农业科学(英文版)》2009,8(10):1246-1255
Rice-duck （RD） and rice-fish （RF） ecological systems are major complex planting and breeding models of rice paddy fields in southern China. Studying the methane （CH4） and nitrous oxide （N2O） emissions and their economic value from these two ecosystems can provide theoretical and practical basis for further development and utilization of these classical agricultural techniques. CH4 and N2O emissions from RD and RF ecological systems were measured in situ by using static chambers technique. Using global warming potentials （GWPs）, we assessed the greenhouse effect of CH4 and N2O and their economic value. Results showed that the peaks of CH4 emission fluxes from RD and RF appeared at full tillering stage and at heading stage, and the average emission fluxes were significantly （P〈 0.05） lower than that from CK. N2O fluxes remained low when the field is flooded and high after draining the water. Compared with CK, the total amount of N2O emissions was significantly （P〈0.05） higher and slightly lower than those from RD and RF, respectively. In 2006 and 2007, the total greenhouse effect of CH4 and N20 from RD and RF were 4 728.3 and 4 611 kg CO2 ha^-1, 4 545 and 4 754.3 kg CO2 ha^-1, respectively. The costs of greenhouse effect were 970.89 and 946.81 RMB yuan ha^-1, and 933.25 and 976.23 RMB yuan ha^-1, respectively, which were significant lower than those from CK （5 997.6 and 5 391.5 RMB yuan ha^-1）. Except for the environment cost of CH4 and N2O, the economic benefits from RD and RF were 2 210.64 and 4 881.92 RMB yuan ha^-1; 3 798.37 and 5 310.64 RMB yuan ha^-1, respectively, higher than those from CK. Therefore, RD and RF complex ecological planting and breeding models can effectively decrease and control CH4 and N2O emissions, and they are two of the effective strategies to reduce greenhouse gases from rice paddy fields and contribute in alleviating global warming. Thus, their adoption is important to the environment together with their economy benefits. 相似文献
18.
东北季节性冻融农田土壤CO2、CH4、N2O通量特征研究 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
为了评估季节性冻融交替对土壤温室气体排放的影响,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,监测了东北松嫩平原两种典型农田生态系统(稻田和玉米田)非生长季土壤CO_2、CH_4和N_2O通量变化。研究表明:三种温室气体排放在土壤冻结期、覆雪期、融雪期和解冻期具有明显的季节动态特征。冻结期和融雪期对温室气体排放贡献最大,这两个时期内稻田和玉米田CO_2排放量分别占非生长季总累积排放量的74.9%和68.6%,稻田CH_4排放占非生长季总排放的95.7%,尽管玉米田土壤CH_4以吸收为主,但在融雪过程中存在明显释放峰,短暂的融雪期内N_2O呈集中爆发性释放,稻田和玉米田N_2O通量峰值分别是冻结前的40倍和99倍,排放量占到总累积排放量的73.9%和80.7%,覆雪期土壤CH_4和N_2O存在弱的吸收。另外,土壤温室气体排放存在土地利用方式间的差异,表现在稻田土壤比玉米田(非生长季)具有更高的温室气体排放潜力。稻田土壤CO_2、CH_4和N_2O累积排放量均高于玉米田,表现为净排放(源),而玉米田土壤CH_4通量表现为净吸收(汇);稻田土壤CO_2和CH_4平均排放速率显著高于玉米田;除覆雪期外,其他时期内三种温室气体平均通量在两类农田之间也存在显著差异。总之,在评价季节性冻土区温室气体排放时需要重视土壤冻结和融化过程,同时需要考虑不同土地利用方式间的差异。 相似文献
19.
采用恒温摇床培养方法,研究了不同营养源(处理1:尿素+乙酸钠;处理2:亚硝酸钠+乙酸钠;处理3:硝酸钾+乙酸钠;处理4:碳酸氢铵;处理5:硫酸铵+碳酸氢钠;处理6:磷酸二氢钾+碳酸氢钠)对复合垂直流人工湿地基质生物膜培养液pH值的影响,探讨了pH值变化过程中生物膜脱氢酶活性和多糖含量的变化规律.结果表明,处理1、4以及5中培养液pH值先下降然后再上升,但下降和上升的幅度不同.处理2、3以及6中培养液pH值添加碳源前在7.30～7.40之间缓慢变化,添加碳源后均上升至9.00左右.在培养液pH值变化的过程中,生物膜脱氢酶活性和多糖含量也发生改变.处理1、2、3中生物膜脱氢酶活性均在pH值上升的过程中达到最高值,而处理4、5、6中脱氢酶活性随pH值的变化呈下降趋势.对于所设6个处理,除处理4中多糖含量在整个试验过程中基本不变外,其余5个处理中多糖含量均在pH值上升过程中一直增加. 相似文献
20.
以贵州典型黄壤和石灰土进行盆栽试验,设置对照(不种绿肥)、光叶紫花苕、紫花苜蓿、黑麦草和油菜5个处理,探究种植不同绿肥还土后贵州典型土壤CO2、CH4排放通量特征及其与环境影响因子(温度、水分)的关系。结果表明：与对照相比,绿肥处理增加了土壤CO2排放,黄壤的CO2平均排放通量和累积排放总量大于石灰土的,而石灰土的CH4平均排放通量和总累积排放量大于黄壤的;绿肥处理提高了全球增温潜势(GWP),黄壤和石灰土均以黑麦草处理的GWP最高,其次为油菜绿肥的,表明非豆科绿肥对土壤GWP的贡献大于豆科绿肥的;土壤类型、绿肥及其交互作用均对CO2排放通量具有显著影响,且土壤水分为土壤CO2排放的主要驱动因子,CH4排放通量仅受土壤类型影响。可见,在黄壤和石灰土中种植绿肥还土能增加CO2排放,对提升土壤肥力和生产力具有积极作用。 相似文献