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1.
If energy conservation were a goal of a federal budget policy maker, such conservation could be achieved by reinvesting the highway trust fund in any of several other alternative federal programs (except criminal justice), especially in railroad and mass transit construction and national health insurance (see Table 1). Total employment would increase in each alternative program examined. For example, if construction monies were shifted from highways to railroads, the energy required for construction would be reduced by about 62 percent and employment would increase by 3.2 percent. By comparing the dollar, energy, and employment requirements of a highway transportation system with such requirements for a railroad transportation system, we obtained detailed information from which we concluded the following: 1) Passenger transport by railroad was much less dollar and energy demanding and required more labor than car transport in 1963. If the dollar savings had been respent in an average way by consumers, the net impact would have been to reduce the energy savings and further increase employment. A similar conclusion was reached in a study of bus substitution for automobiles in urban areas (20). If the marginal substitution effects would have held over the whole range of change, and the dollar savings had been spent on the construction of railways, then about 3.0 billion gallons of gasoline could have been saved annually and 1.2 million new jobs created. 2) Freight transport by railroad was less expensive, in terms of dollar, energy, and labor requirements, than was truck transportation in 1963. If, under a national shift to rail freight, the dollar savings had been absorbed as personal consumption expenditures, a net increase of labor and energy would have ensued. If the dollar savings had been absorbed as a tax and respent on railroad and mass transit construction, about 0.3 billion more gallons of gasoline (energy equivalent) would have been consumed annually and 1.2 million jobs created, under a complete shift to rail. Had there been a full shift from intercity car and truck transportation to transportation by railroad with dollar savings spent on railway construction, 2.7 billion gallons of gasoline (energy equivalent) could have been saved and 2.4 million new jobs could have been created in 1963. 相似文献
2.
In this article estimates are made of the permanent and reversible components of changes in heating oil use in major countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. The components of the increase in oil use through the mid-1970's, and of the subsequent decline, are revealed. For seven countries, residential oil use decreased by 40 percent between 1972 and 1983, for a savings of about 1.2 million barrels per day (59 million metric tons of oil equivalent per year). One-third of this resulted from reductions in the number of homes heated with oil, the rest from reductions in oil use per oil-heated home. During that time, however, the size of these homes and the penetration of central heating increased significantly, so these figures underestimate the actual conservation achieved. Of the total oil savings, at least 46 percent are of a permanent nature, while the rest could be reversed with a continued slide in oil prices, although it seems likely that most of the savings will be maintained and may even increase. 相似文献
3.
Hirst E 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1974,184(4133):134-138
I have used data from input-output studies to determine the quantities of primary and electric energy consumed in the agricultural, processing, transportation, wholesale and retail trade, and household sectors for personal consumption of food. Before one draws conclusions from these results, it is important to note the assumptions and approximations used in this analysis. First, the economic input-output data published by the Department of Commerce are subject to a number of inaccuracies, including lack of complete coverage for an industry, restriction of data for proprietary reasons, and use of different time periods for different data. Second, aggregation can combine within the same sector industries whose energy intensities differ widely. For example, eating and drinking establishments probably consume more energy per dollar of sales (because of refrigerators, stoves, and freezers) than do department stores. However, both types of establishment are included in retail trade. Thus energy use for food-related retail trade may be underestimated because of aggregation. Third, the energy coefficients are subject to error. In particular, the coefficients for the agricultural and trade sectors are vulnerable because energy use within these sectors is not well documented. Finally, the scaling factor used to estimate food-related energy use for the 1960's is approximate, in that it neglects the possibility that these energy coefficients changed differently with time. Because of these limitations, which are described more fully by Herendeen (6), a number of important issues were not addressed here. such as relative energy requirements for fresh, frozen, and canned vegetables; and for soybeans as compared to beef. This analysis shows that the U.S. food cycle consumes a considerable amount of energy, about 12 percent of the total national energy budget. The residential sector, which accounts for 30 percent of the total, is the most energy-intensive sector in terms of energy consumed per dollar of food-related expenditure. This is because food-related expenditures in homes are primarily for fuel to operate kitchen appliances and automobiles. The electricity consumed in these activities constitutes 22 percent of the total amount used in the United States. More than half of the electricity is used in homes, and more than two-thirds in the trade and household sectors. Thus agriculture and processing consume little electricity relative to the total amount used. From past trends, it appears that the amount of energy used in food-related activities will continue to increase at a rate faster than the population, principally because of growing affluence, that is, the use of processed foods, purchase of meals away from home, and the use of kitchen appliances equipped with energy-intensive devices, such as refrigerators with automatic icemakers. However, fuel shortages, rapidly increasing fuel prices, the growing need to import oil, and a host of other problems related to our use of energy suggest that these past trends will not continue. Fortunately, there are many ways to reduce the amounts of energy used for food-related activities. In the home, for example, smaller refrigerators with thicker insulation would use less electricity than do present units. If closer attention were given to the use of ranges and ovens (for example, if oven doors were not opened so often) energy would be saved. Changes in eating habits could also result in energy savings. Greater reliance on vegetable and grain products, rather than meats, for protein would reduce fuel use. Similarly, a reduction in the amounts of heavily processcd foods consumed-TV dinners and frozen desserts-would save energy. Retailers could save energy by using closed freezers to store food and by reducing the amount of lighting they use. Processors could use heat recovery methods, more efficient processes, and less packaging. Shipping more food by train rather than by truck would also cut energy use. Farmers could reduce their fuel use by combining operations (for example, by harrowing, planting, and fertilizing in the same operation), by reducing tillage practices, by increasing thc use of diesel rather than gasoline engines, and by increasing labor inputs. A partial return to organic farming (that is, greater use of animal manure and crop rotation) would save energy because chemical fertilizers require large energy inputs for their production. 相似文献
4.
鄯善外运油库原油罐热力系统冬季运行期间暴露了两个问题。一是水击严惩,影响油罐的运行安全;二是油罐冬季非运行期间油温过高,造成能源浪费。为妥善解决这些问题,对油罐的保温性能进行了分析,同时对油罐的伴热系统进行了热力计算。计算结果对油罐冬季退出热力运行提供了理论依据。经济分析结果表明,油罐热力系统冬季退出运行后,原油输送成本降低,节能降耗效果显著。 相似文献
5.
管道输油企业是能源消耗大户,而热媒炉又是输油企业的主要耗能设备之一。应用平衡理论对热媒炉热、大用效率差异的原因和一系列节能措施进行了分析和比较之后,指出在一定程度上提高热媒炉助燃空气的氧浓度,即可起到加快燃烧速度、提高火焰温度、减少燃烧和传热损失。从而提高热媒炉热、效率,最终达到节能的目的。 相似文献
6.
农村太阳能墙体系统节能试验研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在当前农村耗能与日俱增的背景下,研究适合农村节能的系统设备具有非常重要的现实意义。太阳能作为可持续利用清洁能源中的一种,在农村节能建筑中受到特别重视。而太阳能墙体系统作为一种新的太阳能利用方式对于解决农宅冬季取暖夏季隔热保湿具有一定的可行性。该文研究了太阳能墙体集热板空气间层以及安装倾斜角对太阳能墙体系统热效能的影响,在试验的基础上得出了合适的空气间层值和倾斜角度值,这对太阳能墙体系统在农村斜坡屋顶的安装施工具有一定指导意义。 相似文献
7.
为了降低原油输送的能耗，对阿塞线实行热力越站进行了理论分析，以实际参数为依据，着重从热力和水力两方面进行了计算论证，为热力越站提供了充实的理论依据。 相似文献
8.
介绍了空气源热泵热水器的原理及发展前景,设计了冷凝器（储水箱）的形式,并对系统装置进行了试验研究。结果表明,空气源热泵热水器优于常规系统,热泵综合利用装置在制冷兼制热水的运行状况下,可提高系统的制冷性能,减少能耗,而且还能够回收制冷系统的冷凝热量供应热水。 相似文献
9.
[目的]为降低水热炭化的能耗及反应时间,设计开发预增压水热炭化工艺。[方法]以稻草为原料,通过FT-IR、XRD、BET等表征及对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能分析,研究增压介质和压力对水热炭化升温耗时、耗电以及对生物炭的影响规律。[结果]预增压后总升温时间最大可缩短63.917%,升温速率提高2.772倍,电加热效率提高1.657倍;水热反应体系的压力增加对炭产物表面官能团组成、产物晶相结构、表面积和吸附性能无显著影响,但可加快水热炭化进程,反应体系压力增加提高了体系中的底物浓度,从而使暴发聚合反应的饱和浓度提前出现;氦气比空气介质更有利于缩短水热反应周期,但节能效率及炭产物表面OH类官能团含量略低,可能与介质中氧浓度有关。所制炭对亚甲基蓝的吸附等温曲线符合Freundlich模型,样品的1/n在0.5~1.0,表现为优惠型吸附。[结论]该研究可为开发预增压水热炭化工艺提供科学依据。 相似文献
10.
[目的]验证和鉴定新型耐腐蚀保温板式烤房的实用性.[方法]在四川泸州烟区开展新型耐腐蚀保温板式烤房在烟叶烘烤中的应用研究,并与普通燃煤烤房进行效果对比.[结果]研究表明,新型耐腐蚀保温板式烤房具有耐高温耐腐蚀、保温性能好、热能利用效率高的特点,烤房节能降耗、提质增效优势明显;与普通燃煤烤房比较,单次烘烤费用最低;新型耐腐蚀保温板式烤房可以节约能源资源消耗12.0％;每一炕节省烘烤费用67元,节省率10.2％;烤后烟叶上等烟比例较高,而低次等烟比例很低,烟叶外观质量最佳,农民销售收入增加9.7％;烤房耗煤量比较低,产生的粉尘和大气污染物排放量减少了20.0％.[结论]新型耐腐蚀保温板式烤房能达到设计要求,综合性能优越,增值节能效果十分明显. 相似文献
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12.
采用EnergyPlus能耗模拟软件对不同气候区代表城市的办公建筑的种植屋面进行全年逐时能耗模拟,以分析研究种植屋面的节能率以及关键参数对能耗的影响规律。结果表明:对比在不同参数情况下种植屋面与普通屋面的能耗情况,发现北京、重庆和广州的种植屋面全年能耗最大节能率分别为8.66%、14.05%和10.48%。通过分析土壤厚度、植物高度和叶面积指数(LAI)对种植屋面能耗影响的规律,发现低的土壤厚度和高的植物高度均有利于降低供冷能耗,高的土壤厚度和低的植物高度均有利于降低供热能耗。 相似文献
13.
Technology now being introduced in industry, buildings, and transportation is much more energy-efficient than today's average technology. Changes in production and consumption are tending to decrease the intensity of energy use. By applying available economic technology, it may be possible to reduce energy use in Sweden from the present 1400 petajoules per year to about 900 petajoules per year soon after the turn of the century, even with a 50 percent increase in the consumption of goods and services. Technology now being developed could reduce energy demand even further. 相似文献
14.
提出了原油管输过程热经济性定义、评价参数、评价方法和建立评价曲线的方法,并进行了实例评价。算例表明,提出的评价方法对热油管道的节能降耗具有实用意义。应用评价曲线可以确定热经济性良好的输量范围,预测经济加热耗油指标。通过对运行参数进行热分析获得的定量数据和评价曲线比较,既可以评价设计和实际输量下管道的总体热经济性程度,又可以评价实际输送方案的热经济性状况。根据输送过程实际加热耗油量,应用评价曲线可以方便地评估热站的实际综合运行效率。 相似文献
15.
陶求华 《厦门水产学院学报》2011,(2):135-140
首先,分析了外窗得失热量数学模型,指出厦门居住建筑外窗能耗损失的主要因素是建筑外窗的传热系数K和遮阳系数SC.其次,建立厦门居住建筑模型,采用建筑能耗模拟分析软件DeST-h,模拟分析传热系数K和综合遮阳系数SW对夏季空调能耗的影响,拟合得到厦门典型居住建筑夏季空调能耗与外窗传热系数K、综合遮阳系数SW的关系式,指出厦门居住建筑不应盲目强调外窗的隔热保温,而应加强外窗的遮阳;最后,考虑到建筑各朝向太阳辐射强度不同,建筑物不同朝向外窗的遮阳对空调能耗的影响各有不同,分析了建筑各朝向遮阳系数对建筑夏季空调能耗的影响,并指出东、西向单位面积外窗遮阳带来的节能效果最显著,而南、北向的影响较小,应优先加强对东、西向外窗的遮阳措施. 相似文献
16.
[目的]研究不同类型供热源密集烤房对烟叶烘烤能耗的影响.[方法]对3种不同供热方式的烤房进行烟叶烘烤对比,严格记录鲜烟叶总重量、烤后烟叶总干重、耗能情况、烘烤时间、用工成本以及在烘烤过程中不同供热源烤房对烘烤工艺的执行情况.[结果]高温热泵烤房虽然一次性投入较大,但节能效果好（耗电量为2.57 （kW· h）/kg干烟）,与传统常规燃煤烤房相比,高温热泵烤房总烘烤成本低,且技术成熟,性能可靠,在供电资源充沛、烤烟季节电力有保障、环境要求高的烟区可推广使用.电加热烤房投入较小,和传统燃煤烤房相当,具备热泵烤房的全自动控制、控制精度高、无污染等优点,但电加热烤房能耗较高,在电价较低[不超过0.45元/（kW·h）]和供电电力设施容量较大的地区,也可推广使用.[结论]研究探索出适合烟叶烘烤“零排放”的加工处理办法,解决了烟叶烘烤带来的能源有效利用和环境污染等问题,可为实现烟叶烘烤环节降本增效提供技术依据. 相似文献
17.
本研究设计的羽绒脱脂、干燥设备及其相应工艺，具有脱脂、除臭效果好的特点。由于对电加热式烘干设备采用绝热技术，使得其热效率达到９０％，比同类烘干机节电３０％左右。经脱脂、烘干后的羽绒成品。其质量达到和超过国家规定的出口标准，此外，文中还提供了搅拌功率设计计算式中的经验常数和热效率的计算方法。 相似文献
18.
皖北地区村镇住宅建筑节能状况及改进策略 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了提高村镇住宅的围护结构热工性能,降低建筑能耗,保证舒适、健康的室内热环境,对安徽北部平原地区村镇建筑节能情况进行调研分析。结果表明：解决皖北地区建筑节能的关键是围护结构,为此针对墙体、门窗、屋面和地面主要的围护结构提出保温节能的措施,从而达到建筑节能的目的,改善皖北村镇人居环境。 相似文献
19.