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1.
The influence of mean annual rainfall and soil texture on the 137Cs vertical distribution in soils from southern Chile The influence of mean annual rainfall and soil texture on the vertical distribution of 137Cs from global fallout was studied in undisturbed volcanic ash soils from southern Chile. The areal concentration and translocation depth increase with the mean annual precipitation. In spite of the high rainfall at the sampled area (970 - 2500 mm a?1), the highest 137Cs contamination was found in the upper 10 cm layer. The vertical migration is reduced by the high adsorption capacity of these volcanic ash soils, but on the other side increased in soils with high large-pore volumen. The translocation depth reaches only up to 26 cm in the clay soils, 35 cm in the silty soils and 70 cm in the sandy soil.  相似文献   

2.
Selenium contents in the Portuguese (mainland) territory, resulting from a few environmental studies held since 1990 using lichens, vascular plants, soils and air particulate matter (APM), are presented and discussed herein. Values for Se in soils, epiphytic lichens and higher plants are within the typical ranges found in the literature. Compared to vascular plants, lichens display higher contents at the same locations. In what concerns Se in airborne particulates, all surveyed sites show values that are typical of urban areas. In two of such sites – Monchique and Carregado – Se concentrations in transplanted lichen thalli of the Parmelia genus (mostly, Parmelia sulcata Taylor) were compared to the results obtained from airborne matter, and a good correlation was found for the corresponding data-sets at either location. Other than the degree of association, it is especially noteworthy that the lichen transplants appear to accumulate much more Se at Monchique (a remote, rather clean site) than at Carregado (in the immediate vicinity of an oil-fired, power plant), even if its amount in the atmosphere is lower at the former location.  相似文献   

3.
Possibilities for growing dryland lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) productively in drier parts of central-western and western New South Wales (NSW) were investigated by consideration of meteorological records. Annual rainfall data and estimated evapotranspiration data for 1995-1999 were compiled to calculate lucerne growing days and N2-fixing days at Condobolin, Trangie, Cobar and Wentworth. This information was used in conjunction with seasonal indices of dry matter production and nitrogen fixation derived from the work of Bowman et al. [Aust J Exp Agric 42 (2002) 439] at Trangie to estimate yearly biomass production and N2 fixation for the four locations. It was concluded that (i) there are good prospects for growing lucerne productively on suitable soils located in that extensive region of central-western and western NSW between the 450 and 300 mm isohyets if it is feasible to develop techniques for establishment and management to maintain stands at an acceptable density—not less than eight plants/m2, (ii) there are only poor prospects for growing lucerne in those western parts of the state where annual rainfall averages less 300 mm, and (iii) annual rainfall, irrespective of other factors such as erratic distribution, is a rough guide to potential lucerne production. In addition, there were indications that, were the threshold for cessation of lucerne N2 fixation reduced by 2 °C (say from 10 to 8 °C), annual N2 fixation would be enhanced by more than 20%.  相似文献   

4.
Carbon flux represents carbon uptake from or release to the atmosphere in desert ecosystems, yet the changing pattern of carbon flux in desert ecosystems and its dependence on soil cover type and rainfall amount are poorly understood. We measured net carbon fluxes (NCF) in soil with four cover types (moss crusted soil, cyanobacteria/lichen crusted soil, bareland and semishrub Ephedra distachya-inhabited site) from April to October of 2010 and 2011, and NCF and dark respiration (DR) after four rainfall amounts (0, 2, 5, and 15 mm) in cyanobacteria/lichen crusted soil, bareland and the E. distachya-inhabited site. NCF in the E. distachya-inhabited site differed significantly from those of the other three soil cover types, while no difference was observed between the moss and cyanobacteria/lichen crusted soils or between the two crusted soils and bareland on most measurement occasions. NCF ranged from −0.28 ± 0.14 to 1.2 ± 0.07 μmol m−2 s−1 in the biologically crusted soils, and from −2.2 ± 0.27 to 0.46 ± 0.03 μmol m−2 s−1 at the E. distachya-inhabited site. Daily NCF in the biologically crusted soils and bareland showed carbon release at most times and total carbon production ranged from 48.8 ± 5.4 gC m−2 yr−1 to 50.9 ± 3.8 gC m−2 yr−1, while the E. distachya-inhabited site showed a total carbon uptake of −57.0 ± 9.9 gC m−2 yr−1. Daily variances in NCF were well-explained by variances in surface soil temperature, and seasonal NCF showed a significant linear relationship with soil moisture in the two biologically crusted soils and bareland when soil volumetric water content was less than 3%. Rainfall elicited intense carbon release in cyanobacteria/lichen crusted soil, bareland and at the E. distachya-inhabited site, and both NCF and DR were positive in the first two days after rainfall treatments. Mean NCF and DR were not different between rainfall amounts of 2, 5 and 15 mm in cyanobacteria/lichen crusted soil and bareland, while they were significantly higher after 15 mm rainfall treatment compared with 2 mm and 5 mm treatments at the E. distachya-inhabited site. Mean NCF and DR in the first two days increased logistically with rainfall amount. Based on our findings, we suggest that E. distachya-inhabited sites contribute to carbon uptake in the Gurbantunggute Desert, while biologically crusted soils exhibit carbon release for most of the year. Even though photosynthesis immediately following rainfall can be stimulated, carbon uptake effect in biologically crusted soil is likely intermittent and confined to periods when moisture is available.  相似文献   

5.
We analyzed soil bacterial communities with terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (TRFLP) along a precipitation gradient on the Hawaiian island Maui where mean annual rainfall increases from 2200 to 5050 mm. Principal component and cluster analysis of TRFLP patterns indicated there were only small differences in bacterial communities in soils receiving 2200-2750 mm of rain annually but large changes in bacterial community structure occurred as annual precipitation exceeded 2750 mm. The change in bacterial community structure correlated with several ecosystem parameters including mean annual precipitation, aboveground net primary productivity, soil redox status, litter decomposition rates, net methane flux and soil respiration. We suggest the dominant change in bacterial community structure along the gradient reflects a shift from respiratory to fermentative metabolism.  相似文献   

6.
A total of 106 samples taken from natural Argentinean populations of the weedy Solanum elaeagnifolium (subgenus Leptostemonum) were studied cytologically to understand the impact of the different ploidy levels in its distribution and origin. Classical Feulgen staining was employed to determine mitotic chromosome numbers in all samples. 2C nuclear DNA content was determined by means of PI flow cytometry in eight samples of different ploidy levels. Principal component analysis and GIS tools were employed to compare altitude, annual precipitation and annual mean temperature among accessions. Three cytotypes were found: diploid (2n?=?24) which is widespread, tetraploid (2n?=?48) centered in western and southern Argentina, and hexaploid (2n?=?72) which predominates in central Argentina extending as well to the east. The annual precipitation is significantly different between tetraploids and hexaploids. Cx-values ranged from 1.231 to 1.275?pg, with statistical differences (of about 24.5–50.9?Mbp, p?≤?0.05) among accessions. Diploids are the most widespread cytotype and have adapted to a number of very different habitats. Tetraploids live in arid or semi-arid regions with a mean annual rainfall less than 500?mm. Hexaploids are successful in colonizing wetter areas, where no tetraploids were found. Thus, the distribution of cytotypes may be associated with habitat differences, particularly soil moisture. The observed cytotype pattern and the differences in DNA content suggest multiple places of origin for the polyploidy of S. elaeagnifolium in Argentina.  相似文献   

7.
Desert rangelands are characterised by low and highly variable rainfall regime, low forage production and high heterogeneity in the distribution of natural resources. This study was carried out in the desert rangelands of Tunisia to evaluate the response of different rangelands to annual rainfall in terms of aboveground net primary production (ANPP) and rain use efficiency over a 10‐year period (2003–2012). In general, ANPP values were relatively low (123 kg DM ha−1 y−1) but would tend to increase with increasing annual rainfall for all rangeland types. The highest value of ANPP was observed from Stipagrostis pungens and Hammada shmittiana communities (sandy‐soil) during the wet year 2011. In contrast, rain use efficiency tends to decline with the highest annual rainfall and varies among rangeland types and with an average of 1·9 kg DM ha−1 mm−1 y−1. Rain use efficiency tended to be higher during dry years and lower during wet years and tended to be higher on S. pungens and H. shmittiana (sandy‐soils) and lower on Helianthemum kahiricum (loamy soils). Therefore, understanding how rainfall affects productivity in rangelands is critical for predicting the impact of land degradation on the functioning of these ecosystems. It can be used to explain production decline associated with desertification as well as to assess rangeland conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

8.
Some glycoside hydrolase activities, dehydrogenase activities, and oxygen uptakes were studied in New Zealand topsoils under pasture, arranged in two zonal soil sequences: one in which mean annual temperature varied (5 soils), and another in which mean annual rainfall varied (7 soils). Differences in other site factors were small. All the biochemical activities were negatively, but not usually significantly, correlated with mean annual temperature. Activities did not appear to be influenced by differences in the proportions of grasses and legumes (mainly clovers) or in the clay contents at the different sites. Activities of glycoside hydrolases (a) without added substrate and (b) with added starch were significantly correlated with mean annual rainfall, and with soil moisture and organic C contents; activities of (c) enzymes hydrolysing sucrose were significantly correlated only with soil organic C contents. The ratios of (c) to (b) declined significantly with increasing mean annual rainfall. Dehydrogenase activities were highest in winter samples and significantly correlated with both soil moisture content and pH. Oxygen uptakes were significantly correlated with numbers of viable bacteria in soils of the rainfall sequence although they were not significantly correlated with annual rainfall nor with soil organic C contents. Oxygen uptakes and dehydrogenase activities were not significantly interrelated. Results were compared with previous studies of grassland soils.  相似文献   

9.
The annual dynamics of the number and taxonomic composition of yeast communities were studied in the phyllosphere, on the flowers, and on the roots of Indian balsam (Impatiens glandulifera Royle) and in the mucky gley soil under the thickets of this plant. It was shown that typical phyllosphere yeast communities with a predominance of the red-pigmented species Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Rhodotorula glutinis and the typical epiphyte Cryptococcus magnus are formed on the leaves of this annual hygrophyte. However, yeast groups with a predominance of the ascosporous species Saccharomyces paradoxus, Kazachstania barnettii, and Torulaspora delbrueckii, which are not typical of soils at all, were found in the mucky gley soil under the thickets of Indian balsam. Thus, the epiphytic and soil yeast complexes under the thickets of Indian balsam are represented by two entirely discrete communities without common species. In other biogeocenoses of the forest zone, the rearrangement of the structure of yeast communities in passing from the aboveground substrates to the soil proceeds gradually, and most of the species can be isolated both from the aboveground parts of plants and from the soil. The strong difference between the yeast communities in the phyllosphere of Indian balsam and in the soil under its thickets is apparently related to the fact that the annual hygrophytes are decomposed very quickly (during several days after the first frosts). Because of this, an intermediate layer between the phyllosphere and the soil (the litter layer), in which epiphytic microorganisms can develop, is not formed under these plants.  相似文献   

10.
Leaf-level photosynthetic parameters of species in the closely related genera Eucalyptus and Corymbia were assessed along a strong rainfall gradient in northern Australia. Both instantaneous gas exchange measurements and leaf carbon isotope discrimination indicated little variation in intercellular CO2 concentrations during photosynthesis (ci) in response to a decrease in mean annual precipitation from ∼1700 mm to ∼300 mm. Correlation between stomatal conductance and photosynthetic capacity contributed toward the maintenance of relatively constant ci among the sampled leaves, when assessed at ambient CO2 concentration and photon irradiance similar to full sunlight. Leaf mass per area was the most plastic leaf trait along the rainfall gradient, showing a linear increase in response to decreasing mean annual precipitation. The maximum Rubisco carboxylation velocity, Vcmax, expressed on a leaf-area basis, showed a modest increase in response to decreasing rainfall. This modest increase in Vcmax was associated with the strongly expressed increase in leaf mass per area. These results suggest that variation in ecosystem-level gas exchange during the dry season in north-Australian savannas will likely be dominated by changes in leaf area index in response to increasing aridity, rather than by changes in photosynthetic performance per unit leaf area.  相似文献   

11.
Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum J. H. Owen, results in considerable yield losses for cucumber plants. A bio-organic fertilizer (BIO), which was a combination of manure composts with antagonistic microorganisms, and an organic fertilizer (OF) were evaluated for their efficiencies in controlling Fusarium wilt. Application of the BIO suppressed the disease incidence by 83% and reduced yield losses threefold compared with the application of OF. Analysis of microbial communities in rhizosphere soils by high-throughput pyrosequencing showed that more complex community structures were present in BIO than in OF treated soils. The dominant taxonomic phyla found in both samples were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria among bacteria and Ascomycota among fungi. Abundance of beneficial bacteria or fungi, such as Trichoderma, Hypoxylon, Tritirachium, Paenibacillus, Bacillus, Haliangium and Streptomyces, increased compared to the OF treatment, whereas the soil-borne pathogen, Fusarium, was markedly decreased. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate that the application of the BIO was a useful and effective approach to suppress Fusarium wilt and that the high-throughput 454 pyrosequencing was a suitable method for the characterization of microbial communities of rhizosphere soil of cucumber.  相似文献   

12.
Soils were examined at 2505 m elevation in Haleakala's crater (Maui, Hawai?i) beneath 50 adult Hawaiian silversword plants (Argyroxiphium sandwicense DC.); mean canopy diameter was 42.0 cm. Exposed volcanic Inceptisols (Andic Humitropepts) seem significantly eroded beyond the dense rosette crowns, but remain unaffected below plants. Rosettes are perched on isolated basal soil mounds or pedestals 27–121 mm high (mean: 77.5 mm). Geomorphic field response of soils below rosettes and adjacent (∼ 100 cm apart) bare soils differs. Infiltration rates are higher under plants (mean: 158.7 mm/min) than in exposed control soils (60.0 mm/min). Soils below silverswords also show greater shear strength (146.1 g/cm2) and compressibility (2.795 kg/cm2) than unprotected soils (36.1 g/cm2, and 0.108 kg/cm2, respectively). Soil in the plant mounds contains more organic matter; this has influenced other pedological properties, which also differ substantially between sampling positions. Substrate under plants has a porosity ∼ 53% higher than exposed soil, while bulk density is 62% higher in soil outside the plant crown. The observed microtopographic differences are ascribed to greater soil erosion by rainsplash and runoff outside the silversword canopy. The dense rosette crown effectively intercepts raindrops; soils beneath plants also have a high surface cohesiveness provided by a dense network of fine plant rootlets and partially decomposed organic material. Higher runoff rates occur on the less permeable substrate beyond rosettes, which is affected by soil crusting.  相似文献   

13.
Dryland ecosystems have long been considered to have a highly heterogeneous distribution of nutrients and soil biota, with greater concentrations of both in soils under plants relative to interspace soils. We examined the distribution of soil resources in two plant communities (dominated by either the shrub Coleogyne ramosissima or the grass Stipa hymenoides) at two locations. Interspace soils were covered either by early successional biological soil crusts (BSCs) or by later successional BSCs (dominated by nitrogen (N)-fixing cyanobacteria and lichens). For each of the 8 plant type×crust type×locations, we sampled the stem, dripline, and 3 interspace distances around each of 3 plants. Soil analyses revealed that only available potassium (Kav) and ammonium concentrations were consistently greater under plants (7 of 8 sites and 6 of 8 sites, respectively). Nitrate and iron (Fe) were greater under plants at 4 sites, while all other nutrients were greater under plants at less than 50% of the sites. In contrast, calcium, copper, clay, phosphorus (P), and zinc were often greater in the interspace than under the plants. Soil microbial biomass was always greater under the plant compared to the interspace. The community composition of N-fixing bacteria was highly variable, with no distinguishable patterns among microsites. Bacterivorous nematodes and rotifers were consistently more abundant under plants (8 and 7 sites, respectively), and fungivorous and omnivorous nematodes were greater under plants at 5 of the 8 sites. Abundance of other soil biota was greater under plants at less than 50% of the sites, but highly correlated with the availability of N, P, Kav, and Fe. Unlike other ecosystems, the soil biota was only infrequently correlated with organic matter. Lack of plant-driven heterogeneity in soils of this ecosystem is likely due to (1) interspace soils covered with BSCs, (2) little incorporation of above-ground plant litter into soils, and/or (3) root deployment patterns.  相似文献   

14.
为了研究紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)入侵对土壤菌根真菌(mycorrhizal fungi, MF)群落的影响,采用嵌套PCR 技术分析了外来植物紫茎泽兰入侵生境内土著植物群落、土著植物与紫茎泽兰混生群落、紫茎泽兰单优群落中, 侵染紫茎泽兰及土著植物的MF 群落结构, 及紫茎泽兰与土著植物根围土壤中MF 群落结构。结果表明, 紫茎泽兰不同入侵进程MF 群落结构存在差异, 其中, 从土著植物群落的植物根内检测到内养球囊霉(Glomus intraradices)型克隆; 从土著植物与紫茎泽兰混生群落的紫茎泽兰根内也检测到内养球囊霉型克隆, 而在土著植物根内检测到1 个球囊霉属(Glomus sp 2)型克隆; 从紫茎泽兰单优群落的紫茎泽兰根内未检测到MF, 但从其根围土壤中检测到2 个球囊霉属(Glomus sp 1 和Glomus sp 2)型克隆。在土著植物与紫茎泽兰混生群落中, 从紫茎泽兰根围土壤中检测到4 个克隆型, 分别为毛舌菌阔孢(Trichoglossum hirsutum)、皂味口磨(Tricholoma saponaceum)、亚盖趋本菌(Xylobolus subpileatus)和翘鳞肉齿菌(Sarcodon imbricatus), 从土著植物根围土壤中也检测到4 个克隆型, 分别为小皮伞(Camarophyllopsis hymenocephala)、肉色香蘑(Lepista irina)、皂味口磨及亚侧耳(Panellus serotinus)型克隆; 在土著植物群落中, 从根围土壤只检测到皂味口磨型克隆。紫茎泽兰入侵改变了土著MF 群落结构, 其中在土著植物占据的土壤中以外生菌根真菌为主, 而外来植物紫茎泽兰则更多地积累了丛枝菌根真菌。文中讨论了紫茎泽兰改变入侵地土壤菌根菌群落及其可能对紫茎泽兰入侵的反馈。  相似文献   

15.
This study was designed to test the hypothesis that desert ant species that build nests that remain viable at a particular point in space for more than a decade produce soil conditions that enhance microbial biomass and functional diversity. We studied the effects of a seed-harvester ant, Pogonomyrmex rugosus, and two generalist ant species, Aphaenogaster cockerelli and Myrmecocystus depilis, on soil microbial communities. Microbial biomass was higher in P. rugosus-modified soils than in reference soils when soil water content was higher than 3%. Microbial biomass was either higher in reference soils or exhibited no difference in reference soils and nest-modified soils of A. cockerelli and M. depilis. There were differences in microbial functional diversity and microbial community level physiological profiles (MicroResp method) between ant-nest-modified and reference soils of the three ant species on some sampling dates. Temporal patterns of soil microbial communities associated with the ant species resulted from differences in soil moisture, density, and species composition of the annual plant communities associated with the ant nests and in reference areas. Differences in annual plant communities associated with ant nests and surrounding areas resulted in different chemical inputs into the soil organic-matter pools. This study shows that generalizations about the effects of long-lived ant nests on soil biota in arid regions must consider feeding behaviors of the ant species and temporal patterns of rainfall.  相似文献   

16.
试验研究三峡库区大宁河流域降雨侵蚀力的时空变化   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
[目的]分析流域降雨侵蚀力时空变化规律,为水土流失预报及水土保持措施科学配置提供依据。[方法]以三峡库区大宁河流域内13个雨量站41 a 日降雨资料为基础,采用侵蚀力简易模型,分析了该流域降雨侵蚀力的年内分配和年际变化规律,并在软件 ArcGIS 10．2支持下,探讨流域降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征。[结果]大宁河流域年均降雨侵蚀力为7245．55 MJ ? mm／（hm2? h ? a）,它在空间上与流域降雨分布特征基本一致,呈现由东、西向流域中部逐渐减小的趋势,而南北差异较小;最大和最小降雨侵蚀力分别位于流域西北部的建楼站和南部的巫山站;降雨侵蚀力多年变化范围为3619．55～11109．14 MJ ? mm／（hm2? h ? a）。降雨侵蚀力的年内分布呈双峰型,集中程度高,4—10月占全年的95％。[结论]大宁河流域降雨侵蚀力和降雨变化年内分配一致,侵蚀力时空特征除与流域降雨量分布密切相关外,还与区域降雨格局及地形地貌等因素有关。  相似文献   

17.
Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles were measured in soils from 14 sites in eastern China representing typical geographic zones of varying latitude from north (47.4°N) to south (21.4°N). Amounts of soil microbial biomass, measured as total amounts of PLFAs, showed no regular trend with latitude, but were positively correlated with soil organic carbon content, the concentration of humic acid and amorphous iron oxide. Soil microbial community structure showed some biogeographical distribution trends and was separated into three groups in a cluster analysis and principal coordinate analysis of log transformed PLFA concentrations (mol%). Soils in the first group came from northern China with medium mean annual temperature (1.2–15.7 °C) and rainfall (550–1021 mm). Soils in the second group originated from southern China with a relatively higher mean annual temperature (15.7–21.2 °C) and rainfall (1021–1690 mm). Soils clustered in the third group originated from the most southerly region. The northern soils contained relatively more bacteria and Gram-negative PLFAs, while the southern soils had more fungi and pressure indexed PLFAs. These differences in soil microbial community structure were largely explained by soil pH, while other site and soil characteristics were less important.  相似文献   

18.
黑龙江省降雨侵蚀力空间分布规律   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文
利用黑龙江省16个国家级气象站,1960-2000年日降雨量资料,分析黑龙江省侵蚀性降雨和降雨侵蚀力的空间分布规律。在16个气象站中,日降雨量达到侵蚀性标准（≥12mm／d）的降雨时间为9～15d／a,最大值同最小值之间相差近0．7倍;日降雨量达到侵蚀性标准的年降雨量为192～387mm,最大值同最小值之间相差l倍。16个气象站年降雨侵蚀力多年平均值为794～2144MJ·mm／（hm^2·h·a）,最大值同最小值之间相差近2倍。降雨侵蚀力空间分布从西北到中南部逐渐升高,东部低于中部,年降雨侵蚀力空间分布基本与年降雨量空间分布相似。年内降雨侵蚀力分布主要集中在6—9月,7月份下半月或8月份上半月达到最高值,6—9月降雨侵蚀力占全年比率为88％～95％,其中西部比东部略高。  相似文献   

19.
黄土高原降雨侵蚀力时空分布   总被引：10，自引：5，他引：10  
降雨侵蚀力时空分布规律定量研究是进行土壤侵蚀预报的基础。利用231个气象站多年平均年雨量资料估算了黄土高原地区多年平均降雨侵蚀力,并绘制了等值线图。利用17个气象站日雨量和日雨强资料估算了半月降雨侵蚀力及其年内分配特征。全区降雨侵蚀力变化于327~4416MJ.mm/(hm2.h.a)之间,等值线图显示降雨侵蚀力的空间分布与年降水量的空间分布规律十分相似,大致从东南向西北递减。半月降雨侵蚀力占年侵蚀力的累积频率表,为估算土壤侵蚀方程中土壤可蚀性因子和植被覆盖—管理因子提供了基础。侵蚀力年内分配集中度指标反映出黄土高原R值年内分配集中度很高,且多集中在6—9月,集中度最大的达96.4%,最小的也有66.9%。  相似文献   

20.
《Biosystems Engineering》2002,81(3):333-345
The annual precipitation in the Three-river Plain of the People's Republic of China is only 500–600 mm and, besides, the rainfall is uneven; 60–70% of the annual precipitation occurs in July and August and there is almost no rainfall in the winter and spring seasons. Experiments were conducted to form the artificial perched watertable where the runoff caused in summer could preferably be held, by injecting high-pressure air into the soil. A horizontal soil cavity is required, so this paper deals with the determination of the air permeability of soils and the difference in the soil failure mechanisms due to the different air permeabilities.The results show that the air permeability k of 10 m2 s−1 MPa−1 defined the situation between the fluidization and the V-shaped soil failure. When the value of k was from 10 to 0·1 m2 s−1 MPa−1, the V-shaped soil failure took place and when it was less than 0·1 m2 s−1 MPa−1, the soil cavity production took place. In order to produce the soil cavity in the B horizon of the planosol or Cg1 horizon of the meadow soil by air injection, the value of k for these soils should be less than 0·1 m2 s−1 MPa−1 and the soil water content of these soils should be more than 30% d.b.  相似文献   

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