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1.
喀斯特地区不同降雨和植被覆盖的坡面产流产沙特征 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：8
[目的]分析不同降雨类型下的径流和产沙量特征,及其在不同植被覆盖类型和植被覆盖度下的响应,为喀斯特地区黄壤坡面在不同降雨和植被覆盖条件下的产流和产沙量动态特征研究提供理论基础。[方法]以贵州省黔南州龙里县羊鸡冲小流域2014—2018年径流小区实测数据为基础,基于均值分类的方法,将研究区降雨类型划分为4类,对各指标进行相关性分析、回归模型模拟以及指数函数分析。[结果]不同降雨对研究区产流产沙的影响程度不同,不同植被覆盖类型下降雨特征对产流产沙的影响存在明显的差异。总体上A型降雨(极强雨强,极大降雨量、中等降雨历时的低频次降雨事件)更容易造成侵蚀性危害,该条件下坡面产流和产沙量之间显著相关,并且经果林表现出极好的水土保持效果;B型降雨(强雨强,中等降雨量、短降雨历时的高频次降雨事件)为该地区主要降雨类型;在4种降雨条件下,混交林的水土保持效果优于其他植被覆盖类型。产沙量与雨强、径流深正相关,和植被覆盖度负相关,对产沙量的影响为:径流深平均雨强植被覆盖度。当植被覆盖度到达80%左右,其削减径流以及减沙的效果处于稳定的状态。[结论]在降雨一定的前提下,植被是影响坡面产沙量的关键因子。对于喀斯特地区黄壤坡面而言,增加地表覆盖度是减少产沙量的基础,也是防治水土流失的一项重要举措。 相似文献
2.
自然降雨条件下红壤坡面有机碳的选择性迁移 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
依托江西水土保持生态科技园,2015年3月―8月期间,对裸地、草地、果园和湿地松人工林四种类型径流小区自然降雨条件下侵蚀过程中径流泥沙和土壤有机碳的流失特征进行了原位监测。结果表明,监测期间24场降雨下,径流系数和侵蚀模数基本上均随雨型的增大而增加。随着土地利用类型由裸地向果园、草地和林地的转换,减流效益和减沙效益依次增大。径流量和泥沙流失量最主要的影响因素分别是降雨量和径流量。裸地、草地、果园和林地四种类型坡面上,自然降雨下土壤有机碳随泥沙迁移的比例分别为64.67%、47.38%、53.94%和36.03%,碳流失强度分别达到560.3、1.98、122.5和2.66 mg m-2。径流有机碳含量与径流量之间、泥沙含碳量与泥沙量之间均呈负相关关系。裸地、果园、草地和林地四种径流小区泥沙有机碳富集比分别为1.27、1.10、0.80和0.58,即随着土壤侵蚀模数的降低,有机碳富集比也减小。泥沙有机碳富集比均随雨强的增大而减小,有机碳的选择性迁移在低强度降雨条件下表现更为明显。 相似文献
3.
Seasonal variability of runoff and soil loss on forest road backslopes under simulated rainfall 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Runoff and soil loss from forest road backslopes is a serious problem in Mediterranean areas. Surface runoff and sediment production on backslopes of forest roads in Los Alcornocales Natural Park (southern Spain) has been studied in this paper using a simple portable rainfall simulator at an intensity of 90 mm h− 1. One hundred rainfall simulations were performed on bare and vegetated road backslopes during summer and winter in order to study seasonal differences. Runoff coefficients and soil loss rates were lower on the vegetated plots than on the bare ones. Runoff coefficients increased 1.7 (bare backslopes) and 3.1 times (vegetated backslopes) from summer to winter. Preserving the vegetation cover over 20% is recommended for keeping soil loss rates under low levels, especially during winter. 相似文献
4.
The measurement of soil erosion rates under natural rainfall conditions is costly and time consuming. Data provided by rainfall simulation and static site measurements can be used to predict erosion rates under natural conditions, however the accuracy of this method is largely untested. This is especially true for erosion rates from unsealed forest roads. In this study, the values for a range of erodibility indices calculated from rainfall simulation experiments are compared to observed erodibility index values from 1 year of detailed in-situ erosion monitoring of seven different forest road types. The prediction of phosphorus generation rates from rainfall simulation and/or soil sampling was also evaluated. The results showed that a series of commonly used erodibility indices such as sediment per unit rainfall, sediment per unit runoff, sediment per unit EI30, and sediment per unit rainfall energy were poorly predicted from the rainfall simulation experiments. Five of the six indices tested substantially overpredicted the observed erodibility at one site, a gravel road subjected to minimal traffic. For the other six road sites predictions were poor and highly variable, the coefficient of efficiency ranging from − 13.32 to 0.17 for these erodibility indices. A modified index, the ratio of sediment per unit rainfall energy to the mean rate of rainfall energy input, was able to predict annual erosion rates from six different road surfaces using rainfall simulation data with a coefficient of efficiency of 0.9. The results indicate that existing erodibility indices are not suitable for predicting observed erosion rates on forest roads using rainfall simulation data as collected in this study. It is argued that the modified index is more suited to sites (such as compacted roads) where interrill processes dominate, and erosion rates are less sensitive to peak flows. With respect to nutrient generation rates, rainfall simulation was able to accurately predict the observed proportion by mass of total phosphorus (TP) in runoff with a coefficient of efficiency of 0.96. Direct soil sampling of the road surface could also be used to predict the proportion by mass of TP in runoff. Concentrations of total nitrogen in forest road materials were found to be at the lower detection limit of the laboratory instruments. 相似文献
5.
南方花岗岩红壤区不同土地利用类型坡地产流与侵蚀产沙研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
基于自然坡面径流小区,分析了南方花岗岩红壤区5种典型土地利用下坡面地表径流与侵蚀产沙规律.结果表明,不同地类地表径流与侵蚀产沙分异规律明显.裸露荒地、坡耕地、早地和疏林地的地表径流分别是典型林分林地的1 354.9%,1 099.9%,712.3%和285.4%;不同地类土壤侵蚀强度排序为裸露荒地＞坡耕地＞旱地＞疏林地＞典型林分林地,说明植被能较好地调蓄地表径流和减少侵蚀产沙.在不同降雨强度和雨型条件下,不同土地利用的坡面产流与侵蚀产沙也表现出显著的差异.裸露荒地、坡耕地、旱地、疏林地是研究区主要的侵蚀产沙地类.基于径流小区次降雨条件下径流和侵蚀产沙观测资料,建立了不同地类坡面径流与侵蚀产沙的回归方程. 相似文献
6.
Uncertainty of factors determining runoff and erosion processes as quantified by rainfall simulations 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Rainfall simulations at different scales have been used for understanding the influence of different factors on runoff generation and erosion. They are an accepted method for calibrating and validating physically based rainfall and erosion models. Nevertheless, it is proven that not only the patterns of rainfall are highly variable over space and time. Soil parameters responsible for runoff generation and erosion – e.g. infiltration capacity, soil moisture, aggregate stability – are highly variable, too. The results of more than 100 plot scale rainfall simulations on abandoned fields in different areas of Spain are analysed for identifying and quantifying factors affecting runoff and erosion processes. The variability of superficial runoff and suspended sediment yield is very high within most of the test areas, reaching values up to a runoff coefficient of 1 and yielding 130 g per experiment. Only within the semi-arid areas we can find a significant and high correlation between vegetation cover and sediment yield (and sediment concentration), whereas most of the other investigated surface parameters show no influence on runoff and erosion. 相似文献
7.
黄土丘陵区植被类型和降雨对坡面侵蚀产沙的影响 总被引：11，自引：7，他引：4
基于定西市安家沟流域2014―2016年连续3年侵蚀性降雨产流产沙资料,研究了植被类型和降雨对坡面侵蚀产沙的影响。结果表明,侵蚀性降雨可分为3类:A雨型(短历时、中高雨强)、B雨型(中雨量、小雨强)和C雨型(大雨量、小雨强),产流产沙频次为B雨型C雨型A雨型。径流系数油松林(6.915%～9.379%)、小麦地(5.838%～9.034%)和苜蓿地(6.610%～9.671%)分别是冰草地(2.724%～5.246%)的1.7～2.5倍,是沙棘林(2.296%～3.863%)的2～3倍。A雨型的径流系数大于B雨型和C雨型,B雨型和C雨型是产流的主要降雨类型。年均土壤流失量为小麦地(1.478～3.478 t/hm~2)苜蓿地(0.558～2.079 t/hm~2)油松林(0.459～0.887 t/hm~2)冰草地(0.097～0.253 t/hm~2)沙棘林(0.012～0.038 t/hm~2)。小麦地的土壤流失量分别是油松林的3～5倍,是冰草地的14倍,在坡度10°,15°,20°年均土壤流失量分别是沙棘林的123,130,92倍。C雨型对油松林产沙量的贡献率最大,B雨型次之,A雨型最小。A雨型对沙棘林产沙量的贡献率高达79%～86%,高强度、短历时降雨是沙棘林产沙的主要雨型。A雨型对小麦地和苜蓿地产沙量贡献率随着坡度的增大而增大,在坡度20°中、高雨强是小麦地和苜蓿地产沙量增加的主要雨型。小麦地、苜蓿地、油松林、冰草地的径流深与土壤流失量之间呈极显著线性正相关关系(P0.01),土壤流失量的增速为小麦地苜蓿地油松林冰草地,随着坡度的增大产沙速度加快。研究结果可为坡面侵蚀预报模型的建立提供重要的理论依据,同时对科学指导坡面水土保持措施配置有重要的实践意义。 相似文献
8.
不同降雨强度对紫色土坡面侵蚀过程的影响 总被引：6，自引：7，他引：6
为研究不同雨强对紫色土坡面侵蚀过程的影响,通过人工模拟降雨试验和室内分析,采用降雨总量(30mm)一定、降雨历时不定的原则,在2种覆盖度(50%和75%)下,分析了3个雨强(0.5,1.0,1.5mm/min)对紫色土土壤坡面产流产沙的影响。结果表明:在50%和75%覆盖度下,(1)雨强越大紫色土坡面产流总量和径流率越大。相同时间内,不同雨强(0.5,1.0,1.5mm/min)下的2种覆盖度产流量分别占坡面产流总量的18%,30%,52%。(2)雨强越大紫色土坡面产沙量和侵蚀率越大。相同时间内,不同雨强(0.5,1.0,1.5mm/min)下,2种覆盖度产沙量分别占坡面产沙总量的13%,33%,54%。(3)紫色土坡面侵蚀泥沙中的水稳性团聚体的粒径主要集中在0.25,3mm,分别占泥沙总量的74%和67%,0.25~3mm粒径的水稳性团聚体分别占泥沙总量的30%和26%。(4)相关分析表明,雨强和紫色土坡面产流产沙量均为极显著正相关(P0.01)。雨强与产沙量之间均拟合为一次线性方程;雨强与产流量之间分别拟合为一次线性方程和二次方程。研究结果为控制紫色土坡面水土流失和揭示其相关侵蚀机理提供参考。 相似文献
9.
《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2017,28(3):936-945
The western interior portions of Puerto Rico offer optimal climatic conditions for coffee cultivation. However, land and water degradation result when abrupt topographic relief and high annual rainfall combine with forest conversion for coffee farming. Small‐scale rainfall simulation experiments were conducted to quantify runoff and erosion from four land surface types (i.e., mulched, weed‐covered, and bare soils under active cultivation, and unpaved roads) representative of coffee farms in Puerto Rico. Results show that mulch‐covered soils had runoff coefficients similar to those from undisturbed forested conditions (~4%), and that they eroded at rates about a quarter of those for bare cultivated soils. Weed‐covered soils had surprisingly high runoff coefficients (~70%), yet their erosion rates were only three‐fourths of those for bare soils. Annualized erosion rates from unpaved roads were 65 Mg ha−1 y−1, or ten times greater than bare soils and about a hundred times higher than weed‐ or mulch‐covered surfaces. Farm‐scale sediment production estimates amount to ~11 Mg ha−1 y−1, about two‐orders of magnitude higher than under forested conditions. At the farm‐scale, only 2 – 8% of the total sediment is potentially attributable to cultivated hillslopes. In contrast, unpaved roads may account for over 90% of the sediment budget, even though they comprise only 15% of the farm surface area. Therefore, while providing mulch or a vegetative cover to bare cultivated soils should be part of effective soil management, mitigating the effects of coffee cultivation on downstream water resources must focus on the unpaved road network as the primary sediment source. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
10.
野外模拟降雨条件下矿区土质道路径流产沙及细沟发育研究 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
为研究矿区土质道路径流产沙及细沟形态发育特征,在野外调查的基础上,设计坡度(3°、6°、9°、12°)和雨强(0.5、1.0、2.5、2.0、2.5、3.0 mm/min)2个处理,在野外建立不同坡度的道路小区,采用人工模拟降雨的方法,测定了不同处理道路径流产沙参数和细沟形态指标。结果表明:1)各坡度道路径流率为1.12~8.24 L/min,与雨强线性关系极显著,随坡度变化不显著;除0.5 mm/min雨强3°~9°坡及1.0 mm/min雨强3°坡道路径流流态为层流外,其余为紊流,雨强-坡度交互作用(I×S)对流态影响显著;阻力系数只与坡度相关。2)各坡度道路剥蚀率为0.92~324.46 g/(m2·s),与雨强、坡度和径流率呈极显著幂函数关系(R2=0.968,P0.01),道路土壤发生剥蚀的临界剪切力和临界径流功率分别为2.15 N/m2和0.41 W/(m2·s)。3)3°道路以片状侵蚀为主,6°~12°道路细沟发育,细沟宽深比、复杂度、割裂度和细沟密度分别为1.80~3.75、1.07~1.55、0.20%~10.33%和0.067~2.01 m/m2,细沟发育程度是雨强和坡度交互作用(I×S)的结果。4)6°~12°道路细沟侵蚀量占总侵蚀量比例为18.0%~57.16%,总侵蚀量与细沟宽深比、细沟复杂度、细沟割裂度和细沟密度均呈显著的函数关系(R2=0.35~0.96,P≤0.01),割裂度是影响土质道路总侵蚀量的最佳细沟形态因子。结果可为矿区土质道路水土保持工程设计及生产安全提供参数支持。 相似文献
11.
神府东胜煤田是世界7大煤田之一,在开发建设过程中造成了严重的水土流失,其中非硬化路面水土流失是其重要的组成部分.采用野外模拟降雨试验,研究非硬化路面的侵蚀产流、产沙规律以及二者之间的关系.结果表明:非硬化路面的径流含沙量过程曲线包括平缓型、多峰型、单峰型3种类型,侵蚀速率随时间变化过程可分为快速增长阶段、波动起伏阶段以及稳定阶段;非硬化路面的产流时间随降雨强度的增大呈幂函数减小,随坡度的增大呈先增大后减小的抛物线趋势;径流率随降雨强度的增大而增大,拟合关系式为r=2.5961 -0.431;产沙量与径流量之间呈幂函数关系,其关系式为M,=0.223 9W1.9462.研究结果可为矿区水土流失预测和治理提供依据. 相似文献
12.
13.
神府东胜煤田扰动地面野外降雨试验 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
神府东胜煤田是我国探明储量最大的煤田,在开发建设过程中产生了大量的扰动地面,造成了严重的矿区水土流失。为了科学地预测和治理矿区扰动地面的水土流失,采用野外人工模拟降雨试验对神府东胜煤田扰动地面的侵蚀产沙过程进行模拟,深入探讨其侵蚀产沙、产流特征。结果表明:降雨强度是影响扰动地面产流时间的主要因素,产流时间与降雨强度呈负幂函数相关;在试验条件限定的范围内,入渗率随降雨强度和坡度的增大均呈先增大后稳定的趋势,但坡度对其影响较弱;径流率随降雨强度和坡度的增大均呈幂函数增大,且相关系数较高;径流含沙量和侵蚀速率均与降雨强度呈幂函数相关,但相关系数不高;径流量与降雨强度呈很好的线性相关;产沙量与径流量呈幂函数相关,且相关系数较高。 相似文献
14.
人工模拟降雨条件下花岗岩红壤坡面侵蚀过程与特征分析简 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,研究降雨强度、坡度及地表覆盖3因素对花岗岩红壤坡面侵蚀过程的影响.结果表明：1）起始产流时间随降雨强度和坡度的增加而有所提前,而地表覆盖能延缓起始产流时间;2）在不同降雨强度和坡度条件下,径流率从产流初期开始都快速增加,7 ～ 10 min后达到稳定,且随着降雨强度和坡度增加,径流率也显著增加;3）随着降雨强度的增大,产沙率明显增大,且降雨强度越大,坡度对产沙率的影响越明显;4）降雨强度和径流总量、产沙总量之间相关性极显著,其相关系数分别为0.892和0.799;5）地表覆盖具有良好的减沙作用,其减沙效益超过90％. 相似文献
15.
草本植物对土质路面径流水动力学特征及水沙过程的影响 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
通过室内人工模拟降雨,研究了草本植物不同覆盖度土质路面的径流水动力学特征以及路面的产流产沙过程。结果表明,路面径流的弗劳德数和雷诺数属层流的急流范畴,并且二者与径流流速及过水断面单位能量相同,均随草本植物覆盖度的增大而减小。而Darcy-weisbach阻力系数以及曼宁糙率系数则均随覆盖度的增大而增大。在不同覆盖度土质路面上,径流量随径流时间急剧增大后趋于稳定,且二者符合移轴双曲线关系,而输沙率则经历了先增大后减小的过程。随着植被覆盖度的增大,土质道路的水分入渗率逐渐增大,而径流量、输沙率及含沙率均逐渐减小。该研究表明土质路面种植的草本植物具有较好的水土保持功能,为阐明草本植物与土壤侵蚀的关系提供了理论依据。 相似文献
16.
草被地上和地下部分拦蓄径流和减少泥沙的效益分析 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
研究草被地上和地下部分拦蓄径流和减少泥沙效益对科学评价草被防止土壤侵蚀的作用有重要科学意义。采用模拟降雨试验，分析了草被地上和地下部分拦蓄径流和减少泥沙的效益。结果表明，草被与森林植被一样，能有效防止土壤侵蚀。当草地地面覆盖达90％时，草被拦蓄径流效益达90％以上，而基本上无侵蚀发生。草被地上部分（茎枝＋枯落物）拦蓄径流效益为23．7％，其中茎枝部分拦蓄径流效益为9．0％和枯落物层拦蓄径流效益为14．7％，减少泥沙效益为44．6％；草被地下部分土壤体拦蓄径流效益为72．7％，拦蓄泥沙效益为55．4％。 相似文献
17.
Soil infiltration, runoff and sediment yield from a shallow soil with varied stone cover and intensity of rain 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Uttam Kumar Mandal K. V. Rao P. K. Mishra K. P. R. Vittal K. L. Sharma B. Narsimlu & K. Venkanna 《European Journal of Soil Science》2005,56(4):435-443
Stones on the surface of the soil enhance infiltration and protect the soil against erosion. They are often removed in modern mechanized agriculture, with unfortunate side‐effects. We evaluated experimentally the influence of surface stones on infiltration, runoff and erosion under field conditions using a portable rainfall simulator on bare natural soil in semi‐arid tropical India, because modernization and mechanization often lead to removal of these stones in this region. Four fields with varied cover of stones from 3 to 65% were exposed to three rainfall intensities (48.5, 89.2 and 136.8 mm hour?1). Surface stones retarded surface runoff, increased final infiltration rates, and diminished sediment concentration and soil loss. The final infiltration ranged from 26 to 83% of rainfall when the rainfall intensity was 136.8 mm hour?1. The reduction in runoff and soil erosion and increase in infiltration were more pronounced where stones rested on the soil surface than where they were buried in the surface layer. The sediment yield increased from 2 g l?1 for 64.7% stone cover with rainfall of 48.5 mm hour?1 to 70 g l?1 for 3.5% stone cover with rain falling at 136.8 mm hour?1. The soil loss rate was less than 2 t ha?1 hour?1 for the field with stone cover of 64.7% even when the rainfall intensity was increased to 136.8 mm hour?1. The effects of stones on soil loss under the varied rainfall intensities were expressed mathematically. The particles in the sediment that ran off were mostly of silt size. 相似文献
18.
湘中低山丘陵区坡面产流输沙对降雨、土壤类型及水保措施的综合响应特征 总被引：2，自引：4，他引：2
针对湘中低山丘陵区地形地貌条件多样、水土流失影响机制复杂的问题,选取湖南省中部井头(黄壤)、秋波(紫色土)以及莲荷(红壤)3个径流场不同水土保持措施径流小区,综合探究湘中丘陵区不同土壤类型、水土保持措施以及侵蚀性雨型等因子对坡面产流输沙规律的影响特征。结果表明:在年降水量相近的条件下,年径流深和年侵蚀量均为红壤紫色土黄壤;各水保措施小区的减流效益较差,但其减沙效益较好,以黄壤草地措施、紫色土水保林以及红壤经果林和草地措施减沙效益较为明显,年侵蚀减沙率分别达87.89%,55.88%,37.99%和41.07%;大雨强、短历时、低雨量、高频率的降雨占各小区侵蚀降雨场次的比例均在50%以上,该类降雨也是黄壤和红壤各小区坡面产流输沙以及紫色土各小区产流的主导雨型。中雨强、长历时、高雨量、低频率降雨是引起各小区单次降雨径流泥沙流失量最大的雨型。研究结果对完善水土流失的相关理论和规律具有重要的意义,对区域水土保持工作的开展提供了重要的指导作用和理论价值。 相似文献
19.
雨强和植被覆盖度对红壤坡面产流产沙的影响 总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2
为探究雨强和植被覆盖度对花岗岩红壤坡面产流产沙的影响,通过室内人工模拟降雨试验,分析了不同雨强(0.5,1.0,1.5 mm/min)和植被覆盖度(0,20%,40%,60%)下坡面侵蚀的产流、产沙规律及相关关系。结果表明:(1)同一雨强下,初始产流时间随植被覆盖度增加而延迟,并随雨强增大而提前,雨强越大,产流时间提前越明显;(2)各坡面径流率、侵蚀率随植被覆盖度增加而减小,且植被覆盖度越高,径流率和侵蚀率波动范围越小,侵蚀过程越稳定;(3)有植被覆盖的坡面,产沙主要以0.25 mm的水稳性团聚体为主,侵蚀泥沙中0.25 mm水稳性团聚体比重随雨强增大而增加,且增加的幅度随覆盖度的提高而减小;(4)雨强、植被覆盖度均与产流时间、径流率、侵蚀率呈现极显著相关关系(P0.01),且坡面产流过程与雨强变化的相关性大于其与植被覆盖度变化的相关性,坡面产沙过程与植被覆盖度变化的相关性大于其与雨强变化的相关性,不同雨强下植被覆盖坡面累积径流量和累积产沙量关系符合幂函数模型(R~20.98)。研究结果可为南方红壤丘陵区水土流失治理与生态恢复提供科学参考。 相似文献
20.
草本植被覆盖对坡面降雨径流侵蚀影响的试验研究 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
通过野外人工模拟降雨试验,研究了草本植被覆盖对坡面降雨径流侵蚀的影响,并从径流侵蚀功率和降雨侵蚀力两个方面对比分析了草本植被对坡面侵蚀动力的调控效果,结果表明草本植被覆盖深刻影响降雨侵蚀动力,并最终对坡面径流侵蚀量产生较大的影响。植被覆盖度为0%～60%时,产流产沙量随植被覆盖度的增加迅速降低,植被覆盖度>80%时,覆盖度的增加不能引起产流、产沙量的大幅度下降,植被水沙调控作用趋于稳定,确定本研究的临界植被覆盖度为60%～80%;以径流深和洪峰流量模数表示的坡面径流侵蚀功率以及降雨侵蚀力等侵蚀动力指标均与侵蚀产沙量呈正相关关系,但径流侵蚀功率与产沙量具有更强的相关性,说明径流侵蚀功率能更好地模拟侵蚀动力;以径流侵蚀功率/侵蚀量表示植被覆盖度对侵蚀结果的影响,反映了临界植被覆盖度的存在,可以作为评价植被侵蚀动力调控效应的一个指标。 相似文献