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1.
白头翁3种提取液对玉米小斑病菌的抑制效果 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用生长速率法和孢子萌发法测定白头翁不同有机溶剂(氯仿、石油醚、正丁醇)粗提取液对玉米小斑病菌茵丝生长和孢子萌发的作用.结果表明,白头翁不同溶剂提取液对玉米小斑病菌茵丝生长和孢子萌发均具有一定的抑制作用,且对菌丝生长的抑制效果好于对其孢子萌发的抑制效果.石油醚和氯仿提取液对菌丝生长的抑制效果较好,在浓度为100mg/L时,抑制率分别为70.68%和60.12%,在浓度为250mg/L时,白头翁石油醚提取液对孢子萌发的抑制率达到76.59%,与对照差异显著. 相似文献
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为了探讨野生茄托鲁巴姆（Solanum torvum）叶片提取物（粗提物）用于防治园艺作物病害的可能性,分别采用生长速率法和悬滴法,研究托鲁巴姆叶片提取物对8种园艺作物病原真菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的室内抑菌活性。结果表明,野生茄托鲁巴姆叶片提取物对供试病原真菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发（大葱菌核病菌未测孢子萌发）均有一定的抑制作用。随着提取物浓度的提高,抑菌作用增强。当供试质量浓度为5 g/L时,提取物对各供试菌种菌丝生长和孢子萌发均表现出一定的抑制作用（抑制率均高于8.8%）;当供试质量浓度为40 g/L时,提取物对各供试菌种菌丝生长和孢子萌发抑制率均高于60%。同一浓度提取物对不同病原真菌的抑制作用强度差异较大。毒力分析表明,提取物对大葱菌核病菌和茄子黄萎病菌菌丝生长的EC50均低于10 g/L,分别为5.7577和7.6089 g/L。总体看,提取物对茄子黄萎病菌和辣椒炭疽病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制作用均较强,对大葱菌核病菌菌丝生长的抑制效果尤为突出。托鲁巴姆叶片提取物对几种园艺作物病原真菌具有较好的抑制效果,具有作为植物源杀菌剂进一步研究和开发的价值。 相似文献
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为了防治由灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea)引起的葡萄采后灰霉病,探讨二氧化氯(ClO_2)对葡萄采后灰霉菌生长的抑制作用。本试验以葡萄采后灰霉菌为试材,在常温下(25℃)采用生长速率法和悬滴法分别测定不同浓度ClO_2溶液对致病菌菌丝生长及孢子萌发的抑制作用,并采用活体有伤接种法研究其对葡萄灰霉病的防治效果及其对葡萄相关酶活性的影响。结果表明,ClO_2溶液对葡萄采后灰霉菌具有较好的抑制作用,抑制中浓度(EC50)分别达到了67.36 mg/L和58.91 mg/L;浓度低于60 mg/L的ClO_2溶液,抑制作用随浓度的增加而加强;当浓度高于60 mg/L时,抑制作用随浓度的增加而稍有减弱,但仍高于低浓度(40 mg/L以下)处理;当ClO_2溶液浓度为60 mg/L时,培养7 d的菌丝生长和8 h孢子萌发的抑制率分别为98.89%和73.38%,其对菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制效果最好。选用40、60、80 mg/L ClO_2溶液进行活体有伤接种试验,结果显示,浓度为60 mg/L和80 mg/L的ClO_2溶液能够较好地抑制葡萄采后灰霉菌引起的霉烂,不同浓度ClO_2抑菌液处理葡萄果实能够有效地抑制POD、PPO和PAL防御酶的活性提高,使抗性增强。因此,无论对于离体还是活体有伤接种的葡萄采后灰霉病菌,适宜浓度的ClO_2均具有较好的抑菌防病效果,可作为新型绿色保鲜技术的一种潜在资源。 相似文献
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芦荟黑斑病发生规律及室内药剂筛选 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了解芦荟黑斑病的发生规律,进一步为防治提供理论依据。该文对三种越冬形式的病原菌分别采用直接镜检、组织分离法及致病性测定对芦荟黑斑病菌（Alternaria obpyriformis T. Y. Zhang）进行了越冬场所和越冬方式的研究。通过针刺法、涂抹法及玻片粘着法确定病菌侵入和传播途径。人工接种条件下测定了病菌对5科10种植物的侵染能力。采用孢子萌发法和菌丝生长速率法对病菌进行室内药剂筛选。结果表明,病原菌可在病残体上以菌丝和分生孢子越冬,通过气孔和伤口侵入寄主,分生孢子能借助气流传播;人工接种时能侵染豆科、十字花科的部分植物。供试的7种药剂对病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发都有显著的抑制作用,其中施保功可湿性粉剂对其病菌的菌丝体抑制效果最好,抑菌率达84.24%;扑海因悬浮剂对分生孢子萌发抑制效果最佳,抑制率为67.44%。 相似文献
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为明确引起万宁长丰镇槟榔炭疽病的病原菌,并筛选出7种有效防治药剂。采集种植园的病原菌进行分离鉴定及防治药剂筛选。本研究采用组织分离法分离病原菌,通过柯赫氏法则对病原菌致病性进行测定,再结合形态特征观察以及菌株rDNA-ITS序列分析鉴定该病原菌为胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)。采用菌丝生长速率法测定7种常见药剂对胶孢炭疽菌的室内毒力。室内毒力结果表明：咪鲜胺对胶孢炭疽菌菌落抑制效果最好,EC50值为0.022 mg/L,其次为97%戊唑醇、97%腈菌唑、95%吡唑醚菌酯、98.3%嘧菌环胺、97%三唑酮、96%肟菌酯,EC50值分别为：1.316、3.680、3.779、29.605、35.730、125.092 mg/L。鉴定万宁长丰镇槟榔炭疽病的病原菌为胶孢炭疽菌。咪鲜胺、戊唑醇对胶孢炭疽菌毒力强。田间药效试验表明：戊唑醇2 000倍液,咪鲜胺1 000倍液2种药剂对槟榔炭疽病的田间防治效果最好,可以作为槟榔炭疽病的田间防治药剂。本研究结果可为槟榔炭疽病提供参考依据。 相似文献
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筛选具有抑菌活性的放线菌是开发农用活性抗生素的基础。本文采用生长速率法和孢子萌发法,测定了从土壤中分离出的6株拮抗放线菌的抑菌活性,并对抑菌活性较好的放线菌X1菌株进行初步研究。生长速率法试验表明,放线菌X1菌株发酵液对供试12种植物病原菌菌丝生长均有不同程度的抑制作用,发酵液对苹果腐烂病菌、苹果轮纹病菌和葡萄白腐病菌菌丝的抑制率均为100%。孢子萌发试验表明,放线菌X1菌株发酵液对黄瓜枯萎病菌孢子萌发的抑制率为100%。在浓度为1 mg/mL时,放线菌X1菌株发酵液乙酸乙酯萃取物对苹果腐烂病菌、苹果轮纹病菌和葡萄白腐病菌菌丝的抑菌率均大于90%。放线菌X1菌株抑菌谱较广,对植物病菌的防治有很大的研究开发潜力。 相似文献
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生物药剂和化学药剂对苹果树腐烂病菌的抑制效应 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究不同生物药剂和化学药剂对苹果树腐烂病的影响,分别以多粘类芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、多抗霉素、苦参碱4种生物药剂和戊唑醇、咪鲜胺2种化学药剂为材料,采用培养皿离体培养方式,研究单一药剂和不同药剂组合对苹果腐烂病病原菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的抑制效应。结果表明：在培养基中添加单一药剂时,多粘类芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌浓度为180 mg /L、多抗霉素浓度为225 mg /L、苦参碱浓度为5 mL/L和戊唑醇、咪鲜胺浓度为0.75 mL/L时,抑菌率均可达100%。另外,0.02 mL/L咪鲜胺分别与45 mg/L枯草芽孢杆菌、45 mg/L多粘类芽孢杆菌、0.045 mg/L多抗霉素以及0.02 mL/L戊唑醇与45 mg/L多粘类芽孢杆菌组合,4种组合的菌丝抑菌率与孢子抑制率都达到100%,抑菌效果明显好于其他药剂组合。说明这4种生物药剂和化学药剂组合可作为高效、低毒的混合型药剂来防治苹果树腐烂病的发生。 相似文献
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为明确离体条件下硒能否抑制油菜菌核病病原菌——核盘菌的生长,采用平板培养和液体培养基培养的方式,研究了不同浓度的外源硒对核盘菌菌核的萌发、生长、抑制或致死效果以及菌丝细胞蛋白质和核酸物质外渗的影响。结果表明：硒对核盘菌的生长表现出显著的抑制作用(P＜0.05),其抑制中浓度(EC50)为2.23 mg/L;外源硒仅抑制了核盘菌的生长,并未使其致死;低浓度的硒(＜5 mg/L)未显著抑制核盘菌菌核的萌发,当硒的浓度达到50 mg/L时,菌核的萌发抑制率达100%;硒作用下培养基中蛋白质(OD280)和核酸类物质(OD260)的含量增加,且二者的含量均随硒浓度的增加呈现递增的趋势,反映出外源硒显著增加了核盘菌细胞膜的通透性。研究结果证实,适量的外源硒可显著抑制油菜菌核病原菌的生长。研究结果将为促进微量元素硒在农业安全生产等领域的应用提供理论依据。 相似文献
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通过田间试验,评价小麦赤霉病防控药剂的有效性,为植保部门提供药剂选择参考依据。采用‘镇麦12’、‘镇麦9号’为试验品种,以参试杀菌剂的登记最高剂量在小麦扬花期施药2次,最后一次施药25天后调查小麦赤霉病病情及籽粒中DON毒素含量,计算各杀菌剂对赤霉病防效。结果表明,当一个区域内小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵抗性频率达50%以上时,多菌灵等药剂对赤霉病防效由90%下降到低于80%;当采用含有甲氧基丙烯酸脂类的药剂75%肟菌酯.戊唑醇SC防治赤霉病时,将会刺激DON毒素在小麦籽粒中的积累,毒素含量达到1.405 mg/L,高于对照处理0.598 mg/L。而且,通过有效性监测,初步明确了戊唑醇在本地区小麦赤霉病防治的最低有效用量为120 g/hm2。对防治农药进行有效性监测是小麦赤霉病有效防控的重要保障机制。 相似文献
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The effect of fungicides and their combination on yield of barley under different nitrogen, slurry and tillage treatments was investigated at Hohenschulen Experimental Station near Kiel, Germany in 1991–97. Various fungicide treatments (no fungicide, and treatment with stem, leaf and ear fungicides and combinations of these), two nitrogen levels (120 and 240 kg N ha−1 ), two tillage systems (minimum and conventional tillage) and four slurry applications (no application, and autumn, spring and autumn plus spring applications) were used. On average, fungicide application increased barley yield by 1.1 t ha−1 . The fungicide treatments could be classified into four types: (1) fungicides against stem diseases, which slightly increased yield by 0.25 t ha−1 , very similar to the results for the untreated control; (2) leaf fungicides and ear fungicides applied separately, and fungicides against a combination of stem and leaf diseases, which increased yield by 1.0 t ha−1 on average; (3) fungicides against a combination of ear and stem diseases, which increased the yield by 1.22 t ha−1 , and (4) fungicides against a combination of leaf and ear diseases and a combination of stem, leaf and ear diseases, which increased yield by 1.59 t ha−1 on average. The effects of fungicide on the yield were modified by crop husbandry. It can be concluded that application of fungicides against a combination of leaf and ear diseases could increase barley yield and reduce yield variation. 相似文献
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In this study, field experiments have been conducted over three growing seasons to evaluate the effect of fungicides (triazoles and strobilurins) and a foliar fertilizer application to winter wheat at anthesis on flag leaf senescence, grain yield, bread-making quality, Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease and deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination.Flag leaf greenness was significantly influenced by the fungicide application. A delay in flag leaf senescence following triazole use did not increase grain yield. No effects of fungicide application on protein concentration were recorded. The application of strobilurin to a triazole programme did not significantly delay senescence of the flag leaf or increased yield, compared to the triazole-only application, while a consistent benefit was observed for dough strength (W). The triazole application led to significantly lower FHB symptoms and DON contamination, while the triazole-strobilurin fungicides programme led to an increase in DON contents, that were often higher than the untreated controls.Grain yield and quality were improved when a foliar feed containing macro- and micro-nutrients was added to a triazole fungicide programme, with no additional risk for DON contamination. Compared to the strobilurin fungicide application, the foliar fertilizer led to a longer delay of the flag leaf senescence and higher bread-making quality. 相似文献
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小麦根腐病是一种难以防治的小麦土传病害。TaMYB86是一个小麦中受根腐病菌诱导表达的MYB编码基因。本文构建了TaMYB86的过表达转基因载体pUbi:MYC-TaMYB86,利用基因枪介导法将其转入推广小麦品种扬麦16。对转TaMYB86基因小麦T0-T3代植株进行分子特征分析和抗病鉴定。PCR检测结果表明,外源TaMYB86已转入3个转基因小麦株系中; qRT-PCR结果显示,TaMYB86在3个转基因小麦株系中的表达量显著高于在未转基因扬麦16中,约为未转基因扬麦16中的5~6倍,表明TaMYB86可在转基因小麦中过量转录; Western杂交结果表明,引入的TaMYB86可在上述3个转基因小麦株系中翻译表达。对转TaMYB86基因小麦与未转基因扬麦16进行根腐病菌接种与抗病鉴定表明,3个转TaMYB86基因小麦株系在T1-T3代的根腐病病情指数分别为31.75、50.00、45.00; 37.75、37.50、38.50; 41.75、31.25、37.50; 在3次鉴定中未转基因扬麦16的根腐病病情指数分别为75.04、54.17、65.38,转TaMYB86基因小麦T1~T3代的根腐病抗性均显著高于未转基因扬麦16 (P < 0.01)。与未转基因扬麦16相比,转TaMYB86基因小麦中3个下游防卫基因(PR10、PR17c和Chit1)的转录水平也显著上调。以上结果说明,TaMYB86过表达可显著增强转基因小麦的根腐病抗性,在小麦防御根腐病过程中起正向调控作用。 相似文献
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Winter Wheat Cultivar Responses to Fungicide Application are Affected by Nitrogen Fertilization Rate
B. Varga Z. Sve&#;njak D. Ma&#;e&#;i&#; D. Uher 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2005,191(2):130-137
Foliar fungicides are important management inputs for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in high-yielding areas of Europe, but their effectiveness may interact with cultivar selection and nitrogen (N) fertilization. No information is available on the potential use of fungicides in reducing yield losses from foliar diseases in Croatia, where wheat crop is extensively grown under low N inputs. Field experiments were conducted during 2000–02 to evaluate the agronomic responses of six winter wheat cultivars to fungicide application (tebuconazol around heading) compared with untreated plots at low (67 kg N ha−1) and high (194 kg N ha−1) N fertilization rates. Grain yields tended to increase in all years following fungicide treatment at high N rate by an average of 10.1 % (773 kg ha−1), but improved significantly in one year only at low N rate. When these occurred, yield increases were associated with larger grain weight per ear primarily due to heavier 1000-kernel weight. Cultivars differed in their responses to fungicide application across growing seasons and N fertilization rates. Under low disease pressure in 2000 and 2001, improved yields with fungicide use occurred for few susceptible cultivars only, whereas all cultivars significantly increased yields under higher disease severity in 2002 by an average of 383 kg ha−1 (5.0 %) at low N rate and 1443 kg ha−1 (19.0 %) at high N rate. Following fungicide application at high N rate, some susceptible cultivars outyielded resistant cultivars, whereas opposite responses occurred in untreated plots. High N fertilization rate consistently produced larger grain yields except under high disease severity and no fungicide sprayed in 2002, when it had no benefits at all over low N rate. Fungicide application showed limited importance for wheat performance at low N rate; however, cultivars significantly differed in yield responses as well as in rankings after fungicide use at high N fertilization rate. 相似文献
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为了解苹果生产中杀菌剂使用过程控制技术现状。本研究以河南省苹果主产地的32个苹果园作为调查对象,通过走访和面对面问询,对苹果全生育期杀菌剂在整个生产过程中的使用情况进行调查和分析。结果发现存在以下问题：苹果生产中果农操作过程不规范;不同产地苹果园施药种类繁多,化学杀菌剂应用偏多,生物制剂应用偏少;不同园区杀菌剂的使用量有很大差别。从走访的32个果园来看,单个果园杀菌剂使用量最少的为27 kg/hm2,最多的为280.5 kg/hm2。用药次数差别较大,最少的6次,最多的14次。本研究针对苹果病害防治用药过程中存在的问题提出了相应的方法及建议,以期为制定苹果生产中杀菌剂使用过程控制技术体系提供理论支持。 相似文献
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江苏省防控小麦赤霉病主要药剂及其复配剂药效评价 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
为明确当前小麦赤霉病防控药剂的防效,探明不同药剂种类在小麦赤霉病重发生及轻发生地区防治效果差别,采用两地药剂小区试验同时测定13个农药品种对小麦赤霉病的防效。试验结果表明,在气象条件不利于小麦赤霉病发生而发病较轻的地区,参试药剂均具有较好的防效。而在气象条件适合,赤霉病重发生地区,参加试验的药剂其防效均低于70%,表现不佳。其中多菌灵及其复配药剂均对小麦赤霉病保持较高的防效,戊唑醇及其复配剂对赤霉病防效相对较差。 相似文献
18.
水稻纹枯病药剂筛选试验初探 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为筛选出适宜水稻的水稻纹枯病药剂,选取目前用以防治纹桔病的7种药剂,进行不同药剂种类和浓度田间对比试验.结果表明：20％纹氟和27％ FILIA II对水稻纹枯病防效较好,水稻产量较高. 相似文献
19.
Ph. Debaeke Th. Aussenac J. L. Fabre A. Hilaire B. Pujol L. Thuries 《European Journal of Agronomy》1996,5(3-4):273-286
Low-input management for wheat production (less fungicide, low nitrogen rate) could affect grain protein content. The impact of the previous crop could also be a determining factor for wheat quality. A long-term field experiment located near Toulouse (southwestern France), comparing different rotations and management schemes from 1984 to 1993, was used to assess the effect of N availability and diseases on grain nitrogen concentration (GNC) of wheat. GNC ranged from 1.6 to 2.8%, increasing with the input level in 5 years out of 10, as the result of higher nitrogen levels and crop protection with fungicides. Leaf brown rust, high temperatures and water shortage, which affected dry matter accumulation during grain filling, were responsible for high GNC. GNC was generally correlated with N uptake when nitrogen availability was the main limiting factor and to the nitrogen harvest index (NHI) when foliar diseases or drought limited grain production. N uptake in the absence of N fertiliser ranged from 20 to 200 kg ha−1 depending on the previous crop. GNC was closely related to the nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) at anthesis. 相似文献