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1.
pp. 859–864

Behavior of nitrogen in the media was investigated when the aqueous phase produced by methane fermentation was supplied as liquid fertilizer.

When the aqueous phase was supplied to masa-soil,  included in masa-soil was nitrified to . Additionally, in masa-soil,  absorption was observed. On the other hand, in the case of coconut fiber and rockwool, has been hardly nitrified. From above results, it was determined that  toxic effect from the aqueous phase on tomato plants growth was inhibited by means of the progress of nitrification and  absorption by masa-soil.

However, nitrification was restrained so that  was fixed in masa-soil. On the other hand, in the sampled field soil,  was not fixed, and was nitrified immediately. In the field soil, there was a great deal of generated . In comparison with masa-soil.  相似文献   

2.
Effect of dicyandiamide on the nitrification of liquid manure between late autumn and spring The influence of soil temperature on the nitrification of slurry manure with and without addition of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide and the decomposition of dicyandiamide was tested in model experiments. 1. NH4-N of cattle slurry was completely nitrified within 10 or 30 weeks at 4°C or 0°C respectively in a growth chamber. The addition of dicyandiamide retarded the formation of NO3 in the first case for about 15 weeks (dicyandiamide was completely decomposed after 25 weeks), in the latter case for more than 30 weeks. 2. A simulation of field soil temperatures from October till May in an incubation trial resulted in full nitrification within four weeks, with dicyandiamide within 30 weeks. 3. Slurry mixed with soil, burried in polyethylene-bottles into the top soil of the open field, was nitrified until February when applied at the beginning of November, or until April when applied at the beginning of March. With DCD-addition, however, only one fourth of March-Slurry or hardly half of November-Slurry was nitrified. At the same time, in each case about 30% of the applied amount of DCD was still detectable.  相似文献   

3.
Summary Nitrification activity (formation of NO 2 – + NO 3 – per unit soil weight) was measured in the surface layer of 15 presubmerged soils incubated in petri dishes under flooded but aerobic conditions. soils with pH above 5 nitrified quickly, whereas soils with pH below this level did not nitrify or nitrified slowly. The pH values between 7 and 8.5 were optimal for nitrification. Organic-matter levels in the 15 soils of our study did not influence their nitrification activities. In a follow-up greenhouse pot study, after a period of 3 weeks, 15N-balance measurements showed that the loss of N through apparent denitrification did not follow the nitrification patterns of the soils observed in the petri dishes. Apparent denitrification accounted for 16.8% and 18.9% loss of 15N from a soil with insignificant nitrification activity and a soil with high nitrification activity, respectively. These results, thus, indicate a lack of correspondence between the nitrification activities of soil and the denitrification loss of N when the former was measured in the dark and the latter was estimated in the light. Soils that nitrified in the darkness of the incubator did not nitrify in the daylight in the greenhouse.  相似文献   

4.
For forest ecosystems, the relationship between root biomass, root growth and soil nitrification is still debated. Following repeated findings of significant differences in soil nitrification beneath comparable stands at the Breuil experimental site, a reciprocal soil exchange experiment combining high (H)‐ and low (L)‐nitrifying stands was conducted to highlight the effect of tree root colonization on the control of nitrification. Soil percent nitrification and fine root biomass were measured in undisturbed and in transplanted soil cores after 16 and 28 months. In undisturbed soils, the fine root biomass varied by tree species and explained only 14% of the variation in percent nitrification. In transplanted soil cores, percent nitrification converged, at different rates, towards values close to those measured in the undisturbed soil at the receptor stands. On the one hand, percent nitrification increased rapidly in soil cores from L transferred to H, while soil core colonization by roots remained low during the study period. Soil cores might have been colonized by active nitrifiers from their new environment, or/and the activity of the nitrifiers originally present was less suppressed by root activity in their new environment. On the other hand, percent nitrification decreased progressively in soil cores from H transferred to L as root colonization increased. This suggests that root colonization reduced nitrifier population and activity. Our findings suggest that the often‐reported influence of forest species on soil nitrification is probably multifactorial but the tree root colonization contributes.  相似文献   

5.
An improved method is described for incubating intact soil cores in the field, which permits concurrent measurement of net mineralization, nitrification, denitrification and leaching. Cores were enclosed in PVC tubes with minimal disturbance to the physical state or to the natural cycles of wetting/drying, soil temperature and aeration during an incubation lasting 4–5 days. An example of the application of the method is given in which soils with contrasting drainage characteristics were compared. Over a 64-day experimental period, 58% of the mineralized nitrogen (N) in a freely drained soil was nitrified and 36% of the nitrate-N (NO3 –-N) was denitrified. In a poorly drained soil, 72% of the mineralized N was nitrified and 63% of the NO3 –-N was denitrified. In both soil types, 18% of the remaining NO3 –-N was leached. Rates of nitrification were significantly correlated with net mineralization (r 2=0.41 and 0.52) and also closely correlated with denitrification (r 2=0.67 and 0.68) in the freely and poorly drained soils, respectively. Independent measurements of these processes, using alternative techniques (for the same period), compared favourably with measurements obtained with the improved incubation method. Adoption of this method has a number of advantages with respect to field net N mineralization, and also allows interpretation of the impact this may have on other N transformation processes. Received: 18 June 1997  相似文献   

6.
Abstract

Higher rates of nitrification often reported in fine than in coarse textured soils may not be a direct effect of soil texture because in most of the earlier studies, soil water content has been usually expressed as gravimetric, volumetric or soil's water‐holding capacity without consideration of differences in density/ porosity for soils of varying texture. The same water content in texturally different soils could provide very different conditions of soil aeration and associated nitrifying activity. Effects of soil texture on nitrification was studied by incubating three semiarid subtropical soils having sandy loam, loam, and silty clay textures at 35°C for 30 days using water‐filled pore space (WFPS) as the criterion of soil aeration. Upland or aerobic soil conditions, simulated by incubating soil at 60% WFPS, exhibited very fast nitrification of added fertilizer nitrogen (N) and most of the applied 100 mg of ammonium‐nitrogen (NH4+‐N/kg soil) was nitrified within 10 days of incubation in all three soils irrespective of the differences in texture. Under flooded soil conditions (120% WFPS), nitrification was slow and only 84 to 92% of the applied NH4+‐N was nitrified even after 30 days. Nitrification could be described by first‐order kinetics for both the upland and flooded moisture regimes, thus nitrification rate depended upon NH4+ concentration. At similar gravimetric water contents, rates of nitrification differed greatly in soils of varying texture, but when varying water‐holding capacity and bulk density were accounted for using WFPS, all the soils behaved similarly at 60% WFPS. Under impeded aeration (flooded conditions), however, substantial differences were observed in nitrification in soils of varying texture, the largest in fine‐textured Chamror silty clay followed by Habowal loam and the smallest in Tolewal sandy loam soil. These results illustrate the utility of WFPS, compared with soil water content, and its reliability as an indicator of aeration dependent nitrification for soils of varying texture.  相似文献   

7.
The tropical pasture grass Brachiaria humidiola (Rendle) Schweick releases nitrification inhibitory compounds from its roots, a phenomenon termed 'biological nitrification inhibition' (BNI). We investigated the influence of root exudates of B. humidicola on nitrification, major soil microorganisms and plant growth promoting microorganisms using two contrasting soil types, Andosol and Cambisol. The addition of root exudates (containing BNI activity that is expressed in Allylthiourea unit (ATU) was standardized in a bioassay against a synthetic inhibitor of nitrification, allylthiourea, and their function in soil was compared to inhibition caused by the synthetic nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide. At 30 and 40 ATU g−1soil, root exudates inhibited nitrification by 95% in fresh Cambisol after 60 days. Nitrification was also similarly inhibited in rhizosphere soils of Cambisol where B. humidicola was grown for 6 months. Root exudates did not inhibit other soil microorganisms, including gram-negative bacteria, total cultivable bacteria and fluorescent pseudomonads. Root exudates, when added to pure cultures of Nitrosomonas europaea , inhibited their growth, but did not inhibit the growth of several plant growth promoting microorganisms, Azospirillum lipoferum , Rhizobium leguminosarum and Azotobacter chroococcum. Our results indicate that the nitrification inhibitors released by B. humidicola roots inhibited nitrifying bacteria, but did not negatively affect other major soil microorganisms and the effectiveness of the inhibitory effect varied with soil type.  相似文献   

8.
Population size of soil ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was quantified by real-time PCR in a long-term (16 years) field experiment under different fertilizer managements. AOB population sizes in mineral nitrogen-fertilized soils and organic manure-fertilized soil were 10.3 and 3.1 times, respectively, that of the control, while phosphorus and potassium fertilization had no significant effect. On the other hand, the AOB specific nitrification potential (soil nitrification potential per AOB cell) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in organic manure-fertilized soil than in mineral-fertilized soils and the control, indicating that AOB was likely more metabolically active in organic manure-fertilized soils than in mineral nitrogen-fertilized soils after long-term application.  相似文献   

9.
砖红壤区橡胶林地土壤硝化作用研究初报   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
以尿素为氮源,采用土壤好气培养试验,研究了砖红壤区橡胶林短期内不同培肥方式下土壤硝化作用特征。结果表明,尿素加入胶园土壤后即迅速水解,加入橡胶树行间未经培肥区土壤(a)中4天水解99.0%,生成的铵态氮14天后开始较强的硝化作用,最大硝化率为46.2%,培养63天后NH4+-N含量仍保持在63.2 mg kg-1的较高水平;而尿素加入经有机无机肥培肥土壤(c)中1天水解99.8%,加入单用化肥培肥的土壤(b)中4天水解98.6%以上,水解生成的铵态氮培养至第4天即开始较强的硝化作用,14天基本硝化完全,最大硝化率都在99%以上,使得培肥区土壤中的无机氮主要以硝态氮形式存在。  相似文献   

10.
The herbicide glyphosate, supplied as Roundup (Monsanto Canada Inc.), was tested for effects on nitrification in four soils from Atlantic Canada. These included a sandy loam (pH 6.8), two silt loam (pH 6.4 and 5.8) agricultural soils and a clay loam forest soil (pH 3.5). Glyphosate was tested at normal field exposure rates (FR) and levels up to 200 times higher. FR values ranged from 19.83 to 29.26 ppm (jig glyphosate g?1 soil). Glyphosate had no deleterious effects on nitrification in any soil when tested at FR concentrations. In the sandy loam soil nitrification was significantly stimulated at a glyphosate level 50 times higher than FR. With this soil and one of the silt loam soils (pH 6.4) glyphosate levels of 100 times FR and higher were required for a significant inhibition of nitrification. With the other silt loam soil (pH 5.8) glyphosate significantly inhibited nitrification at concentrations 10 times FR and higher. Nitrification in the acidic forest soil was very low and accurate toxicity data could not be obtained. The EC50 of glyphosate towards nitrification in soil ranged from 1435 to 2920 ppm, which corresponds to exposure levels from 67 to 150 times higher than recommended field application rates. The use of glyphosate in agriculture and forestry should have no toxic effects on nitrification in soil.  相似文献   

11.
The fumigant methyl iodide (MeI, iodomethane) is considered a promising alternative to methyl bromide (MeBr) for soil-borne pest control in high-cash-value crops. However, the high vapor pressure of MeI results in emissions of a significant proportion of the applied mass into the ambient air, and this may lead to pollution of the environment. Integrating the application of certain agrochemicals with soil fumigation provides a novel approach to reduce excessive fumigant emissions. This study investigated the potential for several agrochemicals that are commonly used in farming operations, including fertilizers and nitrification inhibitors, to transform MeI in aqueous solution. The pseudo-first-order hydrolysis half-life (t(1/2)) of MeI was approximately 108 d, while the transformation of MeI in aqueous solutions containing selected agrochemicals was more rapid, with t(1/2) < 100 d (t(1/2) < 0.5 d in some solutions containing nitrification inhibitors). The influence of these agrochemicals on the rate of MeI degradation in soil was also determined. Adsorption to soil apparently reduced the availability of some nitrification inhibitors in the soil aqueous phase and lowered the degradation rate in soil. In contrast, addition of the nitrification inhibitors thiourea and allylthiourea to soil significantly accelerated the degradation of MeI, possibly due to soil surface catalysis. The t(1/2) of MeI was <20 h in thiourea- and allylthiourea-amended soil, considerably less than that in unamended soil (t(1/2) > 300 h).  相似文献   

12.
矿化作用和硝化作用是土壤氮素转化的主要途径,通过室内培养试验,对设施和露天栽培方式下有机菜地土壤氮素的矿化与硝化作用进行了比较研究。结果表明,除培养第1d外,设施有机菜地土壤氮素矿化量、矿化率在整个培养期间都显著高于露天有机菜地土壤;设施有机菜地土壤硝化量、硝化率在培养前两周内高于露天有机菜地土壤;设施有机菜地土壤矿化与硝化作用总体比露天有机菜地土壤强烈。矿化作用可能与全氮、C/N、微生物活性关系密切,而硝化作用强弱可能与微生物活性有关。无论施肥与否,设施有机菜地土壤N2O排放速率在培养期间总体高于露天有机菜地土壤,前者N2O累积排放量显著高于后者,这可能与土壤C/N有关。  相似文献   

13.
  【目的】  以华北平原冬小麦–夏玉米轮作体系为研究对象，探究新型尿素对作物氮素吸收及去向的影响。  【方法】  于2016年10月至2017年9月，在河北省辛集市河北农业大学马庄试验站进行小麦15N田间微区试验，微区面积为1 m2，设置施用普通尿素、普通尿素 + 硝化抑制剂 (Nr)、控失尿素、聚能网尿素和腐植酸尿素5个处理，各施肥处理氮素施用量均为N 225 kg/hm2，并以不施氮肥处理为对照。  【结果】  5个氮肥处理相比，控失尿素处理的冬小麦产量最高，为8123 kg/hm2；腐植酸尿素处理次之，为8083 kg/hm2；再次为聚能网尿素处理，为8049 kg/hm2。控失尿素、腐植酸尿素、聚能网尿素、普通尿素 + Nr、普通尿素的15N当季利用率分别为43.6%、41.1%、37.8%、34.2%、32.2%；控失尿素、腐植酸尿素的15N当季利用率显著高于普通尿素 + Nr和普通尿素处理，聚能网尿素的15N当季利用率显著高于普通尿素，普通尿素 + Nr处理则与普通尿素处理的15当季利用率无显著差异；控失尿素的15N当季利用效果最为突出，较普通尿素15N当季利用率提高了35.4%，腐植酸尿素、聚能网尿素较普通尿素15N当季利用率显著提高了27.6%、17.4%。后茬玉米能吸收利用前茬小麦残留在土壤中的氮素，但后茬玉米的土壤残留15N利用率仅为2.98%～3.62%，4种新型尿素处理间后茬玉米15N利用率无显著性差异。小麦收获后，4种新型尿素均显著提高了土壤上层 (0—40 cm) 硝态氮残留量，有利于后茬玉米对氮素的吸收，减少氮素淋溶的可能性。肥料氮总损失表现为控失尿素、聚能网尿素 < 腐植酸尿素、普通尿素 + Nr < 普通尿素。  【结论】  新型尿素显著促进作物对氮素的吸收利用，减少氮素损失，获得高产。4种新型尿素相比，控失尿素增产增效最为突出，土壤中氮残留少，损失率低，其当季利用率、残留率和损失率分别为43.6%、40.8%和15.6%；腐植酸尿素氮当季利用率仅次于控失尿素，而损失率较高达19.8%；聚能网尿素有利于氮素固持在土壤中，其残留率、损失率分别为46.1%、16.1%；普通尿素 + Nr处理的氮素当季利用率偏低而土壤残留率最高，分别为34.2%和47.4%。  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

In a pot experiment, the effects of NO3‐N and NH4‐N fertilizer were examined on the pH of the bulk soil and rhizosphere, and on the growth and nutrient uptake of 18–35‐d old bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) supplied with KH2PO4 or rock phosphate (Hyperphos). Prior to sowing, the soil was incubated for 16 d to ensure complete nitrification of NH4‐N which decreased bulk soil pH from 6.8 to 5.5. In other pots, a nitrification inhibitor, N‐Serve, was added together with the ammonium fertilizer and after 18 d growth, the pH of the bulk soil was 6.6 while the pH of the rhizosphere decreased to 4.5. Shoot and root dry matter yield was significally greater for plants supplied with KH2PO4 and fertilized with NH4‐N compared with NO3‐N. This increased growth by NH4‐N fed plants was presumably due to a increased nutrient availability caused by the acidification of the bulk soil. Shoot concentrations of ? and micronutrients, such as Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu, were higher for plants supplied with NH4‐N, and more strikingly were higher for plats supplied with NH4‐N+N‐Serve when expressed on a root length basis. In this latter case, the increased nutrient acquisition by plants could only be due to acidification of the rhizopshere. The inhibitory effect of NH4‐N+N‐Serve, particularly on root growth, was not caused by NH4+ toxicity, but was due to a direct effect of N‐Serve as shown by growth comparisons with another nitrification inhibitor, dicyanodiamide (DCD).  相似文献   

15.
不同施肥模式对土壤氮循环功能微生物的影响   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  
  【目的】   微生物在土壤氮循环过程中发挥着重要作用。通过研究农田土壤氮循环过程中不同功能微生物群落基因丰度对施肥模式的响应及其关键影响因素,探讨不同施肥模式调控下氮素转化的微生物学机制,为改善农业生产中氮素的管理策略提供理论依据。   【方法】   田间试验始于2011年,试验地点位于江苏省常州市溧阳市南渡镇,供试土壤为白土型水稻土,种植制度为稻麦轮作。试验包括单施化肥 (NPK)、化肥+畜禽有机肥 (NPKM)、化肥+秸秆还田 (NPKS) 以及相邻江苏省耕地质量监测点不施肥对照 (CK),共 4个处理。于2014年水稻成熟期采集土壤样品,采用实时荧光定量PCR法分析了土壤硝化 (amoA)、反硝化 (narG、nirS、nirK、norB、nosZ)、固氮 (nifH)、硝酸盐异化还原 (napA) 等氮循环过程的相关功能微生物基因丰度的变化。以氨氧化微生物为模式微生物,测定添加与不添加1-辛炔情况下的土壤硝化潜势,分析氨氧化古菌 (AOA) 与氨氧化细菌 (AOB) 功能基因丰度与土壤硝化功能的内在联系。   【结果】   与CK相比,NPK处理显著增加了土壤中AOB-amoA、narG、nosZ和nifH基因的丰度。与NPK处理相比,NPKS处理进一步提高了土壤中AOB-amoA、narG、nosZ、nifH以及nirK基因的丰度。与CK相比,除AOA-amoA、nirS、napA基因以外,NPKM处理显著提高了土壤中所有氮循环功能基因的丰度。AOB-amoA基因丰度的变化对土壤氮循环功能基因丰度的整体变异影响最大。AOB主导了施肥土壤的硝化过程 (81.90%～84.42%)。土壤总硝化潜势与AOB-amoA基因丰度显著相关,但与AOA-amoA基因丰度相关性不显著。氮循环功能微生物基因丰度主要受到土壤pH、土壤有机碳(SOC)和NO3–含量的影响。   【结论】   畜禽有机肥与秸秆的施用能够进一步刺激氮循环功能基因丰度的增长,促进土壤氮循环。土壤pH、SOC和NO3–含量是影响土壤氮循环功能微生物丰度的关键因素。施肥主要通过提高土壤AOB-amoA功能基因的丰度,进而提高土壤硝化潜势,因此在控制土壤硝化作用时应重点关注AOB微生物群落。  相似文献   

16.
[目的]研究添加脲酶/硝化抑制剂的高效稳定性尿素在黑土和褐土中的作用效果,为科学合理选择抑制剂提供科学依据.[方法]以春玉米为试材,采用东北典型的黑土和褐土进行盆栽试验.供试抑制剂包括N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)、3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)、2-氯-6(三氯甲基)-吡啶(CP).试验设不施氮肥(U0)、施...  相似文献   

17.
Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of soil pH, temperature and water content on the rate of nitrification and on the amount of N2O evolved from samples of Plano silt loam soil. The rate of nitrification of added NH4+-N increased with increasing soil pH (4.7, 5.1 and 6.7), temperature (10, 20 and 30°C) and water content (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 m3 m?3). At soil water contents of 0.1 and 0.2 m3 m?3, corresponding to 18 and 36% water-filled pore space, respectively, N2O evolution was proportional to NO3? production. Approximately 0.1–0.2% of the nitrified N was evolved as N2O-N. At 0.3 m3 m?3 water content (54% water-filled pore space) and 20 and 30°C, the ratio of N2O-N evolved to N nitrified was significantly higher (range of 0.3–1.1%).An additional experiment was conducted using diurnally fluctuating temperatures (10–30°C). The pattern of N2O evolution was markedly different when the system was sampled at 10 and 30°C than at 20°C. The apparent N2O emission rates were approximately equal for 12-h periods during which the temperature increased from 10 to 30°C or decreased from 30 to 10°C. In contrast, the apparent N2O emission rates were significantly lower for the 12-h period when the incubation flasks were sampled at 20°C following the daily minimum temperature compared to the 12-h period when the samplings were at 20°C following the daily maximum temperature. This provides additional evidence that temperature fluctuation in the surface soil is a factor in-observed diurnal variations in N2O emissions under field conditions.Our findings indicate that an interaction of three factors (soil pH, temperature and water content) affects the amount of N2O evolved during nitrification in soils. In relatively dry soils, estimated N2O production of ca. 0.1–0.3% of the N nitrified may be sufficiently accurate. Much higher N2O output can be expected following rainfall or irrigation. Diurnal variability in N2O fluxes from soils due to fluctuating temperature is an additional uncertainty in quantifying N2O production in field soils.  相似文献   

18.
The influence of different NH4+ loads on aluminium speciation in percolating water was studied on acid luvisols with similar soil-pH values but with different soil adsorption surface characteristics. All of the applied NH4+ was nitrified and therefore led to proton production. Thus, Al displacement in the percolate was increased. The extent of this enhanced translocation was found to be chiefly a function of the amount of exchangeable base cations which buffered the protons produced by nitrification. The proportion of the different Al species in the percolate was altered at large NH4+ loads. Very large A13+ concentrations eliminated Al species bound to dissolved organic matter and particles, presumably because of flocculation and precipitation of organic ligands. Furthermore, increased NO3? and A13+ concentrations enhanced the desorption of F? giving rise to an additional increase in Al displacement by the formation of Al fluoro complexes in the aqueous phase.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

In our previous report (Yanai et al. 2004: Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 50, 821–829), we demonstrated that soil freeze-thaw cycles caused a partial sterilization of the soil microbial communities and exerted limited effects on the potential of organic matter decomposition of soils. In the present study, the effects of soil freeze-thaw cycles on the nitrification potential of soils were examined and the impacts of the freeze-thaw cycles on the nitrifying communities were analyzed. Samples of surface soils (0 to 10 cm depth) were collected, from tropical arable land sites, temperate forest, and arable land sites~ Nitrification potential was assayed by the incubation of soils with or without the addition of 200 fig N of ammonium sulfate per g soil to reach a moisture content adjusted to 60% of maximum water-holding capacity at 27~wC following four successive soil freeze-thaw cycles (-13 and 4°C at 12 h-intervals). Nitrification potential of the soils, in which the decrease in the microbial biomass following the freeze-thaw cycles was less appreciable, was not inhibited by the soil freeze-thaw cycles. On the other hand, the nitrification potential of the soils, in which the decrease in the microbial biomass following the soil freeze-thaw cycles was relatively more appreciable, was clearly inhibited by the freeze-thaw cycles or was undetectable even in the unfrozen control. Surprisingly, nitrate production in the samples of an arable soil collected from Vietnam was inhibited by the addition of ammonium sulfate, and thus the effects of counter-anions of ammonium salts on the nitrification potential of the soils were examined. Since a much larger amount of nitrate was produced in the Vietnam soil with the addition of ammonium acetate and ammonium hydrogen carbonate than that in the soil with the addition of ammonium sulfate, it was considered that ammonium sulfate inhibited nitrification in the soil. These results indicated that ammonium sulfate may not always be a suitable substrate for estimating the nitrification potential of soils. Relationship between soil physicochemical properties and the effect of the soil freeze-thaw cycles on the nitrification potential was evaluated and it was considered that the soil pH(KCI) was likely to be responsible for the difference in the responses among soils, assuming that the pH values changed in unfrozen water under the frozen conditions of soils.  相似文献   

20.
Incubation studies (5 weeks at 30°C) of nitrification were made in an acid (pH 5.8) and a neutral (pH 7.1) soil receiving varying concentrations of pig slurry and (NH4)2SO4 solution. Mineral-N and pH changes were observed at weekly intervals and inorganic salts media were used to obtain separate estimates of the numbers of NH4-N- and NO2-N-oxidizing bacteria. In the acid soil, pig slurry NH4-N was nitrified to a greater extent than (NH4)2SO4. In the neutral soil, slurry additions resulted in the accumulation of NO2?-N and, in one case, the complete inhibition of nitrification for 4 weeks. Slurry raised the pH of both soils more than (NH4)2SO4 and nitrification in the acid soil was most rapid in a 2 week period of elevated pH following slurry applications. Numbers of Nitroxomonas isolated from the acid soil were considered high enough to account for NH4-N oxidation in slurry-treated samples. Numbers of nitrifiers recovered from the incubated neutral soil samples were variable but frequently high enough (>104/g dry soil) to account for observed rates of nitrification. Results are discussed in relation to heterotrophic nitrification in soils, and the practical implications of spreading slurry on agricultural land.  相似文献   

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