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1.
Both silver-sheet (a light reflector) and Figaron (a phytohormone), used individually, influence the production and abscission of reproductive organs during the reproductive stages of soybean. The combined use of silver-sheet and Figaron, however, has a much larger effect on production and abscission than the use of each alone. Experiments were conducted in the field at Niigata University, Japan, to investigate the light intensity at the canopy attributable to light reflection by silver-sheet and the individual and combined effects of silver-sheet and Figaron on reproductive abscission, yield and yield components of soybean. The field study was conducted on a sandy loam soil at 25 and 16 plants m−2 in 1999 and 2000. The results of the 2-year study indicated that Figaron had no effect on growth parameters, whereas silver-sheet had an effect. Flower production in the Figaron and Figaron + silver-sheet treatments tended to be lower than in the control and silver-sheet treatments. Silver-sheet increased the light intensity in the lower canopy of soybean through reflection, and thus the percentage of reproductive abscission in the lower canopy was lower in the silver-sheet treatments than in the other treatments. Greater pod set was observed in the middle and upper canopies than in the lower canopy in the Figaron treatments. Therefore, total pod set or pod number was greater in the combined silver-sheet and Figaron treatments. Yield and its components were greater at higher plant densities and tended to be greater in the combined treatments of silver-sheet and Figaron. The increase of yield components in the combined silver-sheet and Figaron treatments was believed to be a result of favourable light conditions and source–sink alterations in the canopy induced by Figaron. 相似文献
2.
Crop management influences considerably the three components of grain yield, growth duration, growth rate, and harvest index (HI). Effects of seeding rate on these yield components in oats ( Avena sativa L.) was assessed in field experiments at the Viikki Experimental Farm, University of Helsinki, Finland (60°13'N) in 1991 and 1992. Three Finnish oat genotypes were evaluated; a long-strawed landrace cultivar, a moderately long-strawed modern cultivar, and a semi-dwarf breeding line. The following traits were measured: grain yield, days from sowing to yellow ripeness, number of tillers on main shoot, phytomass, vegetative phytomass, and their growth rates (PGR and VGR, respectively), panicle weight and its filling rate (PFR), HI, leaf area index (LAI), and at intervals, dry-matter accumulation in leaves and straw.
Increases in seeding rate significantly decreased growth duration and PGR of individual plants but increased PGR on a ground area basis. Seeding rate did not, however, affect HI. When seeding rate was increased from 200 seeds m−2 to 500 seeds m−2 , reductions in vegetative phytomass, panicle weight, VGR, and PFR for individual plants ranged between 20 and 40 %, depending on genotype. At ≥600 seeds m−2 differences in these components between seeding rates were modest. However, PGR, VGR, and PFR per unit ground area increased with increasing seeding rates up to 600–700 seeds m−2 . Moreover, the higher the seeding rate, the higher the peak LAI (2.7 maximum) and the earlier the canopy closure. Hence, our results showed that a seeding rate of 600–700 seeds m−2 , which resulted in uniculm growth habit, is advantageous in terms of grain yield at high latitudes due to higher biomass accumulation and subsequently greater interception of PAR. 相似文献
Increases in seeding rate significantly decreased growth duration and PGR of individual plants but increased PGR on a ground area basis. Seeding rate did not, however, affect HI. When seeding rate was increased from 200 seeds m
3.
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plant density for maximum yield in Japan is usually from 16 to 25 plants m−2 . The objective of this study was to compare yield and yield components, especially node number between square- and zigzag- (an equilateral triangle-planting pattern or plants in the row offset from each other) planting patterns within a range of plant populations (16, 20 and 25 plants m−2 ).
Field experiments with cultivar Enrei (Maturity Group VII) were conducted in the field at Niigata University on a loamy sand soil in 1991, 1992 and 1993.
Yield increased as density decreased in 1991 and as density increased in 1992 and 1993. This result seemed to be due to adverse weather conditions during seed filling in 1991. Yield tended to be higher in zigzag- than in square-planting patterns except at 20 plants m−2 . Seed number m−2 due to increased yield was highly correlated with branch node number. The yield increase was caused by an increase in total node number, especially branch node number m−2 (about 60 % contribution at 16 plants m−2 and about 40 % contribution at 25 plants m−2 ). 相似文献
Field experiments with cultivar Enrei (Maturity Group VII) were conducted in the field at Niigata University on a loamy sand soil in 1991, 1992 and 1993.
Yield increased as density decreased in 1991 and as density increased in 1992 and 1993. This result seemed to be due to adverse weather conditions during seed filling in 1991. Yield tended to be higher in zigzag- than in square-planting patterns except at 20 plants m
4.
杂交大豆生殖生长期冠层生理及产量构成特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以吉林省审定的杂交豆1号、杂交豆2号2个杂交大豆品种和同熟期常规品种吉育72和吉林30为材料,探讨生殖生长期杂交大豆高产冠层生理,分析产量构成特性,明确杂交大豆增产部分生理机制。结果表明,2010-2011年,杂交大豆比常规品种分别增产13.9%和16.7%。杂交大豆R6期以后叶片叶绿素含量,R2(始花期)~R7(成熟初期)期光合速率和R2~R4 (盛荚期)期叶面积指数均显著高于常规品种,2010年杂交豆1号和杂交豆2号最大叶面积指数分别为8.09和8.30,远高于常规大豆最大适宜叶面积指数,且生育后期叶面积指数没有陡然下降。杂交大豆品种R2~R7期生物产量均显著或极显著高于常规品种,生物产量平均积累速度和最大积累速度分别比常规品种高0.06 g d–1和0.20 g d–1,干物质积累速率加快时间和积累速率开始减缓时间分别比常规品种提前3.09 d和5.85 d,干物质积累早发优势显著。杂交大豆百粒重、主茎荚、粒重与常规大豆差异不显著,但分枝荚、粒重极显著增加。而杂交大豆R7期籽粒占生物产量比例和粒茎比与常规品种差异不显著。表明强大的冠层优势,快速的干物质积累和较高生物产量,是杂交大豆高产的生物学基础。 相似文献
5.
不同氮素水平下双季稻株型与冠层内光截获特征研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文旨在阐明双季稻株型与冠层内光合有效辐射截获的时空分布特征。选用4个不同株型早、晚稻品种,设置4个不同施氮水平,系统观测其植株形态和冠层内光合有效辐射截获率(IPAR)的时空分布状况。结果表明,施氮水平对早、晚稻株高、穗长、叶长和叶基角均有显著影响,均表现为随施氮水平的增加而增大;早、晚稻孕穗期的分层叶面积指数(LAI)和向上累积LAI大于抽穗后12 d,分层LAI呈冠层中部大于上部和下部的分布特征,最大分层LAI出现在0.58相对高度处;冠层上中部分层LAI和向上累积LAI随施氮水平的增加而增大;向上累积LAI随相对高度呈S型曲线分布,可用Logistic方程定量描述(R~2 0.99);早、晚稻孕穗期的冠层IPAR大于抽穗后12 d,且随施氮水平的增加而增大,其日变化表现为正午较小,早晚较大;株型紧凑的早、晚稻品种,冠层IPAR低;冠层IPAR与向下累积LAI之间的关系可用方程IPAR=a (1-e~(-b×LAI))定量描述(R~2 0.88);冠层内IPAR的三维空间分布表现为冠层上中部水平面上IPAR较低,光斑变化大,冠层下部水平面上IPAR较高,光斑变化较平缓,同一冠层高度水平面上的IPAR呈不均匀分布。研究结果可为双季稻高产栽培及理想株型的优化设计提供支撑。 相似文献
6.
7.
R. K. Bhatt 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》1995,174(4):287-290
Fodder sorghum (M. P. Chari) was grown at varying populations to examine its influence on light interception, leaf area index and biomass production. DMY, CGR and IPAR depending on LAI reached maximum at LAI 5 of 150 000 plants ha−1 stand and thus yielded higher biomass. Therefore, physiological potential of fodder sorghum crop was found to be maximum at a population density of 150 000 plants ha−1 . Further increases in population developed mutual shading and adversely affected the crop growth rate and dry matter accumulation. Significant linear relationships of dry matter yield with IPAR, plant population densities, LAI and CGR clearly indicate the interdependence of these characters. 相似文献
8.
以食葵中熟品种LD5009为材料,在石羊河中游绿洲设3个种植密度（D1：39 990株/hm2,D2：49 990株/hm2,D3：66 660株/hm2）和3个行距（R1：0.7m,R2：0.6m,R3：0.5m）,研究不同密度与行距配置对向日葵盛花期冠层结构、光合特性以及产量构成的调控作用。结果表明,D3R2处理下茎粗降低至2.50cm,株高和冠层下部叶向值分别增加至187cm和50.50。高密度能显著增大冠层中部叶面积指数（LAI）,而中等密度有助于平衡冠层中、下部光环境,保证冠层底部较高的LAI,D2R2处理下LAI可达5.20,其中冠层下部为1.97。叶绿素含量、净光合速率（Pn）和蒸腾速率（Tr）均随密度的增加而降低,且差异集中体现在冠层下部,D3R2处理冠层下部叶绿素含量、Pn和Tr分别降至1.09mg/g、-1.87μmol/(m2·s)和1.33mmol/(m2·s)。产量、盘粒数、千粒重与株高、冠层中、下部叶向值、冠层中、下部LAI呈负相关,与茎粗、冠层中及下部透光率、冠层下部叶绿素含量、Pn和Tr呈正相关。本试验条件下,种植密度为49 990株/hm2且0.6m行距配置可确保适宜的冠层结构与光合特性,为高产提供保障。 相似文献
9.
机械收获模式下直播冬油菜密度与行距的优化 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
以华油杂62为材料,采用裂区设计,设置密度15万株hm–2 (D1)、30万株hm–2 (D2)、45万株hm–2 (D3)为主区;行距15 cm (R15)、25 cm (R25)、35 cm (R35)为裂区,研究密度及行距变化对油菜群体人工收获产量、叶面积指数(LAI)、角果皮面积指数(PAI)、透光率、抗倒伏、抗裂角性能及机械收获产量的影响,探讨透光率与产量、抗倒性的关系,建立机械化生产模式下油菜密度及行距最优配置。结果表明,密度增加或行距减小,油菜成株率适宜,LAI、PAI值增加,冠层透光率下降,群体生物量及经济系数增加,人工收获产量增加;但单位LAI(PAI)光拦截量、单株生物量及根干重下降,且较低的单位LAI (PAI)光拦截量有利于提高油菜经济系数;密度及行距处理间差异及互作效应显著,与农户习惯种植模式(D2R25)相比,在D3R15处理下可增产14.1%,获得最高人工收获产量。密度或行距增加,地上部鲜重、株高降低及根冠比增加,导致油菜茎秆、根倒角度下降,抗裂角指数增加,机械收获产量变化趋势与人工收获产量一致,与机械收获总损失率相反,表明除通过提高油菜抗倒性和抗裂角性降低机收损失外,较高的人工收获产量是获得较高机械收获产量的前提。由回归方程可知,与常规30万株hm–2密度、25 cm行距配置比,密度43.8万株hm–2和行距21 cm配置可使蕾薹期LAI提高21.02%、透光率及单位LAI光拦截量分别下降32.47%与17.36%,角果期PAI增加15.08%、透光率及单位PAI光拦截量分别下降32.04%与3.30%,获得较高的机械收获产量,进一步提高油菜机械化生产效益。 相似文献
10.
The effects of six seeding rates (50-300 seeds m−2: ) on some morphological traits with hay and seed yield were evaluated in common vetch ( Vicia sativa L.) under fall and spring sowing conditions. The mutual correlations among yield and yield components were also determined.
The sowing seasons and seeding rates significantly affected hay and seed yield, and most of the yield components. Fall sowings resulted in significantly higher hay and seed yield than spring sowings at all seeding rates, and the highest seed and hay yield was achieved in densities of 250 and 300 seeds m−2 . In spring sowings there was a positive response in hay yield up to 250 seeds m−2 while no further increase in seed yield at the seeding rates higher than 150 seeds m−2 . Average protein content of hay and seed was found to be higher in spring sown crops than fall. The highest protein yields of hay and seed were obtained at 250 seeds m−2 in fall sowings, and 150 seeds m−2 in spring sowings.
Most of the correlations between both hay and seed yields with the yield components were not consistent and differed with the sowing time. Only the correlations between number of the plants per unit area with hay yield, and number of the pods and seeds per unit area with seed yield were statistically significant in both sowing seasons. Close positive associations were obtained between hay and seed yield. 相似文献
The sowing seasons and seeding rates significantly affected hay and seed yield, and most of the yield components. Fall sowings resulted in significantly higher hay and seed yield than spring sowings at all seeding rates, and the highest seed and hay yield was achieved in densities of 250 and 300 seeds m
Most of the correlations between both hay and seed yields with the yield components were not consistent and differed with the sowing time. Only the correlations between number of the plants per unit area with hay yield, and number of the pods and seeds per unit area with seed yield were statistically significant in both sowing seasons. Close positive associations were obtained between hay and seed yield. 相似文献
11.
为明确不同新型肥料的使用效果,为生产中合理选择肥料提供依据。以小麦品种烟农19为材料,在安徽省怀远县龙亢农场设置普通化肥、保持肥、活性增效肥、活性炭肥、活性素肥、土壤改良剂+习惯施肥和习惯施肥共7个不同肥料处理,研究对小麦冠层结构、光能截获率、旗叶光合特性和产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明,新型肥料处理较习惯施肥处理产量提高了4.4%~10.2%,其中活性增效肥处理产量最高。与习惯施肥处理相比,不同新型肥料处理均提高了小麦生育后期旗叶SPAD值、净光合速率、冠层叶面积指数及光能截获率。综上,新型肥料具有增产增效的优势,尤其活性增效肥可作为小麦科学施肥的优选方案。 相似文献
12.
本研究选择秋冬季日光温室黄瓜为研究对象,利用参数化方法构建了不同株距和行距处理的虚拟冠层结构模型,并在与光分布模型和光合模型相结合的基础上,模拟分析了株行距改变对冠层叶片分布、光截获以及光合速率的影响。模拟结果显示,株行距的增加,促进了冠层对光的透性,对方位角朝向北部和行内的叶片的光截获有明显促进作用,也使得叶片在北部和行内的分布频率显著增加。从单株平均光截获来看,改变株距和行距分别使单株光截获量提高了34.78%和23.18%。通过将光截获模拟结果与光合模型相结合,得到了冬季栽培的最优株行距,即45.70 cm(株距)及43.22cm(行距)。与传统的40×40 cm株行距栽培方式相比,最优株行距略有增加。本研究结果为功能结构模型在实际生产中的应用以及作物栽培株行距最优化设计提供定量化的决策依据。 相似文献
13.
以超高产大豆品种吉育86为试验材料,采用垄上双行的种植模式,研究花后水肥一体化与化控措施对大豆产量及生理特征的影响。结果表明：水肥一体化显著提高大豆产量,R2（盛花期）+R4（盛荚期）（T3）、R4+R5（始粒期）（T4）、R2+R4+R5处理（T5）的增产幅度最大,但3个处理间差异不显著;水肥一体化+化控进一步提升大豆产量,R2+R4+R5结合化学调控处理（T9）的产量最高,达3 780.4kg/hm 2,比对照增产19.25%。通过T5、T9与对照高产生理特征比较表明,T5显著增加了SPAD值、光合参数、叶面积指数、单株生物产量、株高、茎重和百粒重;与T5相比,T9提高了SPAD值和光合参数,并且降低了株高、最大叶面积指数,有效地控制了倒伏,使叶面积指数动态更合理,促进茎、叶、叶柄干物质向籽粒转移,最终增加单株粒重和百粒重,显著增加了产量。说明水肥一体化+化控是提升大豆产量潜力的有效措施,水肥一体化显著增加了单株荚重、单株粒重和百粒重,化控措施对百粒重影响不显著,进一步增加了单株荚重和单株粒重。R2期后进行2~3次水肥处理,并在始花期（R1）化控处理为提高大豆产量的最优措施。 相似文献
14.
J. M. Ramos J. Marinetto M. B. Garcia Del Moral L. F. Garcia Del Moral 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》1994,173(2):106-112
In six field experiments conducted over 2 years, the effect of one or two cuttings on grain yield of triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) were investigated. In addition, the relationships between triticale grain yield its components were analysed.
Grain yield of the uncut plots invariably exceeded the plots with one or two cuttings, regardless of the environment or year. The reductions in grain yield caused by one cutting ranged from 27 % to 60 % under rainfed conditions and 18 % to 20 % under irrigation. With two cuttings the reduction was 45 % to 70 % for rainfed, and 35 % to 48 % for irrigated conditions.
The yield components which most influenced grain yield of triticale under cutting treatment were the number of ears m−2 in all six experiments and the number of grains per ear under rainfed conditions. At the rainfed sites in 1989 cuttings diminished the number of ears m−2 mainly by increasing plant mortality. Nevertheless, at the rainfed sites of 1990 and at the irrigated site of both years, the reduction in the number of ears m−2 with cuttings was due principally to a lower survival of tillers per plant. 相似文献
Grain yield of the uncut plots invariably exceeded the plots with one or two cuttings, regardless of the environment or year. The reductions in grain yield caused by one cutting ranged from 27 % to 60 % under rainfed conditions and 18 % to 20 % under irrigation. With two cuttings the reduction was 45 % to 70 % for rainfed, and 35 % to 48 % for irrigated conditions.
The yield components which most influenced grain yield of triticale under cutting treatment were the number of ears m
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不同行距配置方式对夏玉米冠层结构和群体抗性的影响 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
为探究行距配置方式对冠层微气象因子及群体抗逆性的影响,明确夏玉米适宜的行距配置方式,在方城和辉县设置大田试验,以3个不同株高类型的玉米杂交种为材料(中秆品种郑单958、高秆品种先玉335和矮秆品种512-4),设置2个种植密度(60 000株 hm-2和75 000株 hm-2),研究了5种行距配置方式(50 cm、60 cm、70 cm、80 cm等行距和80 cm+40 cm宽窄行)下冠层结构和群体抗逆性的变化。结果表明,不同株高类型杂交种在相同密度下,随行距扩大,株型变得松散,穗部叶片叶向值减小,并偏离种植行,向种植行垂直方向发展,冠层温湿度降低,群体抗逆性增强,但冠层光照截获率降低,产量也随之减少。对比发现,不同品种和密度下,60 cm等行距能够较好地协调冠层微气象因子与玉米产量的关系,叶片分布适宜,冠层温湿度和光能分布合理,显著提高了中下部的光能截获率,病虫害和倒伏的发生率较低,获得最高产量的频率最高,且适宜机械化田间作业,建议作为适宜黄淮海地区推广的种植方式。 相似文献
17.
高光谱遥感估测大豆冠层生长和籽粒产量的探讨 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
现代作物育种需要监测大量育种材料的生长并估测产量潜势, 高光谱遥感技术为此提供了简单、快捷、非损伤性测定的可能途径。选取30份大豆育成品种进行连续2年的产量比较试验, 在盛花期(R2)、盛荚期(R4)和鼓粒始期(R5)测定地上部生物量(ADM)和叶面积指数(LAI), 并利用ASD高光谱地物仪同步收集大豆冠层反射光谱信息。供试品种间ADM、LAI和产量差异显著或极显著。不同生育期可见光和近红外区域的光谱反射率与大豆ADM、LAI及产量均有显著相关, 尤其在R4和R5期相关性最高。在构建大量光谱参数的基础上, 遴选出对ADM、LAI及产量预测精度较好的回归模型。其中, R5期的P_Area560光谱参数与LAI和R4期的V_Area1450光谱参数与ADM构建的两个生长性状的监测模型效果最好, 决定系数(R2)分别为0.582和0.692。未发现单一生育期光谱参数对大豆估产的有效模型, 但综合R2期NPH1280、R4期V_Area1190以及R5期NPH560构建的产量估测模型, 决定系数(R2)达到0.68, 效果较好。本研究 相似文献
18.
The effects of three okra planting densities (28 000; 56 000 and 111 000 plants ha1 ) intercropped within or between maize rows were investigated in two field trials during the 1990 and 1991 wet seasons at Nsukka. The plant height and the leaf area index (LAI) increased as the planting density increased in sole or intercropped okra while the number of branches per plant decreased with increasing okra planting density. The height of maize plants also increased as okra planting density increased but the LAI decreased. Intercropping reduced the yield and yield components (number and weight of pods per plant) of okra and maize (number of cobs, cob length and 100-grain weight). Increasing okra planting density reduced the sole and the intercropped okra and also the maize intercrop yield by reducing the number of pods and grains as well as the pod and grain size, respectively. Assessment of the productivity ofthe mixtures showed that the highest yield advantage (35%) of growing okra and maize together was obtained at 28000 okra plants ha1 while the highest monetary return was realized at the highest okra planting density of 111000 plants ha1 intercropped between maize rows. The patterns of row arrangement did not have effect on the growth, yield and yield components of the mixtures. 相似文献
19.
The effects of intercrop spacing patterns on the silage yields of both maize (lea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) were examined from 1985 to 1987. Dwarf maize was intercropped with nonnodulatmg or nodulating soybean in the spacing patterns, S40same (two crops in the same row, 40 cm row width) and S20ait or S40ak (two crops in alternate rows, 20 cm or 40 cm row width, respectively). Tall maize was intercropped with nodulating soybean in S40sames S40alt and S40pair (maize in 40 cm paired rows, soybean rows 20 cm outside each maize row and 80 cm from the next set of four rows) at 0 or 60 kg N ha−1 and at population densities of 67% maize: 67% soybean or 50 % maize: 50% soybean. Maize and soybean were also intercropped and stripcropped on a farm-scale. The only difference between intercrops arranged in the same rows versus those in alternate rows was that the average soybean protein yields were higher in S40same than in S40alt . In 1986, the S40alt maize-soybean intercrops produced higher maize yields, total biomass yields and Land Equivalent Ratios (LERs) than in S40pirs , and in 1987, these responses were higher in intercrops than in stripcrops. In 1986, at 0 kg N ha−1 , the soybean biomass and protein yields were lower in S40alt , than in S40pairs and in 1987, these responses were lower in intercrops than in stripcrops. 相似文献
20.
不同行株距（密度）对小黑豆产量及其相关性状变异系数的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了高效开发利用小黑豆资源,提高小黑豆产量,在山西隰县采用随机区组设计方法研究了不同行株距（密度）对小黑豆产量及相关性状变异系数的影响。结果表明：行距40 cm的平均产量优于行距60 cm的平均产量;不同行株距配置（密度）中,R40P30（8.34万株/hm2）处理的籽粒产量、单株籽粒产量、单株荚数和结荚高度4个性状均优于其他处理,R60P15（11.12万株/hm2）处理的百粒重性状优于其他处理,株高性状以R60P25（6.67万株/hm2）处理最高不,同行株距配置（密度）对有效分枝性状不存在影响;不同行株距配置（密度）处理对各性状的变异系数影响序列为产量>结荚高度>单株籽粒产量>百粒重>单株荚数>有效分枝>株高。该项研究为进一步提高小黑豆产量提供了理论和技术支撑。 相似文献