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1.
基于土壤入渗参数空间变异性的畦灌灌水质量评价 总被引：7，自引：4，他引：3
畦灌灌水质量的客观评价是制定合理灌水方案的重要基础。该文假定土壤空间变异性主要体现在入渗系数的变化上,以在杨凌区一级阶地和三级阶地上进行的大田畦灌试验为例,分析土壤空间变异性对畦灌灌水质量的影响,并揭示畦灌灌水质量变化规律。结果表明灌水效率、灌水均匀度和储水效率随入渗系数的变异系数增大均呈现下降趋势,其中灌水效率和储水效率下降幅度较小,而灌水均匀度下降幅度较大。由此说明土壤入渗系数的变异性对灌水均匀度影响最大,而对灌水效率和储水效率影响相对较小。该文的研究方法对畦灌灌水质量评价结果可更好地反映客观实际,从而为制定合理的灌水方案提供依据和技术支持。 相似文献
2.
灌水质量评价是提高灌溉管理水平、改善畦灌质量的重要依据。针对畦灌灌水质量影响因素较多造成分析和评价困难的问题,该文以畦灌试验资料为基础,采用量纲分析和数值模拟相结合的方法,构建了估算畦尾闭合条件下的畦灌灌水质量指标(灌水效率、灌水均匀度和储水效率)计算模型,其所建模型对各灌水技术要素有效组合下的灌水质量指标进行计算,结果表明估算值与采用零惯量模型的模拟值具有较高一致性,两者相对误差的绝对值均值分别为6.72%、6.57%和4.93%,其相关系数R2分别为0.987、0.969和0.990,并采用SPSS软件对估算值和零惯量模型的模拟值进行显著性检验(显著性水平P0.05),其灌水效率、灌水均匀度和储水效率估算值和模拟值的显著性指标分别为0.226、0.142和0.271,结果表明两者无显著性差异。结合已有文献资料,对文中所建畦灌灌水质量指标计算模型的可靠性进行了验证,结果表明灌水效率、灌水均匀度和储水效率的估算值与实测值具有较高的一致性,两者相对误差的绝对值均值分别为7.76%、9.15%和7.08%。由此说明,该文所建立的畦灌灌水质量指标计算模型具有高的可靠性,且具有较强的普适性。研究结果可为畦灌灌水质量评价和灌水方案设计提供科学依据和技术支持。 相似文献
3.
基于土壤入渗变异性的畦灌单宽流量优化 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
农田土壤入渗变异性给畦灌系统的设计和管理带来了困难.为进一步提高畦灌灌水质量,该研究利用已有考虑土壤变异条件下的畦灌灌水质量计算模型,采用数值模拟与理论分析相结合的方法,扩展了模型的使用范围,并结合畦灌试验资料对其进行了验证;在此基础上分析了土壤入渗变异性对畦灌灌水质量的影响,提出了考虑农田土壤入渗变异条件下入畦单宽流量的确定方法.结果表明,文中扩展后的模型可用于计算异质土壤和均质土壤情景模式下的畦灌灌水质量指标,其计算值与田间实测值和WinSRFR软件模拟值一致性较好,相对误差均值分别为10％;土壤入渗变异对畦灌灌水质量的影响显著,贡献度高达56.71％～95.68％,其对灌水均匀度的影响最为敏感,其次为灌水效率和储水效率;基于均质土壤入渗条件下优化的入畦单宽流量,可用于异质土壤畦灌灌水流量设计,两者符合1∶1的线性关系.研究结果可为考虑农田土壤变异性的畦灌系统设计和管理提供理论依据和技术支撑. 相似文献
4.
秸秆覆盖畦田灌溉水流特性及灌水质量分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在陕西杨凌张家岗村覆盖玉米秸秆的冬小麦地进行了畦田规格和灌水技术要素对灌水效率和灌溉均匀度影响的田间试验,并SRFR406软件对秸秆覆盖畦灌的水流推进进行了数学模拟.结果表明,给出的地面灌溉模型及软件可较好的模拟秸秆覆盖畦田水流运动.畦田规格与技术要素的选择对灌水效率及灌水均匀度均有影响.在覆盖秸秆畦田以畦长小于50 m,畦宽2～3 m,单宽流量以6～8 L/(m·s),坡度以3‰～5‰为宜.为提高秸秆覆盖灌水效率,应加强耕作管理,消除反坡. 相似文献
5.
根据我国地面灌现状提出极限灌水状态和最佳灌水状态及其灌水技术参数的概念。用Ｎｅｗｔｏｎ－Ｒａｐｈｓｏｎ法和Ｐｒｅｉｓｍａｎ法对畦灌田面行水流动的零惯性模型进行求解，实现畦灌田面行水流动模拟。在此基础上探讨了畦灌的行水、入渗机理。用计算机模拟试验方法建立极限灌水定额ｑ０、Ｌ关系的数学模型，并研究灌水技术参数ｑ０、Ｌ对极限灌水定额的影响，进而探讨了ｑ０、Ｌ对灌溉系统性能的影响。给出了适宜的畦长Ｌ和单宽流量ｑ０的确定方法。结合通县宋庄地区实际，给出了该地区冬小麦适宜畦幅规格与灌水技术参数。利用上述畦幅规格与灌水技术参数对冬小麦灌水，收到节水增产的效果。 相似文献
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7.
低定额畦灌技术参数研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
基于有限水资源的农田补充灌溉,以寻求不产生深层渗漏的节水型地面畦灌灌水定额为目标,在陕西省杨陵区中壤土玉米地,开展了畦田规格和灌水技术要素对灌水效率和灌水均匀度影响的田间试验.通过水流推进、消退过程、土壤水分变化的测定,利用地面灌溉水流运动曲线拟合对畦灌条件下的最佳灌水技术要素组合进行了分析.结果表明:畦田规格和灌水技术要素对灌水效率和灌水均匀度具有明显影响.对于试验田块,田面坡度为1.5‰时,入畦单宽流量控制在3～6 L/(m·s)范围内,畦宽2～3 m,畦长50 m左右,可达到较高灌水效率(Eα>80%)和灌水均匀度(DU>80%),并能将灌水定额控制在设计范围之内,实现畦田的小定额灌溉. 相似文献
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9.
畦田灌溉设计中存在问题及其处理方法 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
畦灌法灌水技术应用较为广泛,但是,设计中存在较多问题,为了更好的应用该项灌水技术,本文提出了目前畦灌法应用中存在问题并提出相应的解决办法。 相似文献
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11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
18.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
19.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献
20.
Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico
and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria
(Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite
amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation.
Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured
as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions. 相似文献