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1.
Equine bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid collected from 70 horses and respiratory secretions (RS) obtained from 61 of these horses were evaluated cytologically and grouped according to the histological diagnosis of the lungs from which they were obtained. The histological categories included: normal lung (8 horses); pulmonary eosinophilic infiltration (9 horses); interstitial pneumonia (5 horses); pulmonary hemorrhage (5 horses); and mild (12 horses), moderate (7 horses) and severe (24 horses) chronic small airway disease. In horses with pulmonary disease, all BAL samples and all but one RS sample differed cytologically to those obtained from normal horses; however, the type and severity of the pulmonary disease could not always be determined using either BAL or RS cytology. There was a positive association between the percentage of neutrophils in BAL and the neutrophil scores in RS specimens; there was no positive association between other cell types.  相似文献   

2.
Thirty-nine horses and 3 ponies underwent a thorough respiratory examination and were grouped as follows: healthy (4 horses and 1 pony); mild chronic pulmonary disease (CPD 11 horses); moderate CPD (16 horses and 1 pony); and severe CPD (8 horses and 1 pony). Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid collected from all animals and respiratory secretions (RS) obtained from 39 of these animals were evaluated cytologically and the results were compared. It was concluded that cytological examination of either BAL fluid or RS was useful in diagnosing various equine pulmonary diseases. The only advantage that BAL offered over RS sampling was in cases in which there was no RS available in the trachea. In addition, the severity of the CPD did not always correlate with either RS or BAL cytology.  相似文献   

3.
Samples obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were used to evaluate pulmonary cytology in 59 feedlot calves with clinical signs of respiratory disease (cases) and 60 clinically normal comparison calves (controls). Many calves in both case and control groups had inflammatory changes in the lower respiratory tract, as determined by changes in proportions in the BAL differential cell count. Approximately 35% of cases and 40% of controls showed a normal differential cell count. It therefore appeared that the criteria used to select cases for treatment, which were similar to those often used in the field, were poor predictors of lower respiratory tract disease. A positive association was found between an increased proportion of neutrophils in BAL fluid and isolations of Pasteurella multocida and Mycoplasma bovis from BAL fluid.  相似文献   

4.
Objective To evaluate the effect of collecting serial tracheal aspirate (TA) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples on the cytological findings of subsequent fluid samples obtained from horses without clinical signs of respiratory disease. Study design Experimental. Study population Six healthy Standardbred horses. Methods Endoscopically‐guided TA samples, and BAL samples collected using the blind field technique were obtained from the six horses on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 12, and 17. On day 17, horses were sampled three times: at baseline and at 2.5 h and 4 h apart. The differential cytology of the fluid samples collected at each time point was expressed as percentages and compared statistically. Results There was a significant increase in neutrophil percentage in the TA samples taken at day 17 (at 2.5 h but not at 4 h apart). There was no significant change in the neutrophil percentages in the TA samples when repeated samples were taken ≥24 h apart. There was no significant change in the neutrophil percentages in the BAL fluid at any collection point. There were inconsistent changes in the percentages of lymphocytes and macrophages in the BAL fluid over time, but these remained within normal reference ranges and were considered clinically insignificant. Conclusions Serial TA and BAL samples can be taken at 24 h intervals without affecting the cytological findings of subsequent fluid samples collected using the techniques described.  相似文献   

5.
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6.
The aim of this study was to investigate whether initial equine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) aliquots were more representative of bronchial cytology that bronchiolar and alveolar cytology. Cell viability and total nucleated (TCC), differential (DCC) and absolute cell counts of cytocentrifuged preparations of 3 sequentially collected BALF aliquots (Aliquots 1-3) were compared with those of pooled BALF (Aliquot 4) to assess whether all aliquots were representative of the lavaged lung segment. BALF samples (n = 21) were collected from control horses (n = 5) or heaves-affected horses (n = 5). There were nonsignificant trends of increasing TCC and absolute macrophage count from Aliquot 1 to Aliquot 3 and significant differences in macrophage (P<0.05) and lymphocyte (P<0.01) DCC among aliquots of all horses; however, no linear trend in this DCC data was observed. There was a significant decrease in mast cell DCC (P<0.01) from Aliquot 1 to Aliquot 3 in control horses. Cell viability did not differ significantly among aliquots. There was no diagnostically significant difference in TCC, DCC, absolute cell counts or cell viability, among sequential and pooled BALF aliquots and, therefore, all aliquots can be considered to represent the cytology of the lavaged lung segment. This indicates that even if BALF recoveries are very low, cytological analysis of samples will be of diagnostic value.  相似文献   

7.
Reasons for performing study: The diagnosis of equine recurrent airway obstruction (RAO) and inflammatory airway disease (IAD) is based on clinical signs and increased inflammatory cell percentages in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Since a BAL is an invasive procedure, a risk‐screening questionnaire (RSQ) would be a valuable screening tool for lung inflammation. Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of a RSQ to detect lower airway inflammation (LAI) in a large population of horses. Methods: A standardised BAL was performed in the field on 167 horses in Alberta, Canada. Horses were separated into 3 categories: 1) BAL normal; 2) BAL mild to moderate LAI (MLAI), and 3) BAL severe LAI (SLAI). The horse owners were asked to complete a RSQ. The RSQ scores were compared to the BAL results to determine the likelihood of a horse having MLAI, SLAI or no LAI. Results: Based on BAL cytology, 28 (17%) horses were normal and 139 (83%) were abnormal, with 110 (66%) showing MLAI and 29 (17%) SLAI. Horses with SLAI and MLAI had a mean RSQ score of 0.95 and 0.70, respectively, compared to 0.60 for normal BAL horses. Horses with SLAI showed more clinical signs than normal and MLAI horses. The sensitivity and negative predictive values of the RSQ for detecting SLAI using a cut‐off score of 0.87, were excellent at 0.90 (95%CI 0.73–0.98) and 0.96 (95%CI 0.82–1.00). Questions on the clinical signs typically found in RAO cases differed significantly between horses with BAL SLAI and those with BAL normal. Conclusions: Prevalence of MLAI was high in this population. Although the RSQ did not allow differentiating normal horses from horses with MLAI, it has a high sensitivity to detect horses with SLAI and is therefore a good screening tool for SLAI.  相似文献   

8.
Phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE 4) enzyme inhibitors have been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in various animal disease processes and therefore could be effective drugs for the treatment of equine airway diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and adverse effects of the PDE 4 inhibitor L-826,141 in horses with heaves. In a blinded parallel design, horses with heaves exposed daily to moldy hay were given a placebo for 14 days and then administered either L-826,141 (n = 6; loading dose of 1 mg/kg IV followed by 0.5 mg/kg IV q48h) or dexamethasone (n = 6; 0.04 mg/kg IV q24h) from days 15 to 29 (study 1). Pulmonary function and bronchoalveolar (BAL) cytology were evaluated weekly from baseline (day 0) to 29 days. In study 2, horses were treated with L-826,141 (1.0 mg/kg IV q24h) for 8 days. Although ex vivo lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and LTB4 production by fresh blood were inhibited up to 90% after repeated administrations of L-826,141, this treatment failed to improve lung function. In contrast, dexamethasone (positive control) treatment resulted in significant improvement in lung mechanics and airway function in all horses. Neither drug had a significant effect on BAL total cell counts and differential cytology. Administration of the PDE 4 inhibitor L-826,141 for up to 14 days to horses with heaves was not associated with an improvement in airway function or inflammation. These findings suggest that the PDE 4 enzyme is not a key mediator of lung inflammation in heaves.  相似文献   

9.
The aim of this work was to measure the myeloperoxidase (MPO) concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid collected from horses with recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), both in crisis and in remission, as well as from healthy horses. Seven horses with RAO were exposed to moldy hay until the maximum change in pleural pressure was greater than 1.5 kPa. At that point, BAL was performed, and the total cell counts and percentages in the fluid were immediately determined. To measure the MPO concentration in BAL-fluid supernatant, we used a specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with polyclonal antibodies against equine MPO. The tests were repeated on the horses with RAO after they had spent 2 mo on pasture. Six healthy horses serving as controls underwent the same tests. The absolute and relative neutrophil counts and the MPO concentration in the BAL fluid were significantly greater in the horses with an RAO crisis than in the control horses. After 2 mo on pasture, the horses that had been in RAO crisis were clinically normal, and their neutrophil counts and MPO levels in BAL fluid had significantly decreased; during remission their neutrophil counts were not significantly different from those in the healthy horses, but their MPO concentration remained significantly higher. This study showed that determining the MPO concentration in a horse's BAL fluid is technically possible and that during remission from RAO the concentration remains higher than normal. Thus, MPO may be a marker of neutrophil presence and activation in the lower airways.  相似文献   

10.
In diagnosing inflammatory airway disease (IAD) in performance horses, a histamine bronchoprovocation (HBP) test is often performed. In previously published studies, HBP is usually undertaken prior to cytological examination of the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells. The purpose of this study was to determine if HBP alters (1) the total nucleated cell numbers and distribution in BAL fluid (BALF) and (2) the mRNA and protein concentrations of selected cytokines in BAL cells and BALF, respectively. BALF was initially collected endoscopically from the right middle or diaphragmatic lung lobe in eight healthy young Standardbred horses. Five to six days later, HBP was performed by aerosolization of histamine (8mg) over a 2min period. BALF was again collected within 2-4h of the HBP from the left middle or diaphragmatic lung lobe. In both samples, total and differential WBC counts were obtained. The gene expressions of interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-8, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and beta-actin in BAL cells were measured using real-time RT-PCR. The cytokine protein concentrations were measured in the BALF using ELISA. HBP was not associated with either a change in the total BAL cell number or in the distribution of the BAL cells. BAL cell expression of IL-4, IL-8 and IFN-gamma, detected in all samples with the exception of IL-4 in one horse (post-HBP), was not altered as a result of HBP. HBP was not associated with a significant change in IL-8 or IFN-gamma concentrations in the BALF. IL-4 protein was undetectable in BALF either prior to or following HBP. We conclude that HBP can precede BALF collection performed within 2-4h of the former without affecting selected parameters analysed in the BAL cells or BALF.  相似文献   

11.
Samples of faeces and blood were obtained from 66 adult horses with diarrhoea. The results of routine bacteriological, parasitological, haematological and biochemical tests were correlated with the outcome of the cases. Twenty-two (33 per cent) of the horses died or were destroyed as a consequence of the diarrhoea. A diagnosis was reached in only 23 cases (35 per cent), and in nine of them only at post mortem examination. Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from five cases. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the horses which survived and those which died in their packed cell volumes, white blood cell counts, neutrophil counts, serum albumin concentrations and alkaline phosphatase activities.  相似文献   

12.
SUMMARY Sixty-two Thoroughbred horses aged between 1 and 7 years in training in Sydney had bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples collected for cytological examination. All horses, except the yearlings and those with a cough, had raced at the time of the examination and the trainers reported satisfactory performance. Free erythrocytes were found In 73% of samples and haemoslderophages In 90% of the samples, Indicating Immediate or past occurrences of exercise-Induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH). Bronchoalveolar fluid from the yearlings contained significantly less (P / 0.05) erythrocytes and haemosiderophages than samples from horses In other age groups. In the older horses, there was also more haemosiderln within the macrophages. No differences In BAL cytology could be attributed to gender, and there was no relationship between BAL cytology and racing performance. The main cytological findings were (mean ± sd): total nucleated cells - 832 ± 578/μL with the main cell types being: macrophages - 59 ± 10% (haemosiderophages - 20 ± 24%); neutrophlls - 9 ± 6%; lymphocytes - 31 ± 9%. The erythrocyte count was 10.3 ± 17.7% of the total cell count. Horses with chronic coughing had a higher proportion of macrophages and a lower proportion of lymphocytes in the leucocytes obtained from BAL. There was a higher occurrence of EIPH detected In BAL findings than that previously reported when endoscopic examination has been used to diagnose EIPH. The occurrence and severity of EIPH as Indicated by the BAL findings was found to be related to exercise Intensity. The cytological findings were similar to those reported in horses in the northern hemisphere. We conclude that BAL cytology may be useful In the diagnosis of various lower respiratory tract disorders and that exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage occurs In virtually all horses In race training.  相似文献   

13.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association among clinical signs, results of cytologic evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and measures of pulmonary function in horses with inflammatory respiratory disease. ANIMALS: 9 healthy horses, 5 horses with inflammatory airway disease (IAD), and 9 horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). PROCEDURES: Clinical examination, lung function tests, and BAL were performed on each horse. RESULTS: Standard lung mechanics of horses with exacerbated COPD differed significantly from those of healthy horses; however, there were few differences among horses with IAD, horses with COPD during remission, and healthy horses. Most variables for forced expiration (FE) in horses with COPD or IAD differed significantly from those for healthy horses. Results of clinical examination had low to moderate sensitivity and predictive values for a diagnosis of COPD (range, 67 to 80%). Results of FE tests had high sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values for a diagnosis of COPD (79 to 100%), and results of standard lung mechanics tests had low sensitivity and predictive values (22 to 69%). Percentage of neutrophils in BAL fluid was highly sensitive (100%) but moderately specific (64%) for a diagnosis of COPD. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Clinical examination is moderately accurate for establishing a diagnosis of COPD. Forced expiration tests can specifically detect early signs of airway obstruction in horses with COPD and IAD that may otherwise be inapparent. Cytologic evaluation of BAL fluid allows early detection of inflammatory respiratory disease, but it is not specific for COPD.  相似文献   

14.
Background: Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) allows cell recovery from the lower respiratory tract; differential cell counts of BAL fluid gives important information in the assessment of various bronchial and pulmonary diseases. To the best of our knowledge no study has investigated the relation between the number of cells counted and the reproducibility of BAL fluid differential cell counts. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate using statistical methods how many cells should be counted in cytocentrifuged BAL fluid preparations in order to obtain a reliable enumeration of each cell type. Methods: BAL fluid samples from dogs with suspected bronchopulmonary disease were obtained during fiberoptic bronchoscopy with a standardized protocol. Differential cell counts were performed on May–Grünwald–Giemsa‐stained cytocentrifuged preparations by 2 independent observers. Reproducibility for the enumeration of each cell type was expressed as the intraclass correlation coefficient. We considered a threshold level of ≥0.90 to be high and a threshold level of ≥0.85 to be adequate. Results: Forty BAL fluid samples were included in the study. For neutrophils, alveolar macrophages, and eosinophils high reproducibility was reached by counting 200 cells; adequate reproducibility was reached for lymphocytes and bronchial epithelial cells by counting 500 cells. Conclusions: A 500‐cell differential count is required for all types of cells to be quantified with adequate reproducibility in canine cytocentrifuged BAL fluid samples.  相似文献   

15.
Percutaneous washes of the guttural pouches were obtained from two groups of 15 clinically normal horses, one lightly exercised and the other heavily exercised. Microbiological and cytological studies showed a wide variation in the differential cell counts. The cytological pattern of the normal lavages (< 5 per cent neutrophils) was characterised by a large proportion of ciliated columnar epithelial cells, a few non-ciliated cuboidal epithelial cells, and less than 1 per cent monocytes, lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Abnormal lavages (with more than 5 per cent neutrophils) had higher levels of bacterial growth than normal lavages. There were significant differences between the bacterial growth and total cell count, and also between the neutrophil contents of the lavages from the two groups of horses.  相似文献   

16.
Total and differential cell counts were determined on cytolytic specimens obtained by fiberoptic bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of five normal cynomolgus monkeys. Total nucleated cell counts ranged from 100 to 430 cells/microliters. Macrophages were approximately 91% of total nucleated cells, while lymphocytes were 3%, neutrophils 4%, and eosinophils 2% of the initial BAL from each monkey. Less than 1% of the cells were mast cells and ciliated or nonciliated epithelial cells. The effects of repeated saline BAL on pulmonary cell populations were evaluated. Saline lavage of individual lung lobes resulted in a marked rise in circulating blood neutrophils at 4 hr after BAL; there was a similar rise in neutrophils in lavage fluids 24 hr after the initial lavage. Differential and total cell counts of both blood and lavage fluid returned to normal if subsequent lavages were spaced at 48-hr intervals. Lymphocytes were not present in saline-lavaged lung lobes, and protein levels of lavage fluids did not rise significantly. BAL produced a transient, reversible, intra-alveolar influx of neutrophils which was preceded by mobilization of bone marrow-stored neutrophils. Neutrophilia in the lavage fluid and blood was not detectable if lavage and blood sampling procedures were done at 48-hr intervals (which did not alter Ia antigen expression among BAL cells). These observations indicate that BAL is a valid method for sampling and assessing pulmonary cellular and fluid constituents if the procedures are done at intervals of at least 48 hr.  相似文献   

17.
Collection and evaluation of tracheobronchial washes in the horse   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
A flexible endoscope was used to obtain 223 tracheal washes from 191 horses in three clinical categories. Total cell counts, cytological and bacteriological examinations are reported and the features of the main cell types encountered described. The presence and degree of inflammatory airway disease was determined by a semiquantitative assessment of the neutrophil response and was an important consideration in the interpretation of the bacteriological results. Potential pathogens were isolated from approximately 30 per cent of samples. Cytological changes suggestive of lungworm infestation, virus infection and chronic airway disease are described. Haemosiderophages, indicative of pulmonary haemorrhage, were found in all horses in full training. The techniques used were rapid and simple and were found to improve the accuracy of diagnosis of pulmonary disease. Sequential samples were useful for monitoring the progress of clinical cases.  相似文献   

18.
Twelve horses comprised 3 treatment groups; all horses in 2 of the groups had recently been transported and had clinical and laboratory evidence of respiratory tract infection, with equine influenza type 2 virus being the principal pathogen. Mononuclear phagocytes and other leukocytes from blood, lung, and peritoneal cavity were studied in phagocytosis and erythrocyte-antibody (EA) rosette assays. Total numbers of pulmonary alveolar macrophages were increased over control values in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of group 3 horses after recovery from influenza (P less than 0.02), whereas the increase in neutrophils in the fluid of those horses approached significance. Lymphocytes in BAL fluid of group 3 horses (after recovery from influenza) were in larger proportion than those in fluid of group 1 horses during acute influenza (P less than 0.05). Pulmonary alveolar macrophages of group 1 horses formed a lower percentage of EA rosettes than did those of controls (P less than 0.01) or group 3 horses (P less than 0.02). The differential counts of peritoneal macrophages and neutrophils in horses of groups 1 and 3 were virtually identical at the first collection, but differed from controls at the second collection 4 weeks later; peritoneal macrophages were reduced (P less than 0.01), whereas peritoneal neutrophils were increased (P less than 0.01). Peritoneal macrophages and peritoneal neutrophils of horses with acute influenza were phagocytic in larger proportion than were those in controls at both collection times (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.01 for peritoneal macrophages, and P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.05 for peritoneal neutrophils, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

19.
When challenged with allergens and pro-inflammatory agents, such as Aspergillus fumigatus (AF), hay dust solution (HDS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the innate immune response will not only activate the immune system but also increase the amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the bronchoalveolar space. The aim of this study was to assess the response of equine alveolar macrophages to different aerosolized challenges and to investigate the differences in this response between horses susceptible or nonsusceptible to recurrent airway obstruction (RAO). Seven susceptible and 5 nonsusceptible horses were challenged with saline, LPS, HDS, or AF, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology, total cell counts, and lung function were assessed. In addition, alveolar macrophages were isolated 6 and 24 hours after challenge, and macrophage mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukins (IL) IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were measured by means of real-time (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). There was a significant difference in lung function, neutrophil ratios, and total cell counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid between RAO-susceptible and nonsusceptible horses. In addition, the expression of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-8 by alveolar macrophages after challenges were higher in susceptible horses, than in nonsusceptible horses. In contrast, I1-6, considered an anti-inflammatory cytokine, showed a higher expression in nonsusceptible horses 6 hours after inhalation challenge with allergens and pro-inflammatory antigens. These data suggest that the differences between susceptible and nonsusceptible horses to RAO are not only dependent on adaptive immunity but also start with an innate immune response.  相似文献   

20.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Diagnosis of inflammatory airway disease (IAD) currently rests upon the results of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology, lung function testing and histamine bronchoprovocation (HBP), none of which provides direct information about structural change in the lung. HYPOTHESIS: That thoracic radiography might better portray structural change in the lungs and therefore offer a good clinical assessment of IAD. METHODS: A radiographic scoring system was developed to assess the extent of bronchial and interstitial pattern on thoracic radiographs in the dorsocaudal, dorsocranial and caudoventral regions in 16 control horses and 33 horses with IAD. Mean scores were compared to ascertain whether thoracic radiographs could distinguish between the 2 groups. In order to determine whether independent observers reliably scored radiographs similarly, an inter-rater reliability score was employed for each radiographic observation. Correlations between radiographic scores, BAL cytology, lung function testing using the forced oscillatory technique and HBP were examined. RESULTS: Inter-rater reliability was only moderate. Radiographic scoring demonstrated no differences between the 2 groups. There were no correlations among BAL cytology, lung function testing, HBP and radiographic scores. CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Thoracic radiographs are a low-yield diagnostic modality in horses with a clinical history compatible with IAD. In the absence of clinical evidence of more extensive, infectious disease, thoracic radiographs neither refine nor improve diagnosis of IAD, but increase diagnostic costs.  相似文献   

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