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1.
Dorsal lacrimal glands, superior glands of the third eyelid and Harderian glands (deep gland of the third eyelid) from 19 bison and 18 cattle free of apparent ocular disease were examined to compare the normal anatomical properties of these glands. All glands were characterized and measured (length and width). The gross anatomy of the dorsal lacrimal glands was similar, with the exception of a bipartite gland in cattle. The bison's superior gland of the third eyelid and Harderian gland was longer as compared with cattle. A subset of the bison and cattle samples (five bison and five cattle) was sectioned for histological and histochemical analysis. The histology of the dorsal lacrimal and superior gland of the third eyelid revealed tubuloalveolar cells with basophilic vacuolated cytoplasm in bison and eosinophilic granular cytoplasm in cattle. The Harderian glands consisted of a tubuloalveolar anterior part combined with large lumens acini lined with cuboidal epithelium in the posterior part; the posterior part of the bison Harderian gland was more predominant than in cattle samples. Mucosubstance histochemistry revealed acidic and neutral glycoproteins with similar staining patterns in all glands of both species.  相似文献   

2.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the tears of llamas, sheep, and cattle contain lysozyme and compare lysozyme concentrations in tears among these species. ANIMALS: 40 llamas, 5 sheep, and 36 cattle. PROCEDURE: Electrophoresis, western blot immunoassay for lysozyme, a spectrophotometric assay to detect tear lysozyme by its ability to lyse a suspension of Micrococcus lysodeiticus, and a microtiter plate colorometric assay were performed. RESULTS: A 13.6-kd protein band was detected by use of electrophoresis and western blot immunoassay in llama and sheep tears but not cattle tears. Results of spectrophotometric assay suggested that llama and sheep tears had high concentrations of lysozyme, whereas cattle tears had low concentrations. Results of the microtiter plate colorometric assay suggested that llama tears had high concentrations of lysozyme, whereas concentrations in sheep and cattle tears were lower. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Lysozyme concentrations in tears may vary among species and this variability may contribute to differing susceptibilities to ocular diseases such as infectious keratoconjunctivitis.  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVE: To establish ocular characteristics, determine nature and prevalence of ocular lesions, and identify representative bacterial flora from the conjunctiva of North American bison (Bison bison). DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 63 bison; 45 males and 18 females. PROCEDURE: Ophthalmic examinations were performed on 1 group of 38 bison in December 1997 and on a second group of 25 in March 1998. Eyes were examined with a penlight, magnification loop, and indirect ophthalmoscope. Two culture swabs were used to obtain samples from the inferior conjunctival sac. One swab was submitted for isolation of bacteria and the second was submitted for isolation of Mycoplasma organisms. RESULTS: 15 ocular abnormalities were observed in 13 of the 63 bison. These included minor ocular discharge in 5 animals, 1 eyelid laceration, 1 periocular Demodex spp infection, 6 corneal abnormalities, 1 anterior synechia, and 1 cataract. Seventeen species of bacteria were isolated from the 63 swabs submitted for culture. The most prevalent bacteria were of the genus Bacillus (74.6%). Mycoplasma organisms were not observed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Corneal abnormalities were the most frequently identified ocular lesions in bison. Bacterial flora of the conjunctiva and ocular characteristics were similar to those reported for cattle.  相似文献   

4.
Objective To determine if feline lacrimal glands, glands of the third eyelid, corneas, and corneal sequestra contain porphyrins, which could be responsible for the brown/amber discoloration of corneal sequestra and tears in affected cats. Procedures Samples of grossly normal cornea, lacrimal gland, gland of the third eyelid, and sequestra obtained via keratectomy were collected. Porphyrin concentrations of the homogenate were determined by spectrofluorometry with protoporphyrin IX and coproporphyrin III dihydrochloride used as standards. A hamster harderian gland was used as a positive control. Results Normal tissues were harvested from one eye each of 14 nonclient owned, adult, mixed‐breed, short‐hair cats euthanized for reasons not associated with this study. Eighteen sequestra were acquired from cats undergoing unilateral lamellar keratectomies. Breeds of the affected cats included eight Himalayan, five domestic shorthair, and one each of four other breeds. Only the positive control and standards contained levels of porphyrins above background. All feline samples examined were histologically normal with no evidence of porphyrins. Conclusions Porphyrins are absent in normal feline lacrimal glands, corneas, and corneal sequestra. Porphyrins do not appear to be the cause of the brown/amber color of feline corneal sequestra.  相似文献   

5.
Schirmer tear tests I and II values for 10 healthy cats were 16.2 +/- 3.8 mm/min and 13.2 +/- 3.4 mm/min, respectively. Surgical removal of the lacrimal gland or the third eyelid gland from the left eye resulted in decreased Schirmer tear test-I values. Clinical signs of keratoconjunctivitis sicca were not seen until the lacrimal and third eyelid glands were removed, at which time the Schirmer tear test-I value was close to 0 mm/min. Conjunctival glands (accessory lacrimal glands of Krause and Wolfring) appeared to contribute little to tear production in these cats.  相似文献   

6.
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7.
Intraocular choristomas are rare anomalies in domestic animals and are often associated with multiple ocular malformations. A Thoroughbred foal presented for ocular abnormalities and was diagnosed with microphthalmia, corneal dermoids, severe anterior segment dysgenesis (including glandular choristomas), aphakia, retinal dysplasia, and optic nerve hypoplasia. Morphological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical comparisons were made between ocular choristomatous tissues from this foal and lacrimal gland, third eyelid gland, nasopharynx, trachea, and lacrimal sac/nasolacrimal duct from normal horses. Morphologically the choristomatous tissues (glands and epithelium lining the anterior segment) were most similar to the lacrimal sac. Histochemistry of glandular components found the glands associated with the lacrimal sac/nasolacrimal duct to be serous, as was the glandular intraocular choristomas. Our findings suggest that the origin of intraocular glandular choristomas in this case is from the lacrimal sac.  相似文献   

8.
OBJECTIVE: To analyze and compare contents of the preocular tear films of llamas and cattle. ANIMALS: 40 llamas and 35 cattle. PROCEDURE: Tear pH was determined by use of a pH meter. Total protein concentration was determined by use of 2 microtiter methods. Tear proteins were separated by use of electrophoresis and molecular weights of bands were calculated. Western blot immunoassay was used to detect IgA, lactoferrin, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha1-amylase, and alpha2-macroglobulin. Enzyme electrophoresis was used to detect proteases. RESULTS: The pH of llama and cattle tears were 8.05 +/- 0.01 and 8.10 +/- 0.01, respectively. For results of both methods, total protein concentration of llama tears was significantly greater than that of cattle tears. Molecular weights of tear protein bands were similar within and between the 2 species, although llama tears had a distinct 13.6-kd band that was not detected in cattle. Lactoferrin, IgA, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha1-amylase, alpha2-macroglobulin, and proteases were detected in both species. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Llama tears have significantly greater total protein concentration than cattle tears, whereas pH is similar between species. Because little variation was detected within species for the number and molecular weight of protein bands, pooling of tears for analysis is justified. Results suggest that lactoferrin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, alpha1-antitrypsin, alpha2-macroglobulin, alpha1-amylase, and IgA are present in the tears of llamas and cattle.  相似文献   

9.
Mycoplasma bovis was identified by a specific lesion, conventional bacterial culture, immunohistochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction in 2 feedlot bison found dead with severe, chronic, caseonecrotic pneumonia; polyarthritis; and laryngitis. On microscopic examination, pulmonary lesions were characterized by prominent, well-defined areas of caseous necrosis and bronchiectasis. Immunohistochemical analysis of lung exhibited staining in bronchiolar epithelium and in random areas of caseous necrosis. On gross examination, the laryngeal lesion observed in 1 animal was typical of changes seen in cases of calf diphtheria. Nasal swabs taken from 6 clinically ill bison from the same feedlot revealed 1 animal shedding M. bovis by the nasal route. No other pathogens were recovered from the pulmonary or laryngeal lesions; however, Mannheimia haemolytica was cultured from the nasal swabs of 2 clinically ill bison, although not from the animal found to be shedding M. bovis. Several other affected bison had swollen joints and exhibited lameness and a reluctance to move. Changes observed in dead and clinically ill bison from this feedlot are similar to what has been described in the literature as chronic pneumonia and polyarthritis syndrome in feedlot cattle caused by M. bovis. Based on the severity of the lesions, and the number of dead and affected animals, bison in a feedlot setting appear to exhibit sensitivity to infection with M. bovis.  相似文献   

10.
Objective The third eyelid of domestic animals is important for the production and distribution of tears, in removing ocular debris and in protection of the globe, and has significant immunologic functions. Although it is known that tears contain antibodies of the immunoglobulin A (IgA) isotype which are produced mainly by plasma cells of the lacrimal gland, very little is known about the antibody repertoires in the third eyelid of domestic animals. To assess whether IgA is derived from local synthesis, we analyzed the location of IgA‐producing cells and the cellular distribution of secretory component (SC) in the third eyelid of domestic animals in a comparative study. Animal studied A total of 83 third eyelids of dogs, cats, pigs, cows, sheep, goats and horses were investigated in the course of this study. Procedures Third eyelids were obtained immediately after death, cut length‐wise, fixed overnight and processed for immunohistochemical detection of IgA and SC by the ABC technique. Results The results show that IgA‐producing plasma cells are densely populated in subepithelial spaces of the surface epithelium as well as in the nictitating gland in a species‐specific manner. In contrast, the SC could be demonstrated exclusively in glandular acinar and ductal epithelial cells and in different cell types of the surface epithelium, preferentially located on the bulbar side of the nictitating membrane. Conclusion It is suggested that most of the SC is locally produced by resident plasma cells and subsequently transferred through the surface epithelium and glandular duct cells by transcytosis. This indicates that the third eyelid is an important member of the secretory immune system in domestic animals.  相似文献   

11.
The immunofunctional response of the gland of Harder (GH) was compared in chickens and turkeys using an in vivo assay previously developed for use in chickens. The GH were surgically removed (GHx) from leghorn chicks at 1 day of age and from poults at 2 days of age. Intact birds of each species served as controls. During the fourth week of age, both GH-intact and GHx chicks were exposed to killed Brucella abortus antigen by the ocular or intraperitoneal route. One week later, serum and tears were collected and assayed for antibodies to B. abortus. In addition, all birds were killed at the end of the trial period, and the heads were fixed and processed for histologic examination. Various components of the head-associated lymphoid tissue (HALT) including the GH, nasal glands, lacrimal glands, lacrimal ducts, eyelid conjunctiva, and nasal cavity mucosa/submucosa, were evaluated microscopically using a scoring system to estimate quantity and degree of development of immune tissue in those sites. Results of all analyses indicate that functional response and morphology of the HALT are comparable in turkeys and chickens.  相似文献   

12.
Lysozyme concentrations in the tears of cattle, goats, and sheep   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
Tear samples were collected from 1 eye of each of 40 cows, 27 sheep, 5 goats, and 5 human beings. Additionally, 10 bovine tear samples were pooled and concentrated. Spectrophotometric assays, using Micrococcus lysodeikticus, were performed on each sample to detect lysozyme activity expressed in hen egg lysozyme (HEL) equivalents. Lysozyme activity was not detected in tears of cows, but 158.8 +/- 159.3 mg of HEL/ml was detected in tears of sheep, 220.7 +/- 37.5 mg of HEL/ml in tears of goats, and 216.3 +/- 86.2 mg of HEL/ml in tears of human beings. In pooled bovine tear samples, lysozyme activity was not detected on plate assay and lysozyme protein was not detected on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, column chromatography, or immunoelectrophoresis with rabbit anti-bovine tear antibodies. On the basis of these observations, we concluded that the basic ocular protective mechanism in bovine tears is not lysozyme. Other anti-bacterial proteins such as lactoferrin, transferrin, complement, or beta-lysin may, therefore, be of primary importance in protecting the bovine eye.  相似文献   

13.
Objective To report the sonographic findings, treatment, and outcome of horses with severe eyelid swelling, to describe the sonographic appearance of enlarged lacrimal glands, and to describe the clinical features of acute dacryoadenitis. Materials and methods Medical records of all horses with severe eyelid swelling that underwent an ultrasound evaluation of the globe and periorbital structures from 2004–2010 were examined. Cases were limited to those in which the eyelid swelling was so severe that the globe could not be visualized. Results Ten horses met the criteria for inclusion in the study. All cases were unilateral and acute. Marked enlargement of the lacrimal gland was found in five cases, and supported the diagnosis of acute dacryoadenitis. Eyelid abscessation was found in three horses, accompanied by mild to moderate lacrimal gland enlargement in two of the three. Enlarged lacrimal glands were slightly heterogeneous in appearance and could be differentiated from an abscess by imaging the protrusion of the gland from beneath the supraorbital rim. Only two cases of severe eyelid swelling were soley traumatic. Conclusions Severe eyelid swelling was often associated with dacryoadenitis and/or eyelid abscessation. The detection of marked lacrimal gland enlargement in horses with an acute onset of severe painful eyelid swelling is consistent with a diagnosis of acute dacryoadenitis. Ultrasonographic evaluation of eyelid swelling of any degree is warranted to determine if enlargement of the lacrimal gland, etiology notwithstanding, is an underlying or contributing cause.  相似文献   

14.
Objective To investigate the distribution and density of conjunctival goblet cells (GC) and to study the anatomy and microscopic characteristics of glands associated with the eye in the guinea pig. Procedures Twenty‐five guinea pigs were used. Meibomian gland openings were counted using biomicroscopy. Conjunctiva, eyelids and glands were embedded in glycol methacrylate and paraffin. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), periodic acid Schiff’s reaction (PAS) and Alcian blue (AB). Results Highest GC densities were found in the bulbar and palpebral region of the nasal conjunctiva (GC index: 13.7–16.4%). Lowest GC densities (GC index: 0.0–1.0%) were found in 3/4 limbal regions (nasal and temporal upper eyelid, temporal lower eyelid). Guinea pigs have 27.1 ± 3.0 (mean ± SD) meibomian gland openings in the upper lid and 25.7 ± 2.3 in the lower lid. Difference between upper and lower lid was significant (P = 0.037). Two subconjunctival sebaceous glands occur temporal to each eye. The Harderian gland is very large. In the lacrimal gland three different cell types were distinguished both according to the cell structure and histochemical staining. Conclusions Goblet cell densities are lower in guinea pigs than in dogs and horses. Positive staining with PAS and AB could be an indication that mucins are produced in the lacrimal gland. If so, they may contribute to the mucin layer of the tear film. Both the extraordinarily large Harderian gland and the subconjunctival sebaceous glands produce lipids and may contribute to the lipid layer of the tear film.  相似文献   

15.
A 5-year-old Draft Horse gelding presented for evaluation of a large, fleshy, ulcerated third eyelid mass OD of 3 weeks duration. Complete ophthalmic examination, ocular ultrasound and skull radiographs revealed a large soft-tissue mass involving the entire third eyelid OD and extending into the ventral right orbit to the level of the globe equator. No other abnormalities were noted on physical or ophthalmic examination. Surgical removal via exenteration was performed 3 months after initial presentation. A lacrimal adenocarcinoma of the third eyelid was diagnosed based on histopathology. Concurrent asymptomatic intra-ductal and intra-acinar Demodex caballi parasites were found in the eyelid sebaceous glands, likely as an incidental finding. No tumor recurrence or metastasis has occurred 12 months after excision. To the author's knowledge, this case is the first reported primary lacrimal adenocarcinoma in a horse. Complete surgical excision was curative.  相似文献   

16.
Three Haemophilus somnus isolates (2a, 3a, and 27b) and one H. somnus-like (13b) isolate from tonsils of commercially reared American bison were compared with 2 known H. somnus isolates from cattle, namely, 2336, shown to cause respiratory disease, and 129Pt, from the prepuce of an asymptomatic bull. All H. somnus isolates, but not the H. somnus-like isolate, required CO2 for growth. Biochemical utilization profiles were identical for bison and bovine H. somnus isolates with the exception of alpha-fucosidase production by isolate 3a. Isolate 27a varied from 2a, 2336 and 129Pt by hemolysis of bovine erythrocytes. Isolate 13b hemolyzed sheep but not bovine or bison erythrocytes and varied from other isolates in biochemical utilization tests. Outer membrane protein profiles of 2a, 3a and 27a were almost identical with those of bovine isolate 2336 and similar to that of 129Pt, but quite different from that of 13b. Western blots of bison isolates were similar to that of the virulent bovine 2336 isolate, including detection of high molecular mass antigens above 100 kDa and the 76 kDa antigens associated with bovine IgG2 Fc binding characteristic of virulent strains, as well as antigens of approximately 78, 60 and 40 kDa. Producers and veterinarians should be aware that H. somnus may be carried by bison and may have potential for causing diseases in bison similar to those described in cattle and sheep.  相似文献   

17.
As commercial producers of American bison (Bison bison) become more numerous, concerns relative to bison health management increase. Since loss due to respiratory disease associated with Pasteurella and related Pasteurellaceae is a major concern for cattle producers, a study was conducted to determine what types of Pasteurellaceae are carried by bison to evaluate the potential of pneumonic pasteurellosis in bison herds where management practices are comparable to those used for cattle. Tonsillar biopsies, collected in May (n = 29) and August (n = 25) 1997 from 24- to 30-month-old bison bulls, at the time of slaughter were cultured for Pasteurellaceae. Pasteurella spp. were isolated from all the samples collected in May. These included isolates identified as P. haemolytica, trehalosi, testudinis, and multocida subsp. multocida a and multocida b. Actinobacillus spp. and Haemophilus somnus were also isolated from some samples. Pasteurella spp., haemolytica, trehalosi, and multocida subsp. multocida a, multocida b and septica, plus 2 nonspeciated indole-positive biotypes, U2 and U16, were isolated from the second group of tonsil samples. Most of these organisms, including P. haemolytica, P. multocida subsp., and H. somnus are associated with disease in domestic livestock and should be regarded as potential pathogens for bison, particularly in animals which become stressed by management practices commonly used with cattle such as herding, crowding, and shipping.  相似文献   

18.
Immunoperoxidase assays were performed on 21 archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from from American bison (Bison bison) with bronchopneumonia. Seven of the 21 bison had positive staining for Haemophilus somnus in alveolar exudate, visceral pleura, lung parenchyma, and chronic necrotic lesions, and H. somnus was isolated from tissues from 1 of these 7 animals. Results suggest that H. somnus is a respiratory pathogen in bison.  相似文献   

19.
Hematologic and serum biochemical tests were used to monitor the health of 3 groups of bison in an experimental study of tuberculosis. Bison were randomly assigned to Mycobacterium bovis-infected, M. bovis-sensitized, and uninfected control groups. Hematologic measurements included total and differential leukocyte counts, hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), fibrinogen, and plasma proteins. Biochemical tests included serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, aspartate amino transferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, serum calcium, and serum phosphorus. There were no significant differences (P = 0.05) in any test values between groups of bison. The bison data were combined and compared to similar data of cattle. The mean values for PCV and Hb were higher than values (PCV 24-46%, Hb 8-15 g/dl) for cattle. Mycobacterium bovis-infected bison had a slight increase in the number of blood monocytes and lymphocytes when compared to the uninfected bison but were within the normal ranges for bison and cattle. Other hematologic parameters were within normal ranges reported for cattle. Creatinine levels in all bison were above the normal range (1.0-1.5 mg/dl) for cattle. Phosphorus levels for M. bovis-infected and M. bovis-sensitized bison exceeded the normal range (5.6-8.0 mg/dl) reported for cattle. The level for uninfected bison was near the upper limit of normal for cattle. Mean values for other serum biochemical tests were within the normal ranges reported for cattle.  相似文献   

20.
Surgical removal of the Harderian gland of the domestic fowl resulted in increased secretory activity in the lacrimal gland and also in an increase in goblet cell numbers along the length of the lacrimal gland duct. Plasma cells were more numerous in the lacrimal glands of operated birds and they were capable of antibody responses to both systemically and topically applied bovine serum albumin (BSA). Gel diffusion studies showed the presence of anti-BSA activity in the tears and serum of fowls stimulated after surgical removal of the Harderian gland.  相似文献   

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