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1.
Homogeneous Linewidths in the Optical Spectrum of a Single Gallium Arsenide Quantum Dot 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The homogeneous linewidths in the photoluminescence excitation spectrum of a single, naturally formed gallium arsenide (GaAs) quantum dot have been measured with high spatial and spectral resolution. The energies and linewidths of the homogeneous spectrum provide a new perspective on the dephasing dynamics of the exciton in a quantum-confined, solid-state system. The origins of the linewidths are discussed in terms of the dynamics of the exciton in zero dimensions, in particular, in terms of lifetime broadening through the emission or absorption of phonons and photons. 相似文献
2.
Two crystal spectrometers aboard the orbiting solar observatory OSO-4 cover the wavelength ranges 0.5 to 3.9 angstroms and 1.0 to 8.5 angstroms. Within this range, there appear emission lines from hydrogen-like and helium-like states of calcium, sulfur, silicon, magnesium, and aluminum. The Mg XII Lyman-alpha is present strongly in all x-ray flares. The most intense flares (such as class 3) produce strong Si XIV Lyman-alpha and often S XVI Lyman-alpha. Emission, in the form of Ka lines of highly ionized states of calcium, iron, aluminum, and silicon is usually present. The continuum from 1 to 10 angstroms always dominates the line emission by more than an order of magnitude. Electron temperatures derived from the slope of the continuum spectrum are in the range of 10(7) to 10(8) degrees K, considerably higher than theoretical ionization equilibrium temperatures. 相似文献
3.
Bargheer M Zhavoronkov N Gritsai Y Woo JC Kim DS Woerner M Elsaesser T 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5702):1771-1773
Reversible structural changes of a nanostructure were measured nondestructively with subpicometer spatial and subpicosecond temporal resolution via x-ray diffraction (XRD). The spatially periodic femtosecond excitation of a gallium arsenide/aluminum gallium arsenide superlattice results in coherent lattice motions with a 3.5-picosecond period, which was directly monitored by femtosecond x-ray pulses at a 1-kilohertz repetition rate. Small changes (DeltaR/R = 0.01) of weak Bragg reflexes (R = 0.005) were detected. The phase and amplitude of the oscillatory XRD signal around a new equilibrium demonstrate that displacive excitation of the zone-folded acoustic phonons is the dominant mechanism for strong excitation. 相似文献
4.
Luminescent centers with sharp (<0.07 millielectron volt), spectrally distinct emission lines were imaged in a GaAs/AIGaAs quantum well by means of low-temperature near-field scanning optical microscopy. Temperature, magnetic field, and linewidth measurements establish that these centers arise from excitons laterally localized at interface fluctuations. For sufficiently narrow wells, virtually all emission originates from such centers. Near-field microscopy/spectroscopy provides a means to access energies and homogeneous line widths for the individual eigenstates of these centers, and thus opens a rich area of physics involving quantum resolved systems. 相似文献
5.
Lisse CM Christian DJ Dennerl K Meech KJ Petre R Weaver HA Wolk SJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2001,292(5520):1343-1348
Using soft x-ray observations of the bright new comet C/1999 S4 (LINEAR) with the Chandra x-ray observatory, we have detected x-ray line emission created by charge exchange between highly ionized solar wind minor ions and neutral gases in the comet's coma. The emission morphology was symmetrically crescent shaped and extended out to 300,000 kilometers from the nucleus. The emission spectrum contains 6 lines at 320, 400, 490, 560, 600, and 670 electron volts, attributable to electron capture and radiative deexcitation by the solar wind species C(+5), C(+6), N(+7), O(+7), and O(+8). A contemporaneous 7-day soft x-ray light curve obtained using the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer demonstrates a large increase in the comet's emission coincident with a strong solar flare on 14 and 15 July 2000. 相似文献
6.
Chen J Perebeinos V Freitag M Tsang J Fu Q Liu J Avouris P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,310(5751):1171-1174
We used the high local electric fields at the junction between the suspended and supported parts of a single carbon nanotube molecule to produce unusually bright infrared emission under unipolar operation. Carriers were accelerated by band-bending at the suspension interface, and they created excitons that radiatively recombined. This excitation mechanism is approximately 1000 times more efficient than recombination of independently injected electrons and holes, and it results from weak electron-phonon scattering and strong electron-hole binding caused by one-dimensional confinement. The ensuing high excitation density allows us to observe emission from higher excited states not seen by photoexcitation. The excitation mechanism of these states was analyzed. 相似文献
7.
全国多环芳烃年排放量估算 总被引：17，自引：3，他引：14
根据排放因子和相关排放活动的统计资料,估算了USEPA优先污染物清单中16种PAHs的全国年排放量。结果表明,1999年16种PAHs排放总量约为9799t,其中7种致癌性PAHs排放总量约2000t。主要排放源为家庭燃煤和炼焦,两者分别占总排放量的66.6%和30.6%。在75%置信区间上,估算结果的不确定性大致为正负一个数量级。PAHs排放谱中荧蒽、蒽、芘以及高环化合物比例显著高于北美大湖地区。 相似文献
8.
Fluorescence microscopy of nanoscale silver oxide (Ag2O) reveals strong photoactivated emission for excitation wavelengths shorter than 520 nanometers. Although blinking and characteristic emission patterns demonstrate single-nanoparticle observation, large-scale dynamic color changes were also observed, even from the same nanoparticle. Identical behavior was observed in oxidized thin silver films that enable Ag2O particles to grow at high density from silver islands. Data were readily written to these films with blue excitation; stored data could be nondestructively read with the strong red fluorescence resulting from green (wavelengths longer than 520 nanometers) excitation. The individual luminescent species are thought to be silver nanoclusters that are photochemically generated from the oxide. 相似文献
9.
Broadfoot AL Herbert F Holberg JB Hunten DM Kumar S Sandel BR Shemansky DE Smith GR Yelle RV Strobel DF Moos HW Donahue TM Atreya SK Bertaux JL Blamont JE McConnell JC Dessler AJ Linick S Springer R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1986,233(4759):74-79
Data from solar and stellar occultations of Uranus indicate a temperature of about 750 kelvins in the upper levels of the atmosphere (composed mostly of atomic and molecular hydrogen) and define the distributions of methane and acetylene in the lower levels. The ultraviolet spectrum of the sunlit hemisphere is dominated by emissions from atomic and molecular hydrogen, which are kmown as electroglow emissions. The energy source for these emissions is unknown, but the spectrum implies excitation by low-energy electrons (modeled with a 3-electron-volt Maxwellian energy distribution). The major energy sink for the electrons is dissociation of molecular hydrogen, producing hydrogen atoms at a rate of 10(29) per second. Approximately half the atoms have energies higher than the escape energy. The high temperature of the atmosphere, the small size of Uranus, and the number density of hydrogen atoms in the thermosphere imply an extensive thermal hydrogen corona that reduces the orbital lifetime of ring particles and biases the size distribution toward larger particles. This corona is augmented by the nonthermal hydrogen atoms associated with the electroglow. An aurora near the magnetic pole in the dark hemisphere arises from excitation of molecular hydrogen at the level where its vertical column abundance is about 10(20) per square centimeter with input power comparable to that of the sunlit electroglow (approximately 2x10(11) watts). An initial estimate of the acetylene volume mixing ratio, as judged from measurements of the far ultraviolet albedo, is about 2 x 10(-7) at a vertical column abundance of molecular hydrogen of 10(23) per square centimeter (pressure, approximately 0.3 millibar). Carbon emissions from the Uranian atmosphere were also detected. 相似文献
10.
One of the mysteries of nebulae in the vicinity of bright stars is the appearance of bright emission spectral lines of ions, which imply fairly high excitation temperatures. We suggest that an ion formation mechanism, based on resonance-enhanced two-photon ionization (RETPI) by intense H Lyman alpha radiation (wavelength of 1215 angstroms) trapped inside optically thick nebulae, can produce these spectral lines. The rate of such an ionization process is high enough for rarefied gaseous media where the recombination rate of the ions formed can be 10(-6) to 10(-8) per second for an electron density of 10(3) to 10(5) per cubic centimeter in the nebula. Under such conditions, the photo-ions formed may subsequently undergo further RETPI, catalyzed by intense He i and He ii radiation, which also gets enhanced in optically thick nebulae that contain enough helium. 相似文献
11.
High-resolution spectra of nearby stars show absorption lines due to material in the local interstellar cloud. This cloud is deduced to be moving at 26 kilometers per second with respect to the sun, and in the same direction as the "interstellar wind" flowing through the solar system. Measurements by the Ulysses spacecraft show that neutral helium is drifting through the solar system at the same velocity, but neutral hydrogen appears to be moving at only 20 kilometers per second, a result confirmed by new measurements of the hydrogen emission line taken by the High-Resolution Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope. These results indicate that neutral hydrogen atoms from the local interstellar cloud are preferentially decelerated at the heliospheric interface, most likely by charge-exchange with interstellar protons, while neutral helium is unaffected by the plasma. The magnitude of the observed deceleration implies an interstellar plasma density of 0.06 to 0.10 per cubic centimeter, which in turn implies that the heliospheric shock should be less than 100 astronomical units from the sun. 相似文献
12.
生活垃圾堆肥水溶性有机物荧光特性变化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用城市生活垃圾进行堆肥,对堆肥前后水溶性有机物的荧光光谱进行分析。结果表明,水溶性有机物发射光谱相对简单,堆肥前在400 nm附近分别形成一个较强的荧光强度峰,而激发光谱与同步扫描光谱则由几个特征峰及肩峰组成。堆肥结束后,水溶性有机物在440 nm新形成一个较强的荧光强度峰;荧光激发与同步扫描光谱主峰的位置也发生明显的改变。对水溶性有机物发射、激发及同步扫描光谱的特征峰进行分析证实,堆肥结束后,水溶性有机物中含有较高的分子缩合度与芳构化程度,并与富里酸类物质相似,表明堆肥产品施入土壤后活性较高。 相似文献
13.
Epitaxial growth of single-crystal gadolinium oxide dielectric thin films on gallium arsenide is reported. The gadolinium oxide film has a cubic structure isomorphic to manganese oxide and is (110)-oriented in single domain on the (100) gallium arsenide surface. The gadolinium oxide film has a dielectric constant of approximately 10, with low leakage current densities of about 10(-9) to 10(-10) amperes per square centimeter at zero bias. Typical breakdown field is 4 megavolts per centimeter for an oxide film 185 angstroms thick and 10 megavolts per centimeter for an oxide 45 angstroms thick. Both accumulation and inversion layers were observed in the gadolinium oxide-gallium arsenide metal oxide semiconductor diodes, using capacitance-voltage measurements. The ability to grow thin single-crystal oxide films on gallium arsenide with a low interfacial density of states has great potential impact on the electronic industry of compound semiconductors. 相似文献
14.
The confined electronic structure of nanoscale materials has increasingly been shown to induce behavior quite distinct from that of bulk analogs. Direct atomic-scale visualization of nanowires of zinc oxide was achieved through their unique pancake-type diffraction by using four-dimensional (4D) ultrafast electron crystallography. After electronic excitation of this wide-gap photonic material, the wires were found to exhibit colossal expansions, two orders of magnitude higher than that expected at thermal equilibrium; the expansion is highly anisotropic, a quasi-one-dimensional behavior, and is facilitated by the induced antibonding character. By reducing the density of nanowires, the expansions reach even larger values and occur at shorter times, suggesting a decrease of the structural constraint in transient atomic motions. This unanticipated ultrafast carrier-driven expansion highlights the optoelectronic consequences of nanoscale morphologies. 相似文献
15.
国外Iodent玉米种质WY11对塘四平头群自交系“四287”的改良效果 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用裂区和NCⅡ试验设计,对Iodent种质WY11、塘四平头群自交系"四287"及其4份遗传改良系进行了耐密性和配合力研究。结果表明:6个自交系中WY11的植株最高(208.2 cm),穗位较高(80.2 cm),秃尖长中等(0.86 cm),空秆率高(2.2%),对密度压力反应较敏感,不耐密植;四287的植株最矮(173.5 cm),穗位较矮(57.8 cm),秃尖短(0.12 cm),空秆率低(0.3%),对密度压力反应不敏感,耐密性好。W87-3的株高、穗位、空秆率、秃尖长均值分别为180.4 cm,64.2 cm,0.4%,0.93 cm,对密度压力反应敏感性弱,具有耐密植潜力;W87-1、W87-2、W87-4,对密度压力反应敏感,耐密性较差。WY11的一般配合力效应值为正向最高(3.57),W87-3和四287的一般配合力效应值较高(3.27,3.22)。在高密度下筛选出四144×WY11和四144×W87-3两个总配合力效应值高的组合,具有高产潜力。W87-3是改良成功的自交系,具有重要的应用价值。 相似文献
16.
玉米材料的耐密性鉴定及耐密型育种的思考 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
逐步增加玉米种植密度是当前玉米生产发展的必然趋势,而玉米自交系的耐密性在一定程度上决定了杂交种的耐密性。以夏玉米育种上常用的4个基本骨干自交系为试验材料,以耐密自交系130为对照,在种植密度7.5万～15.0万株/hm^2范围内设计6个梯度水平,分析不同种植密度对玉米主要生育期、穗部性状、倒伏倒折率和产量的影响,旨为耐密型玉米育种提供合理的选系密度。结果表明：随着种植密度的增大,4个参试玉米材料的穗长变短、穗粗变细、秃尖长度增大,当密度超过某一个范围后倒伏倒折率明显增大,产量呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,其中产量最高的种植密度范围为12.0万～13.5万株/hm^2;而耐密自交系130（对照）的穗部性状变化幅度较小,倒伏倒折率明显较低,产量一直呈增加趋势。在试验密度范围内,不同种植密度对同一玉米材料的主要生育期和穗行数均无显著影响。并对耐密型玉米品种选育的种植密度和杂交种鉴定技术进行了探讨,认为在选择耐密型自交系时低代选系材料的种植密度应〉13.5万株/hm^2,在选择耐密型杂交种时还要保证穗粒数和穗粒重不能降低得太多,对耐密型杂交种进行鉴定时设立一年多点异地鉴定并适当加大鉴定种植密度。 相似文献
17.
运用西方叙述学中文类的观念，来分析道教东晋上清仙传的名称体例、语言笔法与意象结构上所表现的叙述内涵与特质，以凸显其作为宗教别传的文学意义与“修与报”的结构功能。首先，探讨其内传命名的区隔性与传信性，内传撰阅的封闭性与神圣性，以及所表现的形式体例特质。其次，分析其结合宗教体验与文学美感所形成的诗的、象征的、神话的宗教语言，以及叙述虚实笔法与情节发展的结构性关系，所具显的“既是宗教又是文学”的艺术美感。最后，解析文本中感官字词描述所呈现的丰富文学意象，以及修炼与仪式所蕴含的叙述结构，推定其应颇合乎“奇幻叙述体”的叙述审美特色。 相似文献
18.
为耐密植玉米新品种的选育提供参考,以玉米Lancaster群5个改良自交系为父本,Reid群和Dom群5个骨干自交系为母本,按NCⅡ设计组配25个玉米杂交组合,研究5.5万株/hm~2、7万株/hm~2和9万株/hm~2种植密度对各杂交组合及亲本单株产量杂种优势及配合力的影响。结果表明:在3种种植密度下,25个玉米杂交组合单株产量的杂种优势分别为137.12%、134.90%和127.86%,且杂种优势随种植密度的增加而降低;但PH4CV改良自交系父本所配杂交组合在高密度种植条件下的杂种优势较高。在5.5万株/hm~2种植密度下,一般配合力以自交系PH5AD最高,为7.02;在7万株/hm~2和9万株/hm~2种植密度下,以自交系PH4CV最高,分别为20.73和18.24。以PH5AD为父本所配杂交组合适宜稀植,以PH4CV为父本所配杂交组合在高密植条件下易获高产;以PH4CV为父本所配杂交组合较耐密植,以J1577为父本所配杂交组合宜稀植。 相似文献
19.
Stimulated emission of radiation has not been directly observed in astrophysical situations up to this time. Here we demonstrate that photons from pulsar B1641-45 stimulate pulses of excess 1720-megahertz line emission in an interstellar hydroxyl (OH) cloud. As this stimulated emission is driven by the pulsar, it varies on a few-millisecond time scale, which is orders of magnitude shorter than the quickest OH maser variations previously detected. Our 1612-megahertz spectra are inverted copies of the 1720-megahertz spectra. This "conjugate line" phenomenon enables us to constrain the properties of the interstellar OH line-producing gas. We also show that pulsar signals undergo significantly deeper OH absorption than do other background sources, which confirms earlier tentative findings that OH clouds are clumpier on small scales than are neutral hydrogen clouds. 相似文献
20.
提出并分别阐述二氧化碳排放权的排放额度需求、交易需求和投资需求3种概念，分析了使用价值、使用数量、生产技术水平等3个内生变量对企业碳排放权需求的影响；并论述了利益集团影响力、替代能源、交易价格和碳税等4个外生变量对企业碳排放权需求的作用机制，以及政府进行宏观碳排放权配置时应考虑这些变量的影响。 相似文献