共查询到17条相似文献，搜索用时 156 毫秒
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心土培肥改良白浆土的研究Ⅱ心土对作物产量的贡献及磷、钙培肥心土的效果 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为明确心土对作物产量的贡献和P、Ca培肥心土的效果,采用盆栽试验与室内模拟试验相结合的方法,研究心土层对作物产量贡献和白浆土心土培肥的机理。结果表明:良好的心土层对作物产量影响十分明显。黑土厚度从20 cm增加到60cm,大豆增产40.4%;不同土层位置对大豆产量的贡献率分别为:20～40 cm土层10%以上,40～50 cm土层为4.57%;50 cm以下土层为1%。磷培肥后心土层吸附磷的能力降低、解吸率增加,土壤中有效磷含量提高;钙培肥后心土层土壤电导率和pH提高,但使土壤中磷的有效性降低;磷培肥后磷在土壤中主要转化为Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P和Ca10-P。 相似文献
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心土培肥犁改良瘠薄土壤的效果 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
研究根据心土培肥的改土技术要求研制出心土培肥犁,并分别在瘠薄黑土和碳酸盐草甸黑钙土上开展大面积机械改土试验,明确自主研发的心土培肥犁改土后对土壤理化性质影响及对作物产量的效果,为其广泛应用到低产土壤改良提供机械及技术支持。试验设深松、心土培肥和常规对照耕作,采用大田对比方法。研究结果表明:心土培肥和深松在不同类型土壤上对土壤理、化性质,对作物产量及产量性状影响后效不完全一致;心土培肥降低土壤抗剪强度后效明显,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土10~30 cm土层土壤抗剪强度比对照降低6.65~12.16 k Pa,黑土比对照降低8.20~11.31 k Pa,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土改土后效果明显,黑土改土后效长,心土培肥改土效果优于深松;土壤容质量和硬度趋势同上;心土培肥提高土壤透气系数为2.78~14.28倍,饱和导水率为2.38~11.62倍;深松和心土培肥可提高下层土水分消耗比例,30~60 cm土层耗水量为心土培肥区深松区对照区,心土培肥耗水量比照高10%;心土培肥处理可提高土壤磷含量和供磷强度,20~30 cm和30~40 cm土层土壤供磷强度比对照分别提高4.19~5.17倍和4.96~17倍,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土高于黑土;心土培肥可提高玉米产量,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土上心土培肥增产幅度为6.82%~18.01%,黑土增产幅度为6.45%~11.18%,平均增产效果碳酸盐草甸黑钙土薄层黑土,但黑土持续增产效果好。 相似文献
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为了提高改土效率,打破白浆土障碍层次白浆层,改善贫瘠的心土层创造有利条件,该文设计了将白浆土"上翻20 cm,下混30 cm,同时间隔62 cm不混拌"的心土间隔混层犁。2016-2017年在黑龙江省八五四农场设置心土间隔混层区和浅翻深松区大区对比试验,研究改土作业后土壤理化性质、大豆产量及其农艺性状变化,明确改土机械作业效果与作物增产机理。结果表明:与浅翻深松相比,心土间隔处理改土2 a内:改善白浆土心土层土壤物理性质,提高土壤含水率,20～40 cm土层土壤含水率提高幅度为2.13～3.20个百分点;降低心土层土壤硬度,硬度值降低40%～50%,且在20～40cm心土层没有出现峰值,改善土壤三相比例,固相值降低5.06个百分点,液相值增加3.17个百分点,气相值增加1.89个百分点。改善心土层化学性质,20～40 cm土层碱解氮提高33.77%,有效磷提高39.25%,速效钾提高4.16%,有机质提高15.85%,同时提高心土层全量养分含量,降低土壤pH值,但效果不明显。连续调查两年大豆产量,心土间隔混层区比浅翻深松区增产12.66%～13.28%,一次改土后效时间长,增产效果显著。该研究结果可为旱地白浆土及其同类低产土壤的改良提供技术支撑。 相似文献
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心土作为作物生长发育重要的养分、水分储存库和供给源,在植物生长发育过程中发挥着重要的作用。心土改良的目的是为作物创造更加适宜的土壤条件,心土改良主要包括深松改土、混层耕改土和心土培肥改土等技术,并具有以下特点:一是改土增产效果明显。超深松在朽土上的增产效果4.1%~35%,第一代心土混层犁在白浆土上增产8%~16%,第二代混层耕犁增产10%~27%;心土培肥增产17%~26%。二是改土后效持久。超深松改良黑朽土的增产后效为2~3年,在特殊土壤上后效可持续10~15年;心土混层耕和心土培肥的后效为7~10年,土层置换为3~5年,是"半永久性"土壤改良技术。三是依赖特殊的改土机械才能实施。四是心土改良一次性投入大,作业效率相对较低,制约了心土改良技术的推广和普及。 相似文献
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深翻结合心土与不同改土物料混合改良白浆土的效果 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
该研究通过设置心土混拌配施改土物料区和浅翻深松区进行小区对比试验,调查心土混拌配施不同改土物料对白浆土心土理化性质的改良效果,进而进一步拓宽白浆土心土改良途径。试验共设置浅翻深松区(CK);心土混合区(SML);秸秆+心土混合区(S+SML);秸秆+心土混合区+磷肥(S+SML+P),秸秆+心土混合区+石灰(S+SML+L);秸秆+心土混合区+石灰+磷肥(S+SML+L+P)6个处理。研究结果表明:1)与浅翻深松(CK)相比,深翻结合心土与不同改土物料混合能够改善心土层土壤物理性质,20~40 cm土层土壤含水率提高幅度为2.11~6.11个百分点;硬度降低40%~50%,且没有出现峰值;提高土壤通透性,改善土壤三相比值,固相降低幅度为8.5~9.97个百分点,液相增加幅度为2.82~5.41个百分点,气相增加幅度为3.89~6.65个百分点,容重下降幅度为10.13%~17.09%。2)提高心土层养分含量,碱解氮提高82.75%~121.63%,有效磷提高190.91%~681.82%,特别是添加磷肥处理变化明显,是对照处理6.5~6.8倍,速效钾提高20.7%~40.74%。有机质提高157.14%~185.71%。缓解土壤酸性,加石灰处理p H值提高0.45~0.47个单位。提高土壤全量养分,全氮提高45.76%~52.54%,全磷提高108.14%~144.19%,全钾提高8.10%~26.34%。3)连续两年提高作物产量。与对照区相比,第1年大豆增产13.42%~24.46%,第2年玉米增产13.43%~19.17%,一次改土后效时间长,增产效果显著。研究结果认为,心土混合配施秸秆、石灰和磷肥是白浆土区比较理想的心土改良技术,可为白浆土及其同类低产土壤改良及作物增产提供技术支撑。 相似文献
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白浆土心土间隔改良对土壤理化性状及作物产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了探索机械作业改良白浆土新途径,在原有改土原理"上翻20 cm,下混30~40 cm"的农艺参数下,自主设计了将白浆土"上翻20 cm,下混30~40 cm,同时间隔62 cm不混拌"的新农艺参数及配套机械,即所谓的心土间隔混拌。应用该犁在白浆土上作业,2 a后调查土壤理化性状:结果显示,20~60 cm混拌层土壤含水量提高,两地提高分别为2.25%~1.43%和3.70%~2.48%;硬度降低,幅度为300~1300 kPa;改善土壤三相比和容重,固相降低幅度为4.71%~2.63%,液相增加幅度为2.19%~1.67%,气相增加幅度为2.52%~0.96%,容重下降幅度为0.12~0.07 g cm-3;提高心土土壤速效养分和全量养分、pH和有机质含量。连续2a调查作物产量,种植大豆第1 a、第2 a改土区分别比对照区增产4.8%和4.9%;种植玉米增产20.4%和21.3%。研究结果可为低产土壤改良及作物高产提供技术支撑。 相似文献
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不同机械改土方式对白浆土物理特性及酶活性的影响 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
白浆土是我国东北地区主要低产土壤之一,土体中白浆层通气透水能力极差,生物酶活性很低,导致土壤表旱表涝严重,旱田作物根系有效土层一般只有20 cm左右。自20世纪80年代开始,包括深松在内的机械改土逐渐演变为白浆土的主要改良方式。为了探讨不同机械改土方式的改土效果,研究采用3种机械改土方式,依次为普通深松犁、秸秆心土混合犁、心土间隔混拌犁,并以普通深松犁为对照,在典型白浆土上开展改土试验。机械作业后,分别测定土壤物理性质及土壤酶活性。结果表明:秸秆心土混合犁、心土间隔混拌犁处理后,白浆层的硬度降低至7~9 kg cm-2,远低于对照白浆层硬度10~14 kg cm-2;固相分别为47.74%、50.13%,均低于对照53.16%;容重与对照相比分别降低了14.01%、10.19%。与对照相比,秸秆心土混合犁、心土间隔混拌犁降低了白浆层过氧化氢酶活性,秸秆心土混合犁处理降低了白浆层脲酶和蔗糖酶活性、增加了淀积层脲酶和蔗糖酶活性;两个处理与对照相比大豆分别增产21.34%、4.94%。秸秆心土混合犁、心土间隔混拌犁改善了土壤不良的理化性质,同时对土壤酶活性有很大的影响。研究为机械改良白浆土的评价方法探索了新途径。 相似文献
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秸秆心土混合犁改良白浆土效果 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
为将表层秸秆施入心土,改善贫瘠的心土层创造有利条件,该文设计了将白浆土"上翻20 cm,下混30~40 cm,同时将有机物料施入心土层"的秸秆心土混合犁。该研究通过设置秸秆心土混合区和浅翻深松区田间对比试验,调查机械作业后土壤理化性质,指示作物农艺性状以及产量指标等,明确秸秆心土混合的改土增产机理,进一步拓宽白浆土改良途径,为机械改土技术的广泛应用提供技术支撑。研究结果表明:与浅翻深松相比,秸秆心土混合改善心土层土壤物理性质,20~40 cm土层土壤含水率提高2.69~4.90个百分点;硬度降低44.45%左右,且没有出现峰值;改善土壤通透性,固相降低幅度为4.51~2.14个百分点,液相增加幅度为1.17~4.13个百分点,气相增加幅度为0.38~0.98个百分点,容重下降幅度为0.16~0.11 g/cm~3;提高心土层养分含量,碱解氮提高17.33%,有效磷提高116.39%,速效钾提高37.86%,有机质提高36.66%,同时提高心土层全量养分含量,缓解土壤酸性。连续2 a调查大豆产量,秸秆心土混合区比对照区增产15.77%~16.33%,一次改土后效时间长,增产效果显著。该研究结果可为白浆土及其同类低产土壤改良及作物高产提供技术支撑。 相似文献
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三段式心土混层犁及其改良白浆土效果的研究 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：7
三段式心土混层犁为改造白浆土土体构型实现了“上翻20 cm，下混30～40 cm”的农艺要求，白浆层与淀积层的土壤混拌率Mx达到0.7，白浆层向淀积层的土壤转移率TAw→B达到了0.3。0～40 cm土层土壤物理性状明显改善，疏松透水，硬度下降，农田表涝现象得到缓解，效果持久稳定，连续4年测定，耕翻一次后至第4年其土壤硬度仍然明显低于常规耕作田块。1996年～1998年大面积示范试验，使用该犁耕翻地块作物增产达10%～27.9%。该犁作业幅宽50 cm，深度60 cm，总牵引阻力30～35 kN。 相似文献
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耕作与施肥措施对江淮地区白土理化性质及水稻产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
针对连续旋耕白土田耕层浅薄、下层土壤黏重紧实、养分分布不均衡等问题,探索适合于白土稻田的耕作与施肥措施,以进一步提高江淮地区白土生产力和水稻产量水平。设置2种耕作方式(旋耕和翻耕)及3种施肥措施(单施化肥、化肥+有机肥、化肥+秸秆还田),通过大田定位试验研究不同耕作方式与施肥措施对白土稻田土壤理化性质、水稳性团聚体分布以及水稻产量的影响。结果表明,相较于旋耕,翻耕降低0—10cm土层土壤养分含量,而使10—20cm土层有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别提高3.2%～8.8%,4.5%～9.2%,5.2%～8.2%和8.3%～17.7%。增施有机肥或秸秆还田使土壤有机质和速效钾含量较单施化肥处理分别提高1.3%～8.6%和4.1%～21.1%。翻耕方式下10—20cm土层土壤容重较旋耕降低14.4%～19.5%,土壤大团聚体比例在0—10,10—20cm土层则较旋耕分别降低3.0%～5.4%和3.5%～9.7%;在翻耕的基础上增施有机肥或秸秆还田土壤容重较单施化肥降低2.1%～6.6%,大团聚体比例则提高2.8%～8.4%。翻耕有利于水稻产量的提高,较旋耕的增产幅度在11.7%～18.0%,增施有机肥或秸秆还田使水稻产量提高1.7%～7.5%。因此,江淮地区连续多年旋耕的白土田进行适宜翻耕结合秸秆还田或增施有机肥可改善0—20cm土层土壤理化性质,有利于水稻产量的提升。 相似文献
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不同机械深耕的改土及促进作物生长和增产效果 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
长期不合理耕作导致土壤结构性能恶化、土壤耕性变差,限制作物根系下扎、影响土壤生产潜力发挥。为了改善土壤耕层构造,该试验采用自主研发的改土机械ES-210型深松犁和前置式心土(亚表层)耕作犁进行深耕,以灭茬旋耕(常规耕作)为对照,进行大区耕作对比试验。结果表明:1)深松、亚表层耕作处理与对照相比,耕层土壤固相率分别降低1.6%~3.3%、2.8%~4.5%,液相、汽相相对增加,三相比更趋于合理化;打破犁底层,降低耕层土壤硬度,其中20~35 cm土层效果更为明显;耕层土壤有效水含量上升1.1%~1.2%、0.9%,束缚水(无效水)含量下降0.4%~1.1%、0.5%~0.9%。2)深松、亚表层耕作处理比对照根长增长,其中甜菜增长5.1%、2.9%,大豆增长11.5%、13.2%;干物质积累量增加,其中甜菜增加2.3%~4.1%、3.1%~4.8%,大豆增加7.8%~10.0%、10.4%~13.6%;3)深松、亚表层耕作处理与对照相比,其中甜菜增产8.5%、12.6%;大豆增产5.0%、6.1%;深松及亚表层耕作改土处理分别比对照增收1003.3、1454.4元/hm2,其中收益大小为亚表层耕作处理深松处理对照。可见,采用ES-210深松犁及心土耕作犁深耕改土,改变了土壤耕层构造,起到扩库增容的效果;改善了作物根系生长环境,提高了作物产量,为今后农业耕作机械的发展提供了技术支撑。 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(10):1055-1069
Abstract Some form of deep tillage is required in the coarse‐textured sandy soils of the Southeast in order to attain maximum yield of wheat. ‘Slit‐till’ is a tillage system that modifies plowpans and permits root penetration and proliferation into subsoil horizons. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the effects of calcium nitrate, calcium phosphate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, and dolomitic limestone slurry on wheat (Triticum aestivum sp.) root development through the slit of a compacted acid subsoil, and the effects of injection of chemical amendments on the soil chemical properties of acid subsoil. Soil cylinders were prepared using A and B horizons of Marvyn loamy sand (fine‐loamy, siliceous, thermic, Typic Hapludults) soil by placing 56‐cm of subsoil and 10‐cm of topsoil in PVC tubing. A 6‐cm‐thick hardpan was created at the top of the subsoil. Leaf and root concentrations of P were increased by chemical injections in the slit. All amendments increased plant height, but tillering was not affected by chemical amendments. Gypsum blocks placed at 10, 20, and 45 cm indicated a decrease in soil water at the 20‐cm depth 25 days after plant emergence with all amendments except ammonium phosphate. Soil pH was increased and KCl‐extractable aluminum was decreased by dolomitic limestone up to 3.0 cm from zone of injection. 相似文献
14.
秸秆还田方式对农田土壤结构及冬小麦产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
李传友 《中国生态农业学报》2015,23(3):294-301
为探索一种能够充分发挥秸秆改良土壤结构和提高作物产量作用的秸秆还田措施, 通过2 a小区试验, 以传统的秸秆还田方式[长秸秆(50 mm)覆盖或翻压还田, CK1、CK2]作为对照, 对比研究了粉碎、氨化秸秆以及与无机土壤改良剂(硫酸钙)混合翻压施用措施对农田土壤结构及冬小麦产量的影响。结果表明, 粉碎并氨化秸秆施入土壤后, 能显著(P<0.05)降低耕层(0~15 cm)土壤的容重, 增加土壤孔隙度, 但对耕层以下土壤容重及孔隙度改善效果不明显; 氨化秸秆施入土壤后较未氨化秸秆能显著(P<0.05)增加0~15 cm土壤中>0.25 mm土壤团聚体含量, 粉碎并氨化秸秆能显著(P<0.05)降低土壤团聚体分形维数, 提高0~15 cm土壤平均重量直径和几何平均直径各项评价指标。此外, 冬小麦穗粒数、1 m2有效穗数、千粒重和地上部总干物质量与籽粒产量的相关系数分别为0.30(P>0.05)、0.76(P<0.01)、 0.89(P<0.01)和0.88(P<0.01), 提高冬小麦有效穗数或地上部总干物质量可能是增加作物产量的主要途径。粉碎并氨化秸秆还田较秸秆覆盖能显著(P<0.05)提高冬小麦有效穗数; 粉碎并氨化秸秆与无机土壤改良剂(硫酸钙)混合施用措施提高冬小麦产量效果最为显著, 在冬小麦2个生长季比长秸秆覆盖还田(CK1)分别增产11.12%和17.84%, 比长秸秆翻压还田(CK2)分别增产7.39%和16.58%, 是本试验最佳秸秆还田方式。该研究成果可为干旱、半干旱地区改良秸秆还田措施、提高作物产量提供理论依据。 相似文献
15.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(9):1015-1027
Abstract A tillage system, ‘slit‐till’, has been developed that modifies plowpans and permits root penetration and proliferation into subsoil horizons. Slit‐till also provides a means of placing nutrients into subsoil zones where roots are concentrated. Greenhouse studies determined the effects of calcium nitrate, calcium phosphate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, and dolomitic limestone on grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] shoot and root development in a compacted layer of acid subsoil (pH 4.3), subject to a slit‐till treatment, and on chemical properties of soil adjacent to the injection site. Cylinders were prepared by layering A and B horizons of a Marvyn loamy sand (fine‐loamy, siliceous, thermic, Typic Hapludult) to form 56 cm of subsoil and 10 cm of topsoil in polyvinylchloride (PVC) tubing (20 × 66 cm). A 6‐cm‐thick hardpan (bulk density 1760 Mg.m‐3) was created at the top of the subsoil layer. The amendments, 500 μg/g of dolomitic limestone and 15 μg/g each of the other amendments, were injected into a 10 × 10 × 0.4 cm slit. Sorghum shoots and roots were harvested 49 days after plant emergence. Plant height was increased 15% by calcium nitrate, calcium phosphate, ammonium phosphate, and dolomitic limestone, but decreased 15% by ammonium nitrate. Twenty‐nine percent of the roots for the check occurred in the subsoil, but this increased to 49% with ammonium phosphate. Soil pH was increased and exchangeable aluminum was decreased by the dolomitic limestone up to 12 mm from point of injection. 相似文献
16.
G. Guo K. Araya H. Jia M. Kudoh W. Wang F. Liu L. Zhang W. Li T. Li 《Biosystems Engineering》2002,83(4):481
A prototype four-stage subsoil mixing plough was designed in Japan and built in China for the improvement of whitish oasis soil. The machine was transported to two places in China for field tests where the whitish oasis soil is found. This paper presents the trash mixing rate into mixed layer of Bca and C horizons, the inverting rate of the Bca and C horizons and the draught of the plough in the whitish oasis soil.The results show that the rolling resistance of the tracked vehicle (T802), on which the plough was mounted, was about 8 kN and the draught of the first plough body which tilled the Ap horizon was about 4 kN with a working depth of 200 mm and a working width of 500 mm. The draught of the second plough body, which tilled the surface of the Ap horizon, was about 2 kN with a working depth of 50 mm. The draught of the third plough body increased steeply with greater working depths. The draughts were about 8, 14 and 24 kN, respectively, for working depths of 117, 239 and 300 mm. The draught of the fourth plough body also increased steeply with greater working depth. The draughts were about 7, 14 and 18 kN, respectively, for working depths of 117, 178 and 239 mm. When the whitish oasis soil was disturbed by the plough bodies, it was observed that the whitish oasis soil was very hard but comparatively brittle and easily broken up. This property explains the smaller draught requirements in the whitish oasis soil despite a greater soil strength. The values of the soil-inverting rate ranged between 0·45 and 0·6, and the average value was 0·5. Perfect inversion of the Bca and C horizons was not possible, but good mixing was achieved by the plough. The average trash mixing rate in Inner Mongolia was 0·85, and that in North of River was 0·95. These data show that even in Inner Mongolia where the trash material is long, a fairly uniform trash mixing was possible. 相似文献
17.
The decline in cotton yields in the Gezira Scheme, Sudan, has been partially attributed to deterioration in soil physical properties and the formation of a plough pan 20 cm deep as a result of the repeated use of the disc plough for land preparation. This field study was conducted during the 1990/91 season at the Gezira Research Station Farm to evaluate the effect of tillage on some soil physical properties of Vertisols, root growth and yield of cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.). Three tillage systems were used: disc harrowing (DH), three bottom disc plough (DP) and subsoiling (SS). Infiltration rates, bulk densities, soil penetration resistance, moisture depletion and root and shoot growth were measured. The results indicated that infiltration rate was not increased significantly by SS. Plant height and shoot dry matter were significantly higher with SS at later growth stages. Bulk density of the plough pan at 135 days after sowing accounted for 90% of the observed variation in subsoil root dry weight while soil penetration resistance accounted for 59% of the variation. Subsoiling increased water use efficiency 25 and 13% over DH and DP respectively. Subsoiling increased cotton yields over DH but the increase over DP was not significant. 相似文献