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1.
为了解三峡库区典型小流域不同土地利用类型下水质的变化特征,于2015-2020年对三峡库区长坪小流域开展水质监测,对不同土地利用类型下水体中的总氮（Total Nitrogen,TN）、硝态氮（NO3--N）、氨氮（NH4+-N）、总磷（Total Phosphorus,TP）、可溶态总磷（Dissolved Total Phosphorus,DTP）和颗粒态总磷（Particulate Phosphorus,PP）浓度的时空变化规律进行研究,识别流域内主要氮磷污染源,从而提出针对性的污染防控策略。结果表明：1）不同土地利用类型氮磷输出浓度从大到小依次为村庄、坡耕地、林地和水库,其TN平均浓度分别为8.29、2.88、1.57和1.43 mg/L,TP平均浓度分别为0.25、0.13、0.09和0.07 mg/L。2）不同土地利用类型的水质在汛期和非汛期存在差异,村庄氮磷输出浓度为非汛期高于汛期,坡耕地、林地和水库则表现为汛期高于非汛期。3）内梅罗综合污染指数评价结果表明林地和水库的污染程度均为清洁水平,坡耕地污染程度为轻污染水平,村庄受散养生猪数量的影响,污染程度从污染水平转变为重污染水平。4）长坪小流域TN和TP年输出负荷总量分别为4 278.59和364.93 kg/a。畜禽养殖源是小流域氮磷最主要的污染源,其TN和TP的输出负荷分别占流域总负荷的45.69%和71.77%。坡耕地的TN和TP单位面积污染负荷分别是村庄的7.58%和1.79%,与村庄相比,坡耕地具有显著的低污染特征,因此,以坡耕地消纳村庄污水和畜禽粪便,可促进流域内粪污的就地消纳,达到多源共治的效果。基于小流域不同土地利用类型的水质特征和生态系统服务功能,将流域划分为林草水源涵养区、村庄污染控制区和坡耕地水土保持区,并进行分区协同防控,促进流域农业面源污染系统高效治理。 相似文献
2.
曹娥江三典型支流的水质对比研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
根据对曹娥江水系三典型支流2004年逐月进行水质监测分析，通过时空变异两个角度对这3条支流的水质进行了对比研究。结果表明：（1）以农业非点源污染为主的山溪性河流水质最好；以农业非点源污染为主的河谷平原河流水质次之，但水体富营养化现象比较严重；受工业废水和城市生活污水污染的支流河流水质最差，有机物和氮磷指标严重超标。（2）3条支流中4个化学指标（NO3^--N、NH4^＋-N、TP、CODMn）在各个雨期之间浓度变化具有十分相似的规律。NO3^--N浓度在丰水期较高，在枯水期较低；NH4^＋-N浓度在丰水期较低，枯水期较高；TP浓度各个雨期之间都变化不大，相对稳定；CODMn浓度在各个雨期之问存在变化，但都没有明显的规律。 相似文献
3.
基于流域尺度的农业用地景观-水质关联分析 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：9
基于Landsat遥感影像进行九龙江流域不同坡度类型的农业用地景观与水质指标（CODMn、NH4+-N、TP）的相关性分析,并分别对丰水期、枯水期、平水期的农业用地类型百分比与各水质指标进行线性回归。结果显示,坡度小于15°和大于25°的农业用地占总农业用地的面积比例与各水质指标呈较强的正相关。景观聚集度指数（CONTAG）与水体中TP浓度呈显著正相关,决定系数为0.565;香农多样性指数（SHDI）与水体中TP浓度呈显著负相关,相关系数为-0.527。丰水期和枯水期是九龙江流域水质变化较大的时期。对河流近岸100 m范围内的农业用地类型组成进行统计发现,坡度小于15°的农业用地面积平均比例为74.3%。河岸缓冲区和陡坡农业用地的数量及分布是影响该地区水质及控制农业非点源污染的关键。 相似文献
4.
宁夏引黄灌区水体污染现状及污染源解析 总被引：15，自引：1，他引：14
随着点源污染的逐步控制,以农业生产为核心的农业非点源污染正在成为影响水体质量的主要因子。宁夏引黄灌区是我国商品粮生产基地之一,农业生产较为发达,农业的高投入对当地水体环境造成不良影响。本文分析了2002～2007年黄河宁夏段监测断面和引黄灌区典型排水沟的水质情况,发现黄河宁夏段水质受农田退水、工业废水和生活污水影响较大,境内沿程断面水质污染逐渐加剧,水质出境断面比入境断面平均降低1个等级,说明黄河流经宁夏后水质受到一定程度的污染。宁夏引黄灌区水体主要污染物是挥发酚、NH4+-N、CODMn和BOD5,2002～2007年几种主要污染物浓度总体呈下降趋势,综合污染指数也呈总体下降趋势,但污染形势仍然严重。2007年宁夏引黄灌区主要排水沟水质为劣Ⅴ类污染水质,断面超标率100%,主要污染物为NH4+-N、CODCr、BOD5。针对黄河宁夏段水体污染状况,对宁夏引黄灌区水体农业非点源污染源进行解析,结果显示,TN、NH4+-N污染主要来自种植业,其次是养殖业和黄河取水;TP污染主要来自于种植业与养殖业,COD主要来自养殖业。农田退水携带的大量污染物是导致灌区水体恶化的重要因素之一。 相似文献
5.
《中国水土保持》2015,(12)
为探讨小流域治理后地表水水质的时空变化规律,对川中丘陵区典型小流域截流村小流域综合治理后流域上游、中游和下游地表水的p H值、总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH+4-N)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)进行了测定,并采用综合污染指数法对水质进行了评价。测定结果显示,截流村小流域上游和中游地表水中TN、NH+4-N和TP浓度雨季大于旱季,下游TN、NH+4-N和TP浓度旱季大于雨季;地表水TN、NH+4-N和TP浓度空间上旱季为上游中游下游,雨季为下游上游中游;地表水CODMn浓度旱季和雨季均表现为上游大于中游和下游,但不同部位之间差异不显著。综合污染指数法评价表明,截流村小流域地表水水质均属于轻度污染,污染程度旱季下游中游上游,雨季中游上游下游。研究表明农田面源污染是川中丘陵区小流域地表水的主要污染源,建议加大流域内梯田和防护林建设力度。 相似文献
6.
为分析四川丘陵典型农区种养格局对地表水水质的影响,于2013年3月至2015年2月,在四川丘陵区中江县选择响滩河7个监测断面和流域内4个研究点,研究了种植区、养殖区和种养混合区的地表水水体CODCr、TN、NO3--N、NH4+-N和TP的季节性变化规律与空间变化特征,并对地表水质污染现状进行评价。结果表明:响滩河7个监测断面枯水期主要污染物为CODCr、NH4+-N和TP,且分别比年平均值提高15.67%、59.35%和12.83%;丰水期主要污染物为TN,比年平均值提高19.27%。种养格局影响地表水中TN、NO3--N、NH4+-N和TP浓度的空间分布特征,不同区域之间养殖区种养混合区种植区;与种植区相比,生猪规模化养殖废污排放是造成种养混合区地表水污染的根本原因,其CODCr、TN、NO3--N、NH4+-N和TP浓度分别提高了17.79%、198.15%、132.10%、219.85%、567.57%。规模化养殖显著提高了地表水总污染指数,改变了地表水污染类型,种植区地表水污染类型为兼有CODCr污染的总氮污染型,而养殖区和种养结合区地表水均为兼有总磷污染的总氮污染型;种植区和种养混合区水质均达到劣Ⅴ类水质标准,种植区地表水为轻度污染,养殖区和受养殖业污染影响的种养混合区的地表水均为恶性污染,生猪集中养殖特别是规模化生猪养殖场废污排放加剧了受纳水体的污染程度。从水体污染治理角度,在种植区开展水土养分流失特别是氮素流失控制的同时,亟需加强区域生猪规模化养殖业粪污的无害化资源化循环利用技术研究与应用,以促进四川丘陵区规模养殖业健康发展与长江上游生态环境保护。 相似文献
7.
《水土保持研究》2020,(3)
为揭示红壤丘陵区不同土地利用类型坡地径流及氮磷流失特征,以滇中仓房小流域3种土地利用类型(林地、灌草地、农地)为研究对象,通过测定2018年雨季自然降雨过程中不同土地利用类型径流量、氮磷流失形态、质量浓度及流失量,研究了红壤丘陵区径流及氮磷流失特征。结果表明:(1)不同土地利用类型下径流量与降雨量和降雨强度均呈显著正相关,总径流量表现为:林地(20.12 L/m~2)灌草地(23.80 L/m~2)农地(34.34 L/m~2),各土地利用类型的变异系数为0.14～0.64,差异较大;(2)自然降雨条件下TN,NO~-_3-N和NH~+_4-N质量浓度均值表现为林地(3.20,2.08,0.50 mg/L)灌草地(4.09,2.57,0.58 mg/L)农地(4.95,3.16,0.88 mg/L),TP和PO~-_4-P质量浓度均值表现为林地(3.43,1.95 mg/L)灌草地(4.33,2.57 mg/L)农地(5.82,3.61 mg/L);(3)溶解态氮磷是径流水体中氮磷污染的主要污染物,其中NO~-_3-N和PO~-_4-P为径流氮磷流失的主要形态(56.81%～77.41%和50.12%～76.64%);(4)不同土地利用类型下TN和TP流失总量表现为林地(59.96,65.47 mg/m~2)灌草地(98.92,102.95 mg/m~2)农地(170.28,200.94 mg/m~2)。因此,通过在流域内增加林地和灌草地面积,开展退耕还林还草工程,可减少该流域氮磷流失量,从而减缓和防治云南红壤丘陵区水土流失。 相似文献
8.
滇中尖山河流域不同土地利用类型产流及氮磷流失特征 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
《水土保持研究》2020,(5)
地表径流造成土壤养分流失及土地生产力衰退,径流产生特征与土地利用类型密切相关,深入研究其作用机制可为水土流失治理、流域内水体保护及氮磷迁移规律提供科学依据。以滇中尖山河流域不同土地利用类型(人工林、灌木林、次生林、坡耕地)为研究对象,定量监测了2017年雨季(5月—10月)降雨过程中产流量、氮磷流失的形态、浓度、流失量及动态变化特征。结果表明:(1)随着降雨量的增大,不同土地利用类型下径流小区的径流量逐渐增大,降雨量与径流量之间相关性显著,各径流小区径流量均表现为:灌木林次生林人工林坡耕地;(2)不同土地利用类型在各降雨条件下TN和TP浓度分别表现为:人工林(2.39 mg/L)次生林(2.63 mg/L)灌木林(2.64 mg/L)坡耕地(4.00 mg/L)、灌木林(2.53 mg/L)次生林(4.07 mg/L)人工林(5.72 mg/L)坡耕地(6.47 mg/L),坡耕地显著增加了径流中不同形态氮磷的浓度;(3)溶解态氮磷是径流水体中氮磷污染的主要污染物,其中NO~-_3-N为径流氮素流失的主要形态,PO~-_4-P占TP浓度的比例为50.91%～77.87%;(4) TN,TP总流失量均表现为:灌木林(0.76,0.61 mg/m~2)次生林(1.04,1.65 mg/m~2)人工林(1.36,3.60 mg/m~2)坡耕地(7.91,15.12 mg/m~2)。为了减缓尖山河流域水体污染问题,可调整尖山河流域沿线土地利用类型,在降雨前应减少和避免农事活动,增加灌木林地面积,在流域出口处布设灌木林来减少流域氮磷的流失。 相似文献
9.
亚热带典型农业小流域井水水质季节
变化与空间分布特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
井水是亚热带农业区域农民的饮用水源,其水质状况直接影响到当地农民的身体健康。本文选取亚热带典型农业小流域中井水铵态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)为研究对象,采用地统计学方法,分析其季节变化和空间分布特征。结果表明,研究区农户井水中NH4+-N、NO3--N、TN和TP含量在全年4个季节的平均值分别为0.05~0.10 mg(N)·L-1、3.0~4.9 mg(N)·L-1、3.4~5.1 mg(N)·L-1和0.03~0.17 mg(P)·L-1,超标率分别为2.3%、10.4%、9.5%和7.9%。在季节动态变化上,NH4+-N在全年变化不显著(P0.05),这主要与土壤的吸附有关;而NO3--N、TN和TP均在夏季达到最高,春季最低,并且两个季节之间的变化具有显著性(P0.05),这主要与农业施肥活动和降水条件有关。在空间变异性上,NH4+-N、NO3--N、TN和TP含量在各季节的块金值与基台值的比值都为0,并且各变量在各季节的变程各不相同,说明这4个变量在各季节分别在不同尺度范围内表现出较强的空间自相关性。在空间分布上,NH4+-N、NO3--N、TN和TP含量都具有斑块状分布,而斑块的位置、大小和形状各不相同。NO3--N和TN在全年的空间分布与研究区地形和土地利用方式有关,在东南部和西南部地势较低的水稻种植区含量较高,而在北部地势较高的林地含量较低。而NH4+-N和TP的空间变异系数高于NO3--N和TN,这主要是由于NH4+-N易被土壤吸附,而磷素在土壤中易被固定,迁移较困难,导致NH4+-N和TP在不同地方的含量差异比较大。地形、水文气候条件、土壤类型、土地利用方式和农业施肥等是造成亚热带农业区域井水水质季节动态变化和空间分布格局差异的主要因素。 相似文献
10.
沣河水污染特征及非点源污染负荷估算分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
沣河流域的主要污染指标为COD、BOD5、NH4+-N等,非点源污染负荷的定量化对流域水污染控制和水环境综合治理意义重大。结合沣河1986-2009年水量、含沙量及水质状况监测数据进行有机污染综合指数及相关分析,并采用平均浓度法对流域的非点源污染负荷和点源污染负荷进行了研究。结果表明:(1)有机污染综合指数(A值)呈抛物线趋势,径流量与沣河水质呈负相关性,含沙量与沣河水质呈正相关性。通过产业结构调整等措施,近年来沣河水质有明显改善;(2)沣河的污染负荷大部分来自降雨径流引起的非点源污染,在沣河水污染中TN的非点源污染负荷比例在56%以上,TP的非点源污染负荷比例在68%以上,NH4+-N的非点源污染负荷比例在63%以上,比重较大,非点源污染对沣河水质的影响不容忽视,而且TP受到的影响相对最大,可通过合理配置水土保持措施,有效防治非点源污染。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
15.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
16.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
19.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献