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为探究以桉木屑为主要栽培原料的毛木耳的营养成分和食用安全性,本研究以桉木屑种植的毛木耳为供试材料,采用国家标准规定方法,测定其常规营养成分、重金属含量、农药残留情况,并进行急性经口毒性试验和长期毒性试验。结果表明,桉木屑毛木耳粗蛋白、可溶性糖和粗灰分含量高于杂木屑毛木耳;重金属元素铅、镉、汞、砷、铬、锡和镍的含量均低于国家标准中的限量要求,且不存在农药残留情况;急性经口毒性试验证明,小鼠经口半数致死量(LD50)>2.00 g·kg-1 BW,桉木屑毛木耳为无毒级食品;长期毒性试验结果表明,与对照组比较,试验组小鼠体重、摄食量、脏器指标、血液学指标、血清生化学指标和主要脏器病理学检查均无明显异常。综上所述,桉木屑用于栽培毛木耳食用安全性高。本研究为桉树加工副产物应用于食用菌栽培提供了理论基础。 相似文献
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本研究从人乳铁蛋白（hLF）cDNA转基因小鼠乳汁中提取重组人乳铁蛋白（rhLF）,并用提取的rhLF进行抗菌活性分析。收集了2个基因和2个品系的（PCL25和AP基因）转基因小鼠乳汁,采用凝胶过滤层析法从转基因小鼠乳汗中提取rhLF,提取物通过SDS-PAGE电泳及Western-blotting分析,ELISA检测提取物中rhLF含量;按不同浓度rhLF作琼脂扩散抑制大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌试验。结果表明,通过凝胶过滤层析获得的PCl25和AP转基因小鼠乳汁中的rhLF分子量为78KDa,与天然人乳铁蛋白一致,rhLF对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌均具有明显的抑菌作用。 相似文献
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为了评价蜜梨NFC果汁的清咽功能,通过大鼠棉球植入、大鼠足趾肿胀、小鼠耳廓肿胀3种动物模型试验,研究不同剂量的蜜梨NFC果汁对大鼠肉芽肿重、大鼠足趾肿胀率、小鼠耳廓肿胀率和动物体重增长的影响。结果表明,与阴性对照组(CK)相比,高剂量组(T3)大鼠肉芽肿净量减少23.47%,差异极显著;T3致炎后2、4 h和中剂量组(T2)致炎后4 h的大鼠足趾肿胀率分别减少14.5%、20.4%和16.5%,且差异显著;T2、T3小鼠耳廓肿胀率分别减少24.1%和27.8%,差异显著;而高、中、低3个剂量组的大鼠或小鼠体重增长量在试验期间均无显著差异。因此,大鼠棉球植入、大鼠足趾肿胀和小鼠耳廓肿胀试验结果均为阳性,且蜜梨NFC果汁对大鼠或小鼠的正常生长无影响,表明蜜梨NFC果汁动物试验结果为阳性,具有清咽功能。研究结果可为蜜梨清咽功能的开发利用提供参考依据。 相似文献
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应用微核试验和单细胞凝胶电泳技术检测农药对蜘蛛的遗传毒性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
应用蜘蛛血细胞微核试验和单细胞凝胶电泳试验研究了两种杀虫剂——吡虫啉和阿维菌素对蜘蛛头胸部和腹部的遗传毒性。结果表明:各供试浓度吡虫啉和阿维菌素对蜘蛛血细胞微核率均有明显影响,与对照组相比有显著性差异(P<0.05,P<0.01);且随着两种农药浓度升高,血细胞微核率显著增加,存在明显的剂量效应关系(吡虫啉浓度与星豹蛛头胸部血细胞微核率相关系数r=0.672 8,腹部为r=0.800 6;阿维菌素与星豹蛛头胸部血细胞微核率相关系数r=0.989 9,腹部为r=0.985 8)。吡虫啉和阿维菌素对星豹蛛血细胞DNA损伤有明显的剂量效应关系(吡虫啉浓度与星豹蛛头胸部血细胞DNA损伤相关系数r=0.948 2,腹部为r=0.970 4;阿维菌素与星豹蛛头胸部血细胞DNA损伤相关系数r=0.978 1,腹部为r=0.975 6)。两种农药在同一浓度下,对星豹蛛腹部血细胞微核率和DNA损伤程度明显大于头胸部。 相似文献
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光源与机械刺激下蝗虫的运动行为 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
为提高光电诱导机械捕集蝗虫设备的捕集效率,本研究利用LED光源和自制的行为反应试验装置采用对比试验法,测定了蝗虫在诱导光源与机械刺激作用下的运动方向性和运动敏感性,探讨了蝗虫对外界刺激的神经反应与运动行为间的相互关系。结果显示:不同因素刺激下蝗虫表现出不同的运动行为。机械刺激作用下蝗虫的运动敏感性提高,但无明显的运动方向性;诱导光源作用下蝗虫具有明显方向选择性,但运动敏感性随时间逐步衰减;机械刺激与光源刺激耦合作用下蝗虫既有较强的方向选择性,又有持续的运动敏感性。 相似文献
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环介导等温扩增技术对牛奶中沙门氏菌快速检测的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
环介导等温扩增技术(LAMP)是一种新型的基因扩增方法,它具有高特异性、高灵敏度、便捷、成本低等特点,因而广泛应用于临床检测.本实验以沙门氏菌高度保守基因fimY基因为靶基因设计两对引物(F3&B3、FIP&BIP),建立LAMP反应体系.经试验分析对体系特异性、Mg2+浓度、反应时间、反应温度进行了优化和摸索,对35株临床菌株均检出达100％,其他阴性菌株基因组均无检出,在人工添加样品检测得其在牛奶中灵敏度为33CFU/管.实验结果表明,该方法耗时少、具有高特异性,适合牛奶中沙门氏菌污染的快速检测. 相似文献
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籼稻不同基因型对钾、钠的反应 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
本研究用微区试验研究了4种典型基因型在田间条件下对钾、钠反应的遗传差异。这4种基因型是经液培方法从近300种基因型中筛选得到的。结果表明,在低钾条件下,钾高效基因型的钾素利用效率、钾素经济利用效率、对胡麻斑病的抗性等都显著高于钾低效基因型;不同基因型对钠的反应差异明显;茎叶的钾钠含量互成显著的反相关。 相似文献
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辐照加速黄酒陈化效果的研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
用适宜剂量辐照黄酒,经半年贮藏,达到陈化一年半的效果。辐照可使黄酒增香、味醇厚、爽口、鲜美。辐照酒的化学指标符合轻工部标准,色、香、味、格保持黄酒特有风味。辐照酒中游离氨基酸总量和人体必需氨基酸量有明显增加。卫生安全性试验表明,对健康无害,符合国家标准。辐照酒中H_2O_2含量无明显增加,未发现长寿命自由基,小白鼠急性LD_(50)>10g/kg体重,属实际无毒,微核实验为阴性。辐照陈化黄酒方法简便,成本低,具有很大的经济效益,有希望在生产中推广应用。 相似文献
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根据农业部《兽药试验技术规范汇编》观察了仔猪痢清口服液对小白鼠的亚慢性毒性,试验组分设高、中、低3个剂量组,另设空白对照组,连续给药28d后剖杀各组小鼠。统计学分析结果表明,各组间的体重变化和脏器系数比较无显著差异;各试验组的血常规检测指标、血液生化学检测指标的测定结果与空白对照组测定结果相比差异均不显著;组织病理学检查显示小鼠的主要内脏器官未见明显异常变化。试验结果表明仔猪痢清口服液按临床剂量使用无毒性反应,应用安全可靠。 相似文献
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利用静水式鱼类急性毒性测试法,分别以黄颡鱼（Pelteobagrus fulvidraco）仔鱼和稚鱼为受试对象,通过六价铬的急性毒性试验,获得24、48、72、96 h相应的半数致死浓度LC50值,比较了六价铬对黄颡鱼仔鱼和稚鱼的致毒敏感性,计算了六价铬对黄颡鱼的安全质量浓度并对六价铬对于黄颡鱼急性毒性等级进行了评价。旨在通过开展我国本土水生生物的急性毒性效应的研究,获得相应的毒理学数据,为推导符合我国生态分区特点的水质基准提供基础信息。结果表明,在水温为（23±2）℃条件下,六价铬对黄颡鱼仔鱼24、48、72、96 h的半数致死浓度LC50分别为28.32、21.99、17.70、15.79 mg.L-1,而对黄颡鱼稚鱼24、48、72、96 h的LC50分别为138.5、88.36、68.55、57.98 mg.L^-1,说明黄颡鱼仔鱼对于六价铬毒性的敏感性明显高于稚鱼。六价铬对黄颡鱼仔鱼和稚鱼的安全浓度分别为1.579、5.798 mg.L^-1,依据急性毒性结果和鱼类急性毒性分级标准,六价铬对于黄颡鱼毒性等级属于中等毒性。 相似文献
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聚丙烯酰胺对蚯蚓的毒性效应 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
聚丙烯酰胺作为全球应用最广泛,用量最大的水处理剂,而其排放到环境中可能会对生态环境形成潜在的威胁。该研究在人工土壤条件下,通过急性和亚急性暴露试验研究了聚丙烯酰胺和丙烯酰胺对赤子爱胜蚓存活、生长和繁殖的影响,旨在评价聚丙烯酰胺和丙烯酰胺对蚯蚓的毒性效应。结果表明,聚丙烯酰胺和丙烯酰胺对蚯蚓的半致死剂量分别为大于2000和164.01?mg/kg,聚丙烯酰胺比丙烯酰胺毒性低;在急性和亚急性毒性暴露期内,聚丙烯酰胺对蚯蚓的存活和生长无显著影响;而当丙烯酰胺浓度大于100?mg/kg时即对蚯蚓的存活和生长产生显著的影响（P＜0.05）。聚丙烯酰胺和丙烯酰胺均对蚯蚓的繁殖能力有非常显著的影响（P＜0.05）。因此残留于污泥中的聚丙烯酰胺对环境有一定的潜在风险。 相似文献
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以普通小球藻（Chlorella vulgaris）和斜生栅藻（Scenedesmus obliquus）为受试生物,采用批量培养方法研究了13种季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂（QACS,烷基链长度CL=8~18）对两种淡水藻的急性毒性。结果表明,13种QACS对普通小球藻和斜生栅藻的96h-EC50分别在0.108~9.472mg·L-1和0.085~12.188mg·L-1之间;且随着烷基链长度CL的增加,取代基相同的QACS对两种淡水藻的急性毒性逐渐增大。抛物线模型较线性方程能更好地拟合QACS的急性毒性参数lg（1/EC50）与辛醇/水分配系数lgKow以及与烷基链长度CL之间的关系,且对普通小球藻和斜生栅藻的拟合趋势相同,可为预测类似化合物对淡水藻的急性毒性提供参考。 相似文献
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为评价农药对蚯蚓的生态风险提供基础数据,采用滤纸法和人工土壤法测定了新烟碱类和阿维菌素类药剂对蚯蚓的急性毒性效应。滤纸法测定结果表明,吡虫啉、啶虫脒、烯啶虫胺、氯噻啉和噻虫啉5种新烟碱类药剂对蚯蚓的LC50值范围为0.0089（0.0075～0.010）μg·cm^-2～0.44（0.34～0.56）μg·cm^-2（48h结果）,噻虫嗪对蚯蚓的LC50值在24h和48h均大于62.91μg·cm^-2;阿维菌素、依维菌素和甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐3种阿维菌素类药剂对蚯蚓的LC50值范围为4.52（3.71～5.50）μg·cm^-2～22.76（18.68～27.73）μg·cm^-2（48h结果）。人工土壤法测定结果表明,5种新烟碱类药剂（除噻虫嗪外）对蚯蚓的LC50值范围为1.54（1.43～1.71）mg·kg^-1～17.29（16.44～19.41）mg·kg^-1（14d结果）,噻虫嗪对蚯蚓的LC50值在第7d和14d均大于1200mg·kg^-1;3种阿维菌素类药剂对蚯蚓的LC50值范围为27.93（26.04～29.81）mg·kg^-1～175.33（162.82～188.91）mg·kg^-1（14d结果）。根据《化学农药环境安全评价试验准则》,吡虫啉、啶虫脒和烯啶虫胺对蚯蚓属于中毒级,其他的药剂对蚯蚓属于低毒级。 相似文献
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Neuhauser E. F. Loehr R. C. Milligan D. L. Malecki M. R. 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1985,1(3):149-152
Summary Development of methods to measure the effect of man's residuals on soil ecosystems is desirable. Earthworms, as one of the largest and most easily obtained components of the soil biota, are suitable for evaluating perturbations to soil ecosystems.The impact of five metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) on the survival of the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny) was evaluated using the contact and artificial soil tests. There was no difference in toxicity between the different metal salts (acetate, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate) of each of the five metals using the contact test. In the contact test, the order of toxicity, from most toxic to least toxic, was Cu > Zn > Ni Cd > Pb. The nitrate salt of the five metals was tested using the artificial soil test and the order of toxicity, from most toxic to least toxic, was Cu Zn Ni > Cd > Pb. Stress on earthworm populations, as shown by weight loss, was shown to increase with increasing concentrations of metal salts.These studies indicate that: (a) earthworms can be a suitable biomonitoring tool to assist in measuring the effect of metals in wastes added to soils and (b) the contact and artificial soil tests can measure the biological impacts.Research Associate, Research Technician, and Research Support Specialist, respectivelyAt the time of this research, Dr. Loehr was a Professor of Agricultural Engineering and of Environmental Engineering, Cornell University. He currently is the H.M. Alharthy Centennial Chair Professor, Civil Engineering Department, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712 相似文献
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Tropospheric ozone represents a relevant atmospheric pollutant, because of its strong oxidizing potential. The risk for animal (human) and plant health, at molecular and cellular level, arises from the oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and nucleic acids, depending on the dose. Therefore, ozone concentration and exposure time determine the chronic or acute toxicity and, consequently, the severity of injury at biochemical and physiological level. In living organisms, reactive oxygen species (ROS), directly or indirectly derived from ozone exposure, are scavenged by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defensive mechanisms, overall deputed to preserve cell structures and biomacromolecules from the oxidative damage. These defences are essentially those also involved in detoxifying the ROS inevitably produced by the metabolism of organisms living in oxygenic atmosphere. 相似文献
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The toxicity of U to Daphnia magna was determined in acute and chronic tests. The 48-hr LC50 of U (VI) in Columbia River water was 6 mg L?1. Acute toxicity diminished by a factor of 7.5 as mean water hardness and alkalinity values increased from 70 mg L?1. and 57 mg L?1. to 195 mg L?1. and 130 mg L?1. respectively. This effect was most likely the result of complexation of uranyl ion with carbonate ions. D. magna reproduction was suppressed in Columbia River water at U concentrations between 0.5 and 3.5 mg L?1. Potential hazards of U to aquatic life are discussed as they relate to mining practices. 相似文献
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In order to recover and reuse water in the Kraft mill process, evaluation of separate streams is required to identify toxic compounds or microcontaminants. The stage E1 Kraft effluent, corresponding to the first extraction step of the bleaching Kraft mill process, provides the main toxic compounds found in the final process effluent. This paper uses the toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) procedure for the physicochemical and ecotoxicological characterization of the E1 Kraft effluent. To distinguish the most important toxic compounds, a physicochemical characterization and Phase I of the TIE procedure were performed. The acute toxic effect of the E1 Kraft effluent and treated fraction was performed on Daphnia magna. Results show that untreated E1 Kraft effluent exerts an acute toxic effect on D. magna (24 h LC50?=?27.6%), where the E1 Kraft effluent is characterized by pH 10.5, chemical organic demand (COD) 1,348.8 mg/l, and biological organic demand (BOD5) 397.5 mg/l, while total phenolic compounds and color are 853.7 mg/l and 0.204 1?×?1 cm, respectively. Additionally, Cu+2 (0.51 mg/l) and Fe+2 (0.64 mg/l) were detected. With respect to different treatments, our results indicate that activated carbon, anionic and cationic exchange treatments were able to reduce more that 45% of E1 Kraft effluent’s acute toxicity and that the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid treatment was able to reduce the E1 Kraft effluent’s acute toxicity to around 75% and the Cu+2 concentration to 0.019 mg/l. Moreover, specific analysis of heavy metals and organic compounds by GC-MS show that the main compound responsible for the toxicity was Cu+2, whose tolerance level on D. magna of the 0.12 mg/l. 相似文献
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The present study evaluated the short-term toxicity of seven selected pesticides: four insecticides (chlorpyrifos, dieldrin, diazinon and pirimiphos-methyl) and three herbicides (diuron, alachlor and atrazine). With this aim, a standard toxicity test with the highly sensitive early life stages (ELS) of a marine fish was used. The turbot, Psetta maxima, is abundant in shallow estuarine and costal habitats and is currently the most commonly cultivated fish species in Galicia, NW Spain. According to the turbot ELS test results, chlorpyrifos was the most toxic pesticide tested for both embryos and larvae and was followed in order of decreasing toxicity by dieldrin, pirimiphos-methyl, diazinon, alachlor, atrazine and diuron. Larvae were more sensitive than embryos to the seven pesticides. The median lethal concentrations of the selected pesticides during a 48- and a 96-h exposure for turbot embryos and larvae were, respectively (in micrograms per litre): chlorpyrifos, 116.6 and 94.65; dieldrin, 146 and 97; pirimiphos-methyl, 560 and 452; diazinon, 1,837 and 1,230; alachlor, 2,177 and 2,233; diuron, 10,076 and 7,826; and atrazine, 11,873 and 9,957. According to their acute toxicity, the insecticides were more toxic than the herbicides. Furthermore, all insecticides and herbicides appear to be teratogenic to turbot ELS. 相似文献