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1.
D. R. GRANT 《European Journal of Soil Science》1975,26(2):124-129
Correction factors for neutron moisture meter measurements near the soil surface have been established from readings at several depths taken before and after the removal of 10 cm of surface soil. In determining the factors it is assumed initially that a uniform soil moisture profile exists. The factors are then applied to the measurements and, from calibration of the neutron meter, the soil moisture profile is established. If large variations with depth are revealed, the initial assumption of uniformity of moisture profile does not apply. A method of determining corrections to the computed factors to allow for the variations in the soil moisture with depth is described. This requires a knowledge of the variation of the correction factors with moisture content and methods of determining this are discussed. 相似文献
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基于土壤剖面质地构型的土壤质量评价——以河南省封丘县为例 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
土壤剖面质地构型是土壤质量和土壤生产力的重要影响因子,对冲积平原地区来讲尤其重要。然而,现有的土壤质量评价研究中,很少采用该因子,且评价指标筛选大多缺乏明确的生物学意义。本研究利用河南省封丘县39个剖面数据及113个土钻样点数据,使用模糊C均值聚类方法 (FCM)结合Kriging插值方法获取的9种土壤剖面质地构型在空间上分布的单一类别隶属度图;在此基础上结合专家知识,针对平原地区旱作作物及耕地的耕性对土壤剖面质地构型的性状进行打分,以分值为参照,在Arc GIS 9.2中9个单一类别隶属度栅格文件进行栅格计算,获取了研究区土壤剖面质地构型栅格的综合分值。利用包括土壤剖面质地构型在内的多个土壤属性,结合作物产量数据,使用主成分分析(PCA)方法确定了最小数据集(MDS);应用指数和法,基于两种途径对土壤质量进行了评价,并结合测产获取的作物产量对两种评价结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:土壤质量指数与作物产量有较好的相关性,土壤质量评价结果能够较好地反映研究区的土壤质量状况。在添加剖面质地构型因子后,土壤质量评价结果有进一步的改善,可见在黄河泛滥冲积平原地区,剖面质地构型是土壤质量评价必不可少的因子。 相似文献
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Kounbobr Roch Dabiré Saliou Ndiaye Jean-Luc Chotte Sabine Fould Mamadou Thiam Diop Thierry Mateille 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2005,41(3):205-211
Pasteuria penetrans, a bacterial parasite of plant-parasitic nematodes, is used to control root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. populations in vegetable crops. But its efficiency is variable, mostly because of the patchy distribution of the bacteria in arable fields. As the infective P. penetrans are non-motile bacteria in soil, abiotic soil factors can affect the bacteria–nematode relationships. An epidemiological study, conducted in a vegetable field, showed that abiotic factors such as irrigation, soil water holding capacity and texture, affected the efficiency of P. penetrans. A correspondence analysis between these abiotic factors and the density of P. penetrans spores in the soil, and the proportion of Meloidogyne javanica juveniles infected by the bacteria, revealed that irrigation affected directly the distribution of the spores in soil pores related to their passive transport by water flow. Laboratory experiments conducted on the passive transport of spores confirmed that intensive irrigation leached the spores down the soil profile and decreased the percentage of infected Meloidogyne juveniles. 相似文献
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为了全面认识土壤中的砾石对土壤可蚀性因子(K)的影响,即砾石效应(stoniness effect on erodibility,SEK),利用全球范围的砾石覆盖影响(St),剖面砾石影响(Kcf)、砾石覆盖和剖面砾石综合影响(Kf-cs)以及高程、坡度、坡向、植被覆盖、土地利用类型、多年平均降雨量、多年平均气温等环境要素数据,通过相关性分析、格局分析以及随机森林回归分析,探索了SEK的空间格局以及影响SEK的主控因素。结果表明:(1)高程和坡度与SEK呈正相关; 植被覆盖度、降雨量和温度与St和Kf-cs呈负相关; 降雨量与Kcf呈负相关; 温度与Kcf呈正相关; 阳坡的砾石效应大于阴坡; 耕地和林地的砾石效应较小,草地、荒漠和裸地的砾石效应较大。(2)St和Kf-cs的主控因子为高程和坡度,降雨量和温度是Kcf的主控因子。因此,在大区域土壤侵蚀评价中,对于砾石含量较大、高程较高、坡度较大的区域,均应给予特别关注,如果不加考虑,则有可能使土壤侵蚀评价结果出现偏差。 相似文献
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利用染色示踪和图像处理技术对土壤大孔隙进行定量研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以太湖地区水稻土为例介绍了染色示踪和图像处理技术在土壤大孔隙定量化研究中的应用.剖面染色的区域是孔隙存在的地方,孔隙的孔径越大,充斥的染料溶液就越多,所染的颜色就越深.据此利用地理信息系统软件ArcGIS和遥感图像处理软件ERDAS对土壤剖面图像进行处理并进行颜色分级.从分级结果中提取代表土壤大孔隙的部分,计算大孔隙的含量.所得结果与土壤各层次的孔隙度、黏粒含量、饱和导水率变化趋势有很好的一致性.并且本文还对染色示踪法土壤孔隙定量的影响因素进行讨论. 相似文献
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After a brief historical review of the study of soil fertility it is shown that in studying the essence of soil fertility, both the ?physique”? and the ?pedon structure”? of soil should be investigated. Under proper cultivation and fertilization, it is possible to maintain and enhance the level of fertility of black soils. Humic substances combined with the surface of mineral particles are the soil constituents restricting the fertility of black soils, and may be used as the main index to characterize the level of fertility of these soils. The humification and turnover of organic matter are regulated by the soil enzymes. The enzymatic activities in black soils form an important supplementary index of their fertility status. Soil particles aggregating more stable and forming a looser fabric play an important role in maintaining and harmonizing the status of soil moisture, nutrients, air and heat throughout the soil profile. The resistance power or self-regulating capability of soil against unfavourable factors is an overall index reflecting the essence of soil fertility. 相似文献
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垦殖与自然条件下黄河三角洲土壤盐分的时空演化特征研究 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
为探究人为垦殖与自然条件下黄河三角洲土壤盐分的时空演化特征,实现黄河三角洲后备土地资源的高效开发,保障生态和环境安全,利用空间变换推演时间演替,沿黄河入海方向,自利津县北宋镇至黄河三角洲保护区内黄河入海口布设采样带,研究当地典型作物(小麦、棉花、水稻)和自然条件下土壤盐分的时空演化特性,随机选取28个主采样区,采集140个样点,每个样点以20cm为1个土层,测定0—100cm土层土壤含盐量。研究表明:整个研究区域0—20cm土壤平均含盐量为3.58g/kg,显著高于60—100cm土层(p0.05),属于中度盐化土,空间表现为强变异性(CV=131%),随着土层深度的增加,不同土地利用类型间盐分空间变异减小;土壤盐分剖面的空间分布特征体现了人为垦殖和自然条件的协同影响,表聚型盐分剖面主要分布在采样带的近海端(1972年后冲积区域中此类剖面占83.3%),作物以低产棉田和自然植被为主,85.7%的自然植被和45.5%棉花为表聚型,平均型主要分布在采样带的中部及内陆区域,1855年之前及1855—1972年间的冲积区域中此类剖面各占40.0%,作物主要以水稻、小麦和滩涂为主;底聚型主要分布在采样带的内陆地区,1855年之前的区域中此类剖面占31.3%,主要以农作田为主,棉花、小麦、水稻均衡分布;人为垦殖管理、植被类型等随机因素是导致0—80cm土层土壤含盐量变异的主要原因,随着土层深度的增加,随机因素影响减弱,地形、地下水位等结构性因素影响增强;基于盐分的空间分布,绘制农作物布局区划图,可为黄河三角洲地区盐渍土资源合理开发利用提供参考。该研究揭示了垦殖与自然条件下土壤盐分时空演化特征,自滩涂至内陆,土壤盐分剖面由表聚型向底聚型过渡,人为垦殖在一定程度上可以降低土壤的盐渍化程度,但人为垦殖与土壤盐渍化之间互为因果、相互推进。 相似文献
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土地利用方式对球囊霉素土层分布的影响 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
球囊霉素对维持土壤有机碳平衡和土壤团聚体稳定性具有明显作用,但不同土地利用方式下土壤球囊霉素的土层分布模式及其影响因素尚不清楚.本研究选取农田、人工草地、果园和撂荒地4种不同土地利用方式,分别采集0～10 cm、10～20 cm、20～30 cm和30～40 cm 4个土层土样,通过测定土壤球囊霉素.pH、速效磷、有机碳和蛋白酶活性,研究不同土地利用方式下土壤球囊霉素土层分布的模式及影响因素.结果表明,土壤球囊霉素平均含量为1.41～3.18 mg·g-1,占土壤有机碳的6.98%～31.34%,是土壤中的一个重要碳库.土壤球囊霉素在不同土地利用方式和土层剖面之间表现出显著差异(P<0.01),具有明显的垂直分布特征,除撂荒地外,其随土层深度的增加表现出降低趋势.土壤球囊霉素分别与土壤速效磷、蛋白酶呈显著正相关(P<0.01).土壤速效磷在很大程度上决定土壤球囊霉素的含量和分布.土壤球囊霉素含量和土壤蛋白酶活性之间为间接相关关系,该关系有待于进一步研究.建议把球囊霉素作为研究丛枝菌根真菌生长状况和土壤生态系统波动的一个重要指标. 相似文献
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以汉江与嘉陵江源区黄土母质上发育的土壤为研究对象,通过对土壤团聚体和理化性质的试验分析和数据解析,研究了两地土壤团聚体的分布规律及发生机制。结果表明:(1)汉江源区(LJH)团聚体的R 0.25、MWD、GMD值由A层的83.73%,2.17和1.11分别降为C层的59.18%,0.40和0.26,嘉陵江源区(YJS)由A层的69.72%,1.03和0.46降为C层的56.55%,0.52和0.27,分形维数(D)则随土层深度的加深而增大,即前者的D值由A层的2.46增为C层的2.53,后者由A层的2.50增为C层的2.57,表明土壤团聚体稳定性随土层深度增大而减弱,其中>2,1~2 mm团聚体对保持土壤的稳定性具有重要贡献。(2)土壤有机质、铁铝氧化物和颗粒组成中的粉粒是促进土壤大团聚体形成并维持其稳定性的重要影响因素,而SiO 2、K 2O、黏粒、砂粒和碳酸钙在不同土壤环境中对团聚体稳定性起到截然相反的作用,即前三者在LJH剖面中对团聚体稳定性不利,在YJS剖面中反而有利于维持其稳定性,后两者促进LJH剖面团聚体形成,却破坏YJS剖面稳定性,Na 2O水溶解后则对团聚体具有分散作用。(3)汉江源区的土壤,A层团聚体稳定性强于嘉陵江源区,粉粒、有机质和铁铝氧化物为其主导因素,Bt层土体致密,通透性弱,不利形成团聚体,稳定性弱于后者,C层为母质层,两地团聚体稳定性皆较差,其不同发生层之间土体稳定性的差异要大于嘉陵江源区。 相似文献
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滩涂围垦农田土壤饱和导水率的影响因素及转换函数研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
确定苏北沿海滩涂围垦农田耕层土壤饱和导水率的影响因素,构建适合该区的土壤转换函数,是研究该区田间土壤水盐运动和盐渍化防控的重要前提。本文在该区典型地块实测土壤饱和导水率和相关土壤基本理化性质,探讨了该区土壤饱和导水率的剖面分布特点,对影响饱和导水率的土壤基本性质进行了主成分分析,并建立了用于该区饱和导水率间接估算的土壤转换函数。结果表明:滩涂围垦农田土壤饱和导水率随剖面深度增加呈表土层高、亚表层低、底土层又升高的趋势,20~40 cm土层饱和导水率最小,介于2.75~6.73 cm·d-1,属低透水强度;土壤容重随剖面深度增加表现出与饱和导水率相反的变化特点。除了容重、孔隙度、质地等物理因素外,土壤肥力、盐分等化学性质也是影响饱和导水率的重要因素;影响滩涂围垦农田土壤饱和导水率的因素可由持水特性、盐碱状况、养分特征和土壤质地4个主成分反映,其累计贡献率达78.17%。在Vereecken转换函数中引入土壤盐分后可提高预测精度,修正函数Vereecken_1是最适合滩涂围垦农区土壤、具有最佳预测精度的转换函数。本文构建的土壤转换函数,可通过较易获得的砂粒、黏粒、容重、盐分和有机质对耕层土壤饱和导水率进行较高精度的预测,其结果可为滩涂盐渍化农区田间尺度土壤饱和导水率间接估算以及水盐运动数值模拟提供支持。 相似文献
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水蚀风蚀交错带土壤剖面水力学性质变异 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
土壤剖面水力学性质的确定是土壤水分动态预测的基础。该文在水蚀风蚀交错区六道沟流域分别对居于坡中和坡上两块样地160 cm土层不同深度未扰动土壤的水分特征曲线进行了测定，将Van Genuchtens水分特征曲线模式与Mualem导水模式相结合，确定了两样地土壤剖面的水力学参数，对水力学参数在剖面的变化进行了分析。结果表明，土壤剖面饱和含水率、滞留含水率、进气吸力倒数和孔隙大小分布因子沿剖面变化不大，滞留含水率、进气吸力倒数属于中等程度变异，饱和含水率和孔隙大小分布指标属于弱变异，但经方差检验均不显著，说明该地区160 cm土壤剖面可以处理成均质剖面。 相似文献
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Environmental and site factors controlling the vertical distribution and radiocarbon ages of organic carbon in a sandy soil 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Eleanor Hobley Garry R. Willgoose Silvia Frisia Geraldine Jacobsen 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2013,49(8):1015-1026
Soil organic carbon (SOC) content and radiocarbon concentration were measured in three particle-size fractions and charcoal fragments at four depths to bedrock in a sandy soil from SE Australia. SOC content declined with depth for all fractions. The enrichment factors of SOC showed that the finest particles are most important for SOC storage throughout the soil profile, and their importance for SOC storage increased with depth. In the topsoil, all particle-size fractions contained modern SOC. In contrast, charcoal from this depth gave radiocarbon ages of 85–165 years Before Present (BP). This difference was more pronounced at 30–60 cm, where the charcoal was dated at 2,540 years BP, over 12 times as old as the youngest fraction at that depth. These results confirm charcoal as a highly stable form of SOC. The radiocarbon data in the topsoil and near bedrock indicate that neither microaggregation nor mineral association is important for SOC stability in this soil. At intermediate sampling depths, the mid-sized fraction was the oldest. We believe that this is the result of charcoal accumulation in this fraction, inducing a shift in radiocarbon age. However, near bedrock (100–120 cm), radiocarbon concentration did not differ significantly between fractions, despite greater SOC retention in smaller fractions. In addition, radiocarbon ages at 100–120 cm indicate that charcoal is not present at this depth. We propose that environmental and soil conditions (substrate limitation, water and oxygen availability, and temperature) are responsible for the stabilization of SOC at this depth, where SOC concentrations were very low (0.1–0.3 %). Our results demonstrate that, although fine particles retain more SOC than coarse ones, they do not stabilize SOC in this sandy soil. Instead, environmental (bushfires and climate) and site factors (soil texture and soil mineralogy) control the distribution and stability of SOC throughout the soil profile. 相似文献
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沙棘植物"柔性坝"沟道土壤水分时空动态变化研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
沙棘植物柔性坝是一种防止沟道土壤侵蚀、拦沙保水的新型生物工程,特别适合于生态环境恶劣的砒砂岩地区。在内蒙古准格尔旗砒砂岩地区东一支沟开展了沙棘植物柔性坝野外拦沙保水实验,结果表明,沙棘植物柔性坝各部位的土壤剖面含水量年内、年际时空动态变化有着明显的差异,沙棘植物柔性坝对沟道土壤水分具有显著的调节作用,降雨、地表植被种类、植被生长状况、土壤理化性质、地形和当地水文气象条件等是影响土壤水分时空变异的重要因子,而其中降雨和地表植被是主要影响因素。 相似文献
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气候和土壤质地对中国东北地区旱地土壤有机碳影响的尺度效应 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
WANG Dan-Dan SHI Xue-Zheng WANG Hong-Jie D. C. WEINDORF YU Dong-Sheng SUN Wei-Xi REN Hong-Yan ZHAO Yong-Cun 《土壤圈》2010,20(4):525-535
Understanding how spatial scale inffuences commonly-observed effiects of climate and soil texture on soil organic carbon (SOC) storage is important for accurately estimating the SOC pool at different scales. The relationships among climate factors, soil texture and SOC density at the regional, provincial, city, and county scales were evaluated at both the soil surface (0-20 cm) and throughout the soil profile (0-100 cm) in the Northeast China uplands. We examined 1022 profiles obtained from the Second National Soil Survey of China. The results indicated that the relationships between climate factors and SOC density generally weakened with decreasing spatial scale. The provincial scale was optimal to assess the relationship between climate factors and SOC density because regional differences among provinces were covered up at the regional scale. However, the relationship between soil texture and SOC density had no obvious trend with increasing scale and changed with temperature. There were great differences in the impacts of climate factors and soil texture on SOC density at different scales. Climate factors had a larger effect on SOC density than soil texture at the regional scale. Similar trends were seen in Heilongjiang and eastern Inner Mongolia at the provincial scale. But, soil texture had a greater effect on SOC density compared with climate factors in Jilin and Liaoning. At the city and county scales, the inffuence of soil texture on SOC density was more important than climate factors. 相似文献
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A pedogenetic stratification of the physicochemical and biological properties has been studied in the profiles of chernozemic
soils on different elements of the paleocryogenic microtopography under a shelterbelt within the Kamennaya Steppe Reserve.
The biological activity of soil samples was determined in laboratory from the amount of CO2 produced by the soil upon its incubation. It is shown that the soil properties vary considerably both in the vertical (along
the soil profile) and horizontal (along the elements of the microtopography) directions. The methods of correlation and factor
analyses have been applied to group the soil properties according to the three major factors and to study the relationships
between these groups. A quantitative assessment of the particular factors of soil formation under given pedoclimatic conditions
is suggested. The dominant role belongs to the biological factor (50% of the total factor load). This factor is reflected
in the soil properties with the maximum degree of differentiation in the soil profile. The paleocryogenic microtopography
(17% of the total factor load) specifies the differentiation of soil acidity and the content of carbonates. 相似文献
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EPIC模型中土壤氮磷运转和作物营养的数学模拟 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
土壤侵蚀和生产力影响估算模型EPIC是国际上较有影响的水土资源管理和作物生产力评价动力学模型。本文简要介绍了EPIC模型中描述土壤氮磷养分运转与作物氮磷营养的基本原理及其主要数学方程。在作物和土壤微生物等生物因素,热量、降水等气候因素,施肥、灌溉和土壤耕作等管理因素的影响下,农田土壤氮素和磷素不断发生空间运移和形态转化。EPIC模型能够逐日定量描述土壤中氮磷养分的矿化与固定、硝化与反硝化、淋洗与挥发、流失与吸收、矿质磷循环、豆科作物固氮等运移、转化及作物吸收过程的变化速率和数量,揭示出土壤剖面氮磷运移、转化和作物营养的动态变化规律,可供农田土壤管理和作物营养定量评价研究中借鉴。 相似文献
